Brock Biology Of Microorganisms

Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Dedications
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
Contents
Unit 1 The Foundations of Microbiology
	1 The Microbial World
		microbiologynow Microorganisms, Our Constant Companions
		I • Exploring the Microbial World
			1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
			1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
			1.3 Microorganisms and the Biosphere
			1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society
		II • Microscopy and the Origins of Microbiology
			1.5 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms
			1.6 Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy
			1.7 Imaging Cells in Three Dimensions
			1.8 Probing Cell Structure: Electron Microscopy
		III • Microbial Cultivation Expands the Horizon of Microbiology
			1.9 Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
			1.10 Koch, Infectious Diseases, and Pure Cultures
			1.11 Discovery of Microbial Diversity
		IV • Molecular Biology and the Unity and Diversity of Life
			1.12 Molecular Basis of Life
			1.13 Woese and the Tree of Life
			1.14 An Introduction to Microbial Life
	2 Microbial Cell Structure and Function
		microbiologynow The Archaellum: Motility for the Archaea
		I • Cells of Bacteria and Archaea
			2.1 Cell Morphology
			2.2 The Small World
		II • The Cell Membrane and Wall
			2.3 The Cytoplasmic Membrane
			2.4 Bacterial Cell Walls: Peptidoglycan
			2.5 LPS: The Outer Membrane
			2.6 Archaeal Cell Walls
		III • Cell Surface Structures and Inclusions
			2.7 Cell Surface Structures
			2.8 Cell Inclusions
			2.9 Gas Vesicles
			2.10 Endospores
		IV • Cell Locomotion
			2.11 Flagella, Archaella, and Swimming Motility
			2.12 Gliding Motility
			2.13 Chemotaxis and Other Taxes
		V • Eukaryotic Microbial Cells
			2.14 The Nucleus and Cell Division
			2.15 Mitochondria, Hydrogenosomes, and Chloroplasts
			2.16 Other Eukaryotic Cell Structures
		Explore the Microbial World
			Tiny Cells
	3 Microbial Metabolism
		microbiologynow Sugars and Sweets: Archaea Do It Their Way
		I • Microbial Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake
			3.1 Feeding the Microbe: Cell Nutrition
			3.2 Transporting Nutrients into the Cell
		II • Energetics, Enzymes, and Redox
			3.3 Energy Classes of Microorganisms
			3.4 Principles of Bioenergetics
			3.5 Catalysis and Enzymes
			3.6 Electron Donors and Acceptors
			3.7 Energy-Rich Compounds
		III • Catabolism: Fermentation and Respiration
			3.8 Glycolysis and Fermentation
			3.9 Respiration: Citric Acid and Glyoxylate Cycles
			3.10 Respiration: Electron Carriers
			3.11 Electron Transport and the Proton Motive Force
			3.12 Options for Energy Conservation
		IV • Biosyntheses
			3.13 Sugars and Polysaccharides
			3.14 Amino Acids and Nucleotides
			3.15 Fatty Acids and Lipids
	4 Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing
		microbiologynow Synthesis of Jumbo Proteins: Secretion of Halomucin
		I • Molecular Biology and Genetic Elements
			4.1 DNA and Genetic Information Flow
			4.2 Genetic Elements: Chromosomes and Plasmids
		II • Copying the Genetic Blueprint: DNA Replication
			4.3 Templates, Enzymes, and the Replication Fork
			4.4 Bidirectional Replication, the Replisome, and Proofreading
		III • R NA Synthesis: Transcription
			4.5 Transcription in Bacteria
			4.6 Transcription in Archaea and Eukarya
		IV • Protein Synthesis: Translation
			4.7 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins
			4.8 Transfer RNA
			4.9 Translation and the Genetic Code
			4.10 The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
		V • Protein Processing, Secretion, and Targeting
			4.11 Assisted Protein Folding and Chaperones
			4.12 Protein Secretion: The Sec and Tat Systems
			4.13 Protein Secretion: Gram-Negative Systems
Unit 2 Microbial Growth and Regulation
	5 Microbial Growth and Its Control
		microbiologynow Picking Apart a Microbial Consortium
		I • Cell Division and Population Growth
			5.1 Binary Fission, Budding, and Biofilms
			5.2 Quantitative Aspects of Microbial Growth
			5.3 The Microbial Growth Cycle
			5.4 Continuous Culture
		II • Culturing Microbes and Measuring Their Growth
			5.5 Growth Media and Laboratory Culture
			5.6 Microscopic Counts of Microbial Cell Numbers
			5.7 Viable Counting of Microbial Cell Numbers
			5.8 Turbidimetric Measures of Microbial Cell Numbers
		III • Environmental Effects on Growth: Temperature
			5.9 Temperature Classes of Microorganisms
			5.10 Microbial Life in the Cold
			5.11 Microbial Life at High Temperatures
		IV • Environmental Effects on Growth: pH, Osmolarity, and Oxygen
			5.12 Effects of pH on Microbial Growth
			5.13 Osmolarity and Microbial Growth
			5.14 Oxygen and Microbial Growth
		V • Controlling Microbial Growth
			5.15 General Principles and Growth Control by Heat
			5.16 Other Physical Control Methods: Radiation and Filtration
			5.17 Chemical Control of Microbial Growth
	6 Microbial Regulatory Systems
		microbiologynow Microbial Hunter: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Senses and Scavenges Nutrients from Damaged Tissues
		I • DNA-Binding Proteins and Transcriptional Regulation
			6.1 DNA-Binding Proteins
			6.2 Negative Control: Repression and Induction
			6.3 Positive Control: Activation
			6.4 Global Control and the lac Operon
			6.5 Transcription Controls in Archaea
		II • Sensing and Signal Transduction
			6.6 Two-Component Regulatory Systems
			6.7 Regulation of Chemotaxis
			6.8 Quorum Sensing
			6.9 Stringent Response
			6.10 Other Global Networks
		III • RNA-Based Regulation
			6.11 Regulatory RNAs
			6.12 Riboswitches
			6.13 Attenuation
		IV • Regulation of Enzymes and Other Proteins
			6.14 Feedback Inhibition
			6.15 Post-Translational Regulation
	7 Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth
		microbiologynow Explosive Cell Death Promotes Biofilm Formation
		I • Bacterial Cell Division
			7.1 Visualizing Molecular Growth
			7.2 Chromosome Replication and Segregation
			7.3 Cell Division and Fts Proteins
			7.4 MreB and Cell Morphology
			7.5 Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis
		II • Regulation of Development in Model Bacteria
			7.6 Regulation of Endospore Formation
			7.7 Caulobacter Differentiation
			7.8 Heterocyst Formation in Anabaena
			7.9 Biofilm Formation
		III • Antibiotics and Microbial Growth
			7.10 Antibiotic Targets and Antibiotic Resistance
			7.11 Persistence and Dormancy
	8 Viruses and Their Replication
		microbiologynow Virophages: Viruses That Parasitize Other Viruses
		I • The Nature of Viruses
			8.1 What Is a Virus?
			8.2 Structure of the Virion
			8.3 Overview of the Virus Life Cycle
			8.4 Culturing, Detecting, and Counting Viruses
		II • The Viral Replication Cycle
			8.5 Attachment and Entry of Bacteriophage T4
			8.6 Replication of Bacteriophage T4
			8.7 Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny
			8.8 An Overview of Animal Virus Infection
Unit 3 Genomics and Genetics
	9 Microbial Systems Biology
		microbiologynow DNA Sequencing in the Palm of Your Hand
		I • Genomics
			9.1 Introduction to Genomics
			9.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes
			9.3 Genome Size and Gene Content in Bacteria and Archaea
			9.4 Organelle and Eukaryotic Microbial Genomes
		II • The Evolution of Genomes
			9.5 Gene Families, Duplications, and Deletions
			9.6 Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Mobilome
			9.7 Core Genome Versus Pan Genome
		III • Functional Omics
			9.8 Metagenomics
			9.9 Gene Chips and Transcriptomics
			9.10 Proteomics and the Interactome
			9.11 Metabolomics
		IV • The Utility of Systems Biology
			9.12 Single-Cell Genomics
			9.13 Integrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Omics
			9.14 Systems Biology and Human Health
	10 Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology
		microbiologynow Viral Imaging to the Rescue: Structural Blueprint of Zika
		I • Viral Genomes and Evolution
			10.1 Size and Structure of Viral Genomes
			10.2 Viral Evolution
		II • DNA Viruses
			10.3 Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: ФX174 and M13
			10.4 Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: T7 and Mu
			10.5 Viruses of Archaea
			10.6 Uniquely Replicating DNA Animal Viruses
			10.7 DNA Tumor Viruses
		III • Viruses with RNA Genomes
			10.8 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses
			10.9 Negative-Strand RNA Animal Viruses
			10.10 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
			10.11 Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase
		IV • Viral Ecology
			10.12 The Bacterial and Archael Virosphere
			10.13 Viral Defense Mechanisms of Bacteria and Archaea
			10.14 The Human Virome
		V • Subviral Agents
			10.15 Viroids
			10.16 Prions
	11 Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea
		microbiologynow Killing and Stealing: DNA Uptake by the Predator Vibrio cholerae
		I • Mutation
			11.1 Mutations and Mutants
			11.2 Molecular Basis of Mutation
			11.3 Reversions and Mutation Rates
			11.4 Mutagenesis
		II • Gene Transfer in Bacteria
			11.5 Genetic Recombination
			11.6 Transformation
			11.7 Transduction
			11.8 Conjugation
			11.9 The Formation of Hfr Strains and Chromosome Mobilization
		III • Gene Transfer in Archaea and Other Genetic Events
			11.10 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Archaea
			11.11 Mobile DNA: Transposable Elements
			11.12 Preserving Genomic Integrity: CRISPR Interference
	12 Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology
		microbiologynow Creation of a New Life Form: Design of a Minimal Cell
		I • Tools of the Genetic Engineer
			12.1 Manipulating DNA: PCR and Nucleic Acid Hybridization
			12.2 Molecular Cloning
			12.3 Expressing Foreign Genes in Bacteria
			12.4 Molecular Methods for Mutagenesis
			12.5 Reporter Genes and Gene Fusions
		II • Making Products from Genetically Engineered Microbes: Biotechnology
			12.6 Somatotropin and Other Mammalian Proteins
			12.7 Transgenic Organisms in Agriculture and Aquaculture
			12.8 Engineered Vaccines and Therapeutics
			12.9 Mining Genomes and Engineering Pathways
			12.10 Engineering Biofuels
		III • Synthetic Biology and Genome Editing
			12.11 From Synthetic Metabolic Pathways to Synthetic Cells
			12.12 Genome Editing and CRISPRs
			12.13 Biocontainment of Genetically Modified Organisms
Unit 4 Microbial Evolution and Diversity
	13 Microbial Evolution and Systematics
		microbiologynow Lokiarchaeota and the Origin of Eukarya
		I • Early Earth and the Origin and Diversification of Life
			13.1 Formation and Early History of Earth
			13.2 Photosynthesis and the Oxidation of Earth
			13.3 Living Fossils: DNA Records the History of Life
			13.4 Endosymbiotic Origin of Eukaryotes
		II • Microbial Evolution
			13.5 The Evolutionary Process
			13.6 The Evolution of Microbial Genomes
		III • Microbial Phylogeny and Systematics
			13.7 Molecular Phylogeny: Making Sense of Molecular Sequences
			13.8 The Species Concept in Microbiology
			13.9 Taxonomic Methods in Systematics
			13.10 Classification and Nomenclature
		Explore the Microbial World
			The Black Queen Hypothesis
	14 Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms
		microbiologynow Microbes That Plug into the Matrix
		I • Phototrophy
			14.1 Photosynthesis and Chlorophylls
			14.2 Carotenoids and Phycobilins
			14.3 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
			14.4 Oxygenic Photosynthesis
		II • Autotrophy and N2 Fixation
			14.5 Autotrophic Pathways
			14.6 Nitrogen Fixation
		III • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Donor
			14.7 Principles of Respiration
			14.8 Hydrogen (H2) Oxidation
			14.9 Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds
			14.10 Iron (Fe2+) Oxidation
			14.11 Nitrification
			14.12 Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (Anammox)
		IV • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Acceptor
			14.13 Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification
			14.14 Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction
			14.15 Other Electron Acceptors
		V • One-Carbon (C1) Metabolism
			14.16 Acetogenesis
			14.17 Methanogenesis
			14.18 Methanotrophy
		VI • Fermentation
			14.19 Energetic and Redox Considerations
			14.20 Lactic and Mixed-Acid Fermentations
			14.21 Clostridial and Propionate Fermentations
			14.22 Fermentations That Lack Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
			14.23 Syntrophy
		VII • Hydrocarbon Metabolism
			14.24 Aerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism
			14.25 Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism
	15 Functional Diversity of Microorganisms
		microbiologynow New Discoveries Have Redefined the Global Nitrogen Cycle
		I • Functional Diversity as a Concept
			15.1 Making Sense of Microbial Diversity
		II • Diversity of Phototrophic Bacteria
			15.2 Overview of Phototrophic Bacteria
			15.3 Cyanobacteria
			15.4 Purple Sulfur Bacteria
			15.5 Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria and Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs
			15.6 Green Sulfur Bacteria
			15.7 Green Nonsulfur Bacteria
			15.8 Other Phototrophic Bacteria
		III • Microbial Diversity in the Sulfur Cycle
			15.9 Dissimilative Sulfate-Reducers
			15.10 Dissimilative Sulfur-Reducers
			15.11 Dissimilative Sulfur-Oxidizers
		IV • Microbial Diversity in the Nitrogen Cycle
			15.12 Diversity of Nitrogen-Fixers
			15.13 Diversity of Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers
		V • Other Distinctive Functional Groupings of Microorganisms
			15.14 Dissimilative Iron-Reducers
			15.15 Dissimilative Iron-Oxidizers
			15.16 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
			15.17 Microbial Predators
			15.18 Microbial Bioluminescence
		VI • Morphologically Diverse Bacteria
			15.19 Spirochetes
			15.20 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Microorganisms
			15.21 Sheathed Microorganisms
			15.22 Magnetic Microbes
	16 Diversity of Bacteria
		microbiologynow The Mystery of the Missing Peptidoglycan
		I • Proteobacteria
			16.1 Alphaproteobacteria
			16.2 Betaproteobacteria
			16.3 Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacteriales
			16.4 Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadales and Vibrionales
			16.5 Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria
		II • Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria
			16.6 Firmicutes: Lactobacillales
			16.7 Firmicutes: Nonsporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales
			16.8 Firmicutes: Sporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales
			16.9 Tenericutes: The Mycoplasmas
			16.10 Actinobacteria: Coryneform and Propionic Acid Bacteria
			16.11 Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium
			16.12 Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces and Relatives
		III • Bacteroidetes
			16.13 Bacteroidales
			16.14 Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales
		IV • Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia
			16.15 Chlamydiae
			16.16 Planctomycetes
			16.17 Verrucomicrobia
		V • Hyperthermophilic Bacteria
			16.18 Thermotogae and Thermodesulfobacteria
			16.19 Aquificae
		VI • Other Bacteria
			16.20 Deinococcus–Thermus
			16.21 Other Notable Phyla of Bacteria
	17 Diversity of Archaea
		microbiologynow The Archaea Just Under Your Feet
		I • Euryarchaeota
			17.1 Extremely Halophilic Archaea
			17.2 Methanogenic Archaea
			17.3 Thermoplasmatales
			17.4 Thermococcales and Archaeoglobales
		II • Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota
			17.5 Thaumarchaeota and Nitrification in Archaea
			17.6 Nanoarchaeota and the “Hospitable Fireball”
			17.7 Korarchaeota and the “Secret Filament”
		III • Crenarchaeota
			17.8 Habitats and Energy Metabolism
			17.9 Crenarchaeota from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats
			17.10 Crenarchaeota from Submarine Volcanic Habitats
		IV • Evolution and Life at High Temperature
			17.11 An Upper Temperature Limit for Microbial Life
			17.12 Molecular Adaptations to Life at High Temperature
			17.13 Hyperthermophilic Archaea, H2, and Microbial Evolution
	18 Diversity of Microbial Eukarya
		microbiologynow Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Intimate, Unseen, and Powerful
		I • Organelles and Phylogeny of Microbial Eukarya
			18.1 Endosymbioses and the Eukaryotic Cell
			18.2 Phylogenetic Lineages of Eukarya
		II • Protists
			18.3 Excavata
			18.4 Alveolata
			18.5 Stramenopiles
			18.6 Rhizaria
			18.7 Amoebozoa
		III • Fungi
			18.8 Fungal Physiology, Structure, and Symbioses
			18.9 Fungal Reproduction and Phylogeny
			18.10 Microsporidia and Chytridiomycota
			18.11 Zygomycota and Glomeromycota
			18.12 Ascomycota
			18.13 Basidiomycota
		IV • Archaeplastida
			18.14 Red Algae
			18.15 Green Algae
Unit 5 Microbial Ecology and Environmental Microbiology
	19 Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems
		microbiologynow The Vineyard Microbiome Revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing Technology
		I • Culture-Dependent Analyses of Microbial Communities
			19.1 Enrichment Culture Microbiology
			19.2 Classical Procedures for Isolating Microbes
			19.3 Selective Single-Cell Isolation: Laser Tweezers, Flow Cytometry, Microfluidics, and High-Throughput Methods
		II • Culture-Independent Microscopic Analyses of Microbial Communities
			19.4 General Staining Methods
			19.5 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
		III • Culture-Independent Genetic Analyses of Microbial Communities
			19.6 PCR Methods of Microbial Community Analysis
			19.7 Microarrays for Analysis of Microbial Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity
			19.8 Environmental Genomics and Related Methods
		IV • Measuring Microbial Activities in Nature
			19.9 Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, and Microsensors
			19.10 Stable Isotopes and Stable Isotope Probing
			19.11 Linking Functions to Specific Organisms
			19.12 Linking Genes and Cellular Properties to Individual Cells
	20 Microbial Ecosystems
		microbiologynow Microbes of the Abyss
		I • Microbial Ecology
			20.1 General Ecological Concepts
			20.2 Ecosystem Service: Biogeochemistry and Nutrient Cycles
		II • The Microbial Environment
			20.3 Environments and Microenvironments
			20.4 Surfaces and Biofilms
			20.5 Microbial Mats
		III • Terrestrial Environments
			20.6 Soils
			20.7 The Terrestrial Subsurface
		IV • Aquatic Environments
			20.8 Freshwaters
			20.9 The Marine Environment: Phototrophs and Oxygen Relationships
			20.10 Major Marine Phototrophs
			20.11 Pelagic Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses
			20.12 The Deep Sea
			20.13 Deep-Sea Sediments
			20.14 Hydrothermal Vents
	21 Nutrient Cycles
		microbiologynow The Big Thaw and the Microbiology of Climate Change
		I • Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Cycles
			21.1 The Carbon Cycle
			21.2 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis
			21.3 The Nitrogen Cycle
			21.4 The Sulfur Cycle
		II • Other Nutrient Cycles
			21.5 The Iron and Manganese Cycles
			21.6 The Phosphorus, Calcium, and Silica Cycles
		III • Humans and Nutrient Cycling
			21.7 Mercury Transformations
			21.8 Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
		Explore the Microbial World
			Microbially Wired
	22 Microbiology of the Built Environment
		microbiologynow After the Toilet Flushes
		I • Mineral Recovery and Acid Mine Drainage
			22.1 Mining with Microorganisms
			22.2 Acid Mine Drainage
		II • Bioremediation
			22.3 Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments
			22.4 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants: Hydrocarbons
			22.5 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants: Pesticides and Plastics
		III • Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment
			22.6 Primary and Secondary Wastewater Treatment
			22.7 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
			22.8 Drinking Water Purification and Stabilization
			22.9 Water Distribution Systems
		IV • Indoor Microbiology and Microbially Influenced Corrosion
			22.10 The Microbiology of Homes and Public Spaces
			22.11 Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Metals
			22.12 Biodeterioration of Stone and Concrete
	23 Microbial Symbioses with Microbes, Plants, and Animals
		microbiologynow The Inner Life of Bees
		I • Symbioses between Microorganisms
			23.1 Lichens
			23.2 “Chlorochromatium aggregatum”
		II • Plants as Microbial Habitats
			23.3 The Legume–Root Nodule Symbiosis
			23.4 Mycorrhizae
			23.5 Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease
		III • Insects as Microbial Habitats
			23.6 Heritable Symbionts of Insects
			23.7 Termites
		IV • Other Invertebrates as Microbial Habitats
			23.8 Hawaiian Bobtail Squid
			23.9 Marine Invertebrates at Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps
			23.10 Entomopathogenic Nematodes
			23.11 Reef-Building Corals
		V • Mammalian Gut Systems as Microbial Habitats
			23.12 Alternative Mammalian Gut Systems
			23.13 The Rumen and Ruminant Animals
		Explore the Microbial World
			The Symbiotic Organ of The Bean Bug
Unit 6 Microbe–Human Interactions and the Immune System
	24 Microbial Symbioses with Humans
		microbiologynow Frozen in Time: The Iceman Microbiome
		I • Structure and Function of the Healthy Adult Human Microbiome
			24.1 Overview of the Human Microbiome
			24.2 Gastrointestinal Microbiota
			24.3 Oral Cavity and Airways
			24.4 Urogenital Tracts and Their Microbes
			24.5 The Skin and Its Microbes
		II • From Birth to Death: Development of the Human Microbiome
			24.6 Human Study Groups and Animal Models
			24.7 Colonization, Succession, and Stability of the Gut Microbiota
		III • Disorders Attributed to the Human Microbiome
			24.8 Disorders Attributed to the Gut Microbiota
			24.9 Disorders Attributed to the Oral, Skin, and Vaginal Microbiota
		IV • Modulation of the Human Microbiome
			24.10 Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome
			24.11 Probiotics and Prebiotics
		Explore the Microbial World
			The Gut–Brain Axis
	25 Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
		microbiologynow The Microbial Community That Thrives on Your Teeth
		I • Human–Microbial Interactions
			25.1 Microbial Adherence
			25.2 Colonization and Invasion
			25.3 Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Attenuation
			25.4 Genetics of Virulence and the Compromised Host
		II • Enzymes and Toxins of Pathogenesis
			25.5 Enzymes as Virulence Factors
			25.6 AB-Type Exotoxins
			25.7 Cytolytic and Superantigen Exotoxins
			25.8 Endotoxins
	26 Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses
		microbiologynow Rehabilitating a Much-Maligned Peptide: Amyloid-ß
		I • Fundamentals of Host Defense
			26.1 Basic Properties of the Immune System
			26.2 Barriers to Pathogen Invasion
		II • Cells and Organs of the Immune System
			26.3 The Blood and Lymphatic Systems
			26.4 Leukocyte Production and Diversity
		III • Phagocyte Response Mechanisms
			26.5 Pathogen Challenge and Phagocyte Recruitment
			26.6 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocyte Signal Transduction
			26.7 Phagocytosis and Phagocyte Inhibition
		IV • Other Innate Host Defenses
			26.8 Inflammation and Fever
			26.9 The Complement System
			26.10 Innate Defenses against Viruses
		Explore the Microbial World
			Drosophila Toll Receptors—An Ancient Response to Infections
	27 Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses
		microbiologynow Got (Raw) Milk? The Role of Unprocessed Cow’s Milk in Protecting against Allergy and Asthma
		I • Principles of Adaptive Immunity
			27.1 Specificity, Memory, Selection Processes, and Tolerance
			27.2 Immunogens and Classes of Immunity
		II • Antibodies
			27.3 Antibody Production and Structural Diversity
			27.4 Antigen Binding and the Genetics of Antibody Diversity
		III • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
			27.5 MHC Proteins and Their Functions
			27.6 MHC Polymorphism, Polygeny, and Peptide Binding
		IV • T Cells and Their Receptors
			27.7 T Cell Receptors: Proteins, Genes, and Diversity
			27.8 T Cell Diversity
		V • Immune Disorders and Deficiencies
			27.9 Allergy, Hypersensitivity, and Autoimmunity
			27.10 Superantigens and Immunodeficiency
	28 Clinical Microbiology and Immunology
		microbiologynow Bacteriophages: Tiny Allies in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
		I • The Clinical Microbiology Setting
			28.1 Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory
			28.2 Healthcare-Associated Infections
		II • Isolating and Characterizing Infectious Microorganisms
			28.3 Workflow in the Clinical Laboratory
			28.4 Choosing the Right Treatment
		III • Immunological and Molecular Tools for Disease Diagnosis
			28.5 Immunoassays and Disease
			28.6 Precipitation, Agglutination, and Immunofluorescence
			28.7 Enzyme Immunoassays, Rapid Tests, and Immunoblots
			28.8 Nucleic Acid–Based Clinical Assays
		IV • Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
			28.9 Vaccination
			28.10 Antibacterial Drugs
			28.11 Antimicrobial Drugs That Target Nonbacterial Pathogens
			28.12 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and New Treatment Strategies
		Explore the Microbial World
			MRSA—A Formidable Clinical Challenge
Unit 7 Infectious Diseases and Their Transmission
	29 Epidemiology
		microbiologynow A Mysterious New Disease Outbreak
		I • Principles of Epidemiology
			29.1 The Language of Epidemiology
			29.2 The Host Community
			29.3 Infectious Disease Transmission and Reservoirs
			29.4 Characteristics of Disease Epidemics
		II • Epidemiology and Public Health
			29.5 Public Health and Infectious Disease
			29.6 Global Health Comparisons
		III • Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pandemics, and Other Threats
			29.7 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
			29.8 Examples of Pandemics: HIV/AIDS, Cholera, and Influenza
			29.9 Public Health Threats from Microbial Weapons
		Explore the Microbial World
			Textbook Epidemiology: The SARS Epidemic
	30 Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases
		microbiologynow A New Weapon against AIDS?
		I • Airborne Bacterial Diseases
			30.1 Airborne Pathogens
			30.2 Streptococcal Syndromes
			30.3 Diphtheria and Pertussis
			30.4 Tuberculosis and Leprosy
			30.5 Meningitis and Meningococcemia
		II • Airborne Viral Diseases
			30.6 MMR and Varicella-Zoster Infections
			30.7 The Common Cold
			30.8 Influenza
		III • Direct-Contact Bacterial and Viral Diseases
			30.9 Staphylococcus aureus Infections
			30.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Diseases
			30.11 Hepatitis
			30.12 Ebola: A Deadly Threat
		IV • Sexually Transmitted Infections
			30.13 Gonorrhea and Syphilis
			30.14 Chlamydia, Herpes, and Human Papillomavirus
			30.15 HIV/AIDS
	31 Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases
		microbiologynow A New Look at Rabies Vaccines
		I • Animal-Transmitted Viral Diseases
			31.1 Rabies Virus and Rabies
			31.2 Hantavirus and Hantavirus Syndromes
		II • Arthropod-Transmitted Bacterial and Viral Diseases
			31.3 Rickettsial Diseases
			31.4 Lyme Disease and Borrelia
			31.5 Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya, and Zika
			31.6 West Nile Fever
			31.7 Plague
		III • Soilborne Bacterial Diseases
			31.8 Anthrax
			31.9 Tetanus and Gas Gangrene
	32 Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases
		microbiologynow The Classic Botulism Scenario
		I • Water as a Disease Vehicle
			32.1 Agents and Sources of Waterborne Diseases
			32.2 Public Health and Water Quality
		II • Waterborne Diseases
			32.3 Vibrio cholerae and Cholera
			32.4 Legionellosis
			32.5 Typhoid Fever and Norovirus Illness
		III • Food as a Disease Vehicle
			32.6 Food Spoilage and Food Preservation
			32.7 Foodborne Disease and Food Epidemiology
		IV • Food Poisoning
			32.8 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
			32.9 Clostridial Food Poisoning
		V • Food Infection
			32.10 Salmonellosis
			32.11 Pathogenic Escherichia coli
			32.12 Campylobacter
			32.13 Listeriosis
			32.14 Other Foodborne Infectious Diseases
	33 Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths
		microbiologynow Environmental Change and Parasitic Diseases in the Amazon
		I • Fungal Infections
			33.1 Pathogenic Fungi and Classes of Infection
			33.2 Fungal Diseases: Mycoses
		II • Visceral Parasitic Infections
			33.3 Amoebae and Ciliates: Entamoeba, Naegleria, and Balantidium
			33.4 Other Visceral Parasites: Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Cyclospora
		III • Blood and Tissue Parasitic Infections
			33.5 Plasmodium and Malaria
			33.6 Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, and Chagas Disease
			33.7 Parasitic Helminths: Schistosomiasis and Filariases
Photo Credits
Glossary Terms
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Index
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Inside Back Cover
Back Cover