Bridge and Highway Structure Rehabilitation and Repair

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Symbols, Notations, and Terminology......Page 20
1.1 Rehabilitation as a Modern Industry......Page 26
1.2 A Fresh Approach to Maintenance......Page 29
1.3 The Need to Keep Bridges Functional......Page 32
1.4 Maintenance of a Superstructure......Page 37
1.5 Maintenance/Replacement of the Substructure......Page 38
1.6 Overview of Maintenance Procedures......Page 41
1.7 A Strategic Plan Toward Repair and Rehabilitation......Page 46
1.8 A Look Ahead for Progress in Maintenance......Page 48
1.9 The Maintenance and Protection of Traffic During Construction......Page 53
1.10 Success of Well-Maintained Structures......Page 56
1.11 Deficient Structures......Page 58
1.12 Preserving Aesthetics......Page 59
1.13 Maintaining the Environment......Page 60
Bibliography......Page 62
2.1 Maintenance Engineering......Page 64
2.2 The Rehabilitation Process......Page 69
2.3 Progressive Design Phases for Continuity......Page 77
2.4 The Role of Redundancy and Fracture Critical Members......Page 85
2.5 The Role of Government Agencies in Maintaining Infrastructure......Page 86
2.6 Combining Old and New Technologies for Rehabilitation......Page 91
Bibliography......Page 98
3.1 History of Disasters and Safety Management......Page 100
3.2 The Role of Forensic Engineering......Page 103
3.4 A Diagnostic Approach......Page 106
3.5 A Historical Perspective of Recent Failures......Page 110
3.6 Design Deficiency and Preventive Actions......Page 117
3.7 Fatigue Failures and Suggested Preventive Actions......Page 119
3.8 Construction Deficiency and Suggested Preventive Actions......Page 120
3.9 Vessel Collision or Floating Ice and Suggested Preventive Actions......Page 124
3.10 Train Accidents Causing Bridge Damage and Preventive Action......Page 126
3.11 Vehicle Impact and Preventive Action......Page 127
3.12 Blast Load and Preventive Action......Page 128
3.13 Fire Damage to Superstructures and Preventive Action......Page 129
3.14 Substructure Damage Due to Earthquake and Preventive Actions......Page 130
3.15 Wind and Hurricane Engineering......Page 134
3.16 Lack of Maintenance and Neglect......Page 135
3.17 Unforeseen Causes Leading to Failures......Page 137
3.18 A Postmortem of Failures......Page 139
3.19 The Study of Modes of Failure......Page 141
3.20 Steps to Avoid Failures......Page 142
3.21 Reiterating Needed Preventive Measures......Page 149
Bibliography......Page 153
4.1 Theoretical Concepts Used in Developing Computer Software......Page 158
4.2 Stress Analysis......Page 160
4.3 Review of Elastic Analysis......Page 162
4.4 Analysis of Slab Beam Bridges......Page 163
4.5 Methods of Analysis of the Superstructure......Page 165
4.6 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Bridge Behavior......Page 168
4.7 Full Composite (Arching and Dome) Action in Slab and Beams......Page 171
4.8 Numerical and Computational Models......Page 176
4.9 Analysis of Approach Slab Resting on Grade......Page 177
4.10 Nonlinear Analysis in Steel and Concrete......Page 184
4.11 Single Span Live Load Analysis......Page 186
4.12 Selection of Steel Girders......Page 188
4.13 Review of Common Failure Theories......Page 194
4.14 Plastic Behavior of Steel Sections......Page 196
4.15 Plastic Behavior of Steel Non-Composite Section......Page 198
4.16 Plastic Behavior of Composite Sections......Page 200
4.17 Shear Design for Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Beams......Page 205
Bibliography......Page 207
5.1 Rating and Redesign Methods......Page 210
5.2 Utilizing Ultimate Load Behavior of Materials......Page 215
5.3 LRFD Service Load Requirements......Page 219
5.4 Fatigue and Fracture......Page 229
5.5 Selection of Truck Live Loads......Page 234
5.6 Detailed AASHTO Load Combinations for Rating and Design......Page 241
5.7 Construction Loads and Load Combinations......Page 248
5.8 LRFD Load Combinations for Strength, Serviceability, and Extreme Conditions......Page 251
5.9 LRFD T-Beam Bridge Design......Page 253
5.10 Software for Superstructure......Page 257
5.11 Software for Substructure......Page 258
Bibliography......Page 259
6.2 Limit States Design Equation......Page 262
6.3 Legal Loads......Page 265
6.4 Simplified Formula......Page 271
6.5 Rating Procedures for Concrete and Steel Bridges......Page 280
6.6 Rating of Secondary Structural Members......Page 285
6.7 Example of Load Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR)......Page 286
6.8 Design of a Deck Slab......Page 291
6.9 Rating Procedure for Reinforced Concrete T-Beam Bridge......Page 299
6.10 Rating of Prestressed Concrete Girder......Page 301
Bibliography......Page 304
7.1 Selecting Bridge Widening or Replacement......Page 306
7.2 Superstructure Widening......Page 309
7.3 Rehabilitation/Retrofit or Replacement Decisions......Page 310
7.4 Replacement Planning or a New Bridge at a Different Location......Page 320
7.5 Constructability Issues......Page 328
7.6 Superstructure Replacement Process......Page 333
7.7 Case Studies of Alternates for Replacement or New Bridges......Page 342
7.8 Practical Case Studies......Page 343
7.9 Selected Case Studies......Page 353
Bibliography......Page 356
8.1 Bridge Management System (BMS)......Page 360
8.2 Bridge Inspection Leading to Diagnostic Design......Page 369
8.3 Types of Inspections......Page 374
8.4 Bridge Components for Inspection and Structural Evaluation......Page 376
8.5 Substructure Components......Page 382
8.6 FHWA Condition and Sufficiency Ratings......Page 384
8.7 Duties, Qualifications, and Training of Inspectors......Page 389
8.8 Overload Prevention......Page 391
8.9 Superstructure Load Carrying Capacity......Page 392
8.10 Condition Rating for Extreme Events......Page 393
8.11 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) as a Rating and Diagnostic Tool......Page 397
8.12 Monitoring Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) and Modern Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Methods......Page 405
8.13 Adaptive Management and Maintenance for Bridges Over Waterways......Page 408
8.14 Concept Study Report, Plans, and Recommendations......Page 412
8.16 Disaster Management......Page 415
Bibliography......Page 416
9.1 Scope of Concrete and Steel Repairs and Related Work......Page 422
9.2 Associated Tasks and Teamwork......Page 432
9.3 Short-Term Repairs in LIEU of Replacement......Page 438
9.4 Prioritization of Bridge Decks......Page 440
9.5 Scope of Repairs......Page 442
9.6 Alternative Methodology and Techniques of Repairs......Page 444
9.7 Rehabilitation of Steel and Prevention of Corrosion......Page 451
9.8 Galvanic Technology......Page 456
9.10 Developing New Construction Products......Page 458
Bibliography......Page 459
10.1 Introduction to Common Repair Procedures......Page 464
10.2 Details of Repairs......Page 465
10.3 Superstructure Repairs......Page 477
10.4 Deck Slab Repairs......Page 478
10.5 Pay Items and Quantities for Deck Replacement Projects......Page 487
10.6 ACI Recommended Methods of Repair......Page 488
10.7 Prestressed Concrete Bridges......Page 491
10.8 Bridges Located on Rivers......Page 492
10.9 Concrete Repair/Restoration other than for Decks......Page 493
Bibliography......Page 496
11.1 Innovations Made in Recent Years......Page 502
11.2 Development in Design Codes and Market Ready Technology......Page 508
11.3 Use of Modern Construction Materials......Page 510
11.4 Use of Recyclable Materials......Page 511
11.5 Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)......Page 513
11.6 Advancements in Concrete Technology......Page 519
11.7 Advancements in Steel Materials Technology......Page 525
11.8 Advancements in Construction Technology......Page 527
11.9 Accelerated Bridge Construction Technology......Page 530
11.10 Prefabrication Technology......Page 534
11.11 Rehabilitation of Steel Bridges......Page 538
11.12 Research in New Techniques for Monitoring, New Materials, and Virtual Design......Page 542
Bibliography......Page 546
12.1 Extreme Event Damage From Flood Scour......Page 554
12.3 Condition of Existing Bridges on Rivers......Page 557
12.4 Preventive Action Against Banks and Foundation Scour......Page 560
12.5 HEC-18 Countermeasures Matrix (CM)......Page 574
12.6 Design Guidelines......Page 579
12.7 Constructability Issues......Page 582
12.8 Scour of Piles, Pile Groups, and Caissons......Page 585
12.9 Scour at Wingwalls......Page 586
12.12 Debris Accumulation......Page 587
12.13 Extreme Event of Earthquake Damage......Page 588
12.14 Seismic Assessment......Page 594
12.15 The Role of Seismic Design Codes......Page 595
12.16 Seismic Design......Page 601
12.17 Common Retrofit Concepts and Code Applications......Page 603
12.18 Steel and Concrete Bridge Detailing Requirements......Page 607
12.19 Retrofit and Strengthening......Page 611
12.20 Developments in Passive Damping Systems......Page 620
12.21 Foundation Retrofit......Page 621
12.22 Disaster Management......Page 624
Bibliography......Page 626
Appendices......Page 634
Appendix 1 Scour Countermeasures......Page 636
Appendix 2 Estimate of Unit Concrete Repair Costs (2009)......Page 640
Appendix 3 Quick Reference to AASHTO LRFD 2008 Specifications......Page 642
Appendix 4 Quick Reference to AASHTO LRFR Manual......Page 646
B......Page 648
C......Page 650
E......Page 651
H......Page 652
N......Page 653
R......Page 654
S......Page 655
T......Page 656
W......Page 657