Breeding Field Crops

Breeding Field Crops......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 13
I WHAT IS PLANT BREEDING?......Page 16
The Art and Science of Plant Breeding......Page 17
The Strategy of Plant Breeding......Page 18
Education of the Modern Plant Breeder......Page 20
How Plant Breeding Began......Page 22
Plant Breeding Before Mendel......Page 23
The Contributions of Gregor Mendel......Page 24
Plant Breeding After Mendel......Page 25
Who Are the Modern Plant Breeders?......Page 26
Further Reading......Page 29
II THE GENETIC BASIS OF PLANT BREEDING......Page 31
Types of Reproduction......Page 32
Kinds of Flowers......Page 33
Pollination and Fertilization......Page 34
Mitosis......Page 37
Meiosis......Page 40
Chromosome Numbers in Crop Plants......Page 41
Self- and Cross-Pollination in Crop Plants......Page 42
Crops Normally Self-Pollinated......Page 43
Crops Normally Cross-Pollinated......Page 45
Crops Both Self- and Cross-Pollinated......Page 46
Vegetative Propagation......Page 47
Apomixis......Page 48
Further Reading......Page 50
Variation, the Basis of Plant Breeding......Page 51
Environmental Versus Heritable Variations......Page 52
The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity......Page 54
Inheritance of Simple Characters......Page 56
The Progeny Test......Page 57
The Testcross......Page 59
Genes that Assort Independently......Page 60
Predicting Genetic Ratios......Page 62
Gene Interactions......Page 63
Recombinations of Linked Genes......Page 65
Gene Structure and Action......Page 69
Study Questions......Page 71
Further Reading......Page 72
4. Quantitative Inheritance in Plant Breeding......Page 73
Quantitative Inheritance and Its Measurement......Page 74
Transgressive Segregation......Page 76
Characteristics of Multiple Gene Inheritance......Page 77
Measurement of Continuous Variation......Page 78
Multiple Alleles......Page 82
Types of Gene Actions......Page 83
Heritability......Page 84
Heritability Estimates......Page 85
Selection Intensity and Genetic Advance......Page 88
Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium......Page 91
Study Questions......Page 94
Further Reading......Page 95
III TOOLS OF THE PLANT BREEDER......Page 96
5. Variations in Chromosome Number......Page 97
Polyploidy......Page 98
Induction of Polyploids......Page 99
Characteristics of Polyploids......Page 102
Autoploidy and Plant Breeding......Page 103
Alloploidy and Plant Breeding......Page 105
Aneuploidy......Page 108
Monosomics......Page 109
Uses of Haploids......Page 111
Procedures for Producing Haploids......Page 112
Unreduced Gametes......Page 113
Further Reading......Page 116
The Nature of Mutation......Page 118
Mutagenic Agents......Page 120
Mutation Induction......Page 121
Somatic Cell Culture Mutations......Page 122
Mutations in Rice......Page 123
Gene Substitution from Alien Chromosomes......Page 124
Role of Mutation Breeding......Page 126
Further Reading......Page 127
7. Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation......Page 128
Incompatibility Systems......Page 129
Incompatibility and Plant Breeding......Page 131
Genetic Male Sterility......Page 133
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility......Page 136
Chemically Induced Male Sterility......Page 139
Interspecific Hybridization......Page 140
Cross-Fertility among Related Species......Page 141
Time of Pollen Shed......Page 142
Further Reading......Page 143
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture......Page 144
Tissue Culture Techniques......Page 145
Plantlet Regeneration......Page 147
Commercial Applications......Page 148
Embryo Culture......Page 149
In Vitro Pollination and Fertilization......Page 150
Anther Culture Procedures......Page 152
Utilization of Anther Culture Derived Doubled-Haploids in Plant Breeding......Page 153
Genetic Variability from Cell Cultures: Somaclonal Variation......Page 155
Somatic Cell Hybridization......Page 157
Plant Genetic Engineering (Transformation)......Page 158
Genetic Transformation......Page 159
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)......Page 163
How RFLPs Are Used......Page 165
Further Reading......Page 166
IV METHODS IN PLANT BREEDING......Page 168
What is a Cultivar?......Page 169
Genetic Significance of Pollination Method......Page 170
Assembly of Germplasm......Page 171
Selection......Page 172
Hybridization......Page 173
Pedigree-Selection......Page 174
Bulk-Population......Page 176
Single-Seed-Descent......Page 178
Choice of Procedure......Page 180
Backcross Breeding......Page 182
Multiline Breeding......Page 185
Non-Traditional Breeding Procedures......Page 186
Population Improvement......Page 187
Plant Breeding: A Numbers Game?......Page 188
Further Reading......Page 189
Breeding Cross-Pollinated Versus Self-Pollinated Crops......Page 191
Progeny Test versus Combining Ability Test......Page 192
Inbreeding......Page 193
The Recurrent-Selection Principle......Page 194
Mass Selection......Page 195
Half-Sib Selection with Progeny Test......Page 197
Full-Sib Selection......Page 199
Selection from S1 Progeny Test......Page 201
Synthetic Cultivar......Page 203
Breeding Clonally Propagated Crops......Page 206
Hybridization......Page 207
Further Reading......Page 209
The Origin of Hybrid Breeding......Page 210
Inbreeding in Cross-Pollinated Crops......Page 212
Explanations of Hybrid Vigor......Page 214
Breeding Single-Cross Hybrid Cultivars......Page 216
Inbred Line Development......Page 217
Combining Inbreds into Single Crosses......Page 218
Utilization of cms in Hybrid Seed Production......Page 219
The A-line, B-line, R-line Model for Hybrid Seed Production......Page 220
Self-Incompatibility......Page 222
Apomictically Propagated F1 Hybrids......Page 223
Proprietary Nature of Hybrid Cultivars......Page 224
Further Reading......Page 225
Yield......Page 226
Resistance to Lodging and Shattering......Page 228
Winter Hardiness......Page 231
Heat and Drought Resistance......Page 232
Resistance to Plant Disease Pathogens......Page 233
Breeding for Race-Specific Resistance......Page 234
Breeding for Non-Race-Specific Resistance......Page 235
Techniques for Inducing Disease Epiphytotics......Page 236
Resistance to Insect Pests......Page 239
Product Quality......Page 240
Selfing......Page 241
Pollination Practices......Page 242
Conducting Field Trials......Page 244
Principles in Plot Experimentation......Page 245
Field Plot Design and Techniques......Page 247
Further Reading......Page 248
V GERMPLASM RESOURCES FOR BREEDING CROP PLANTS......Page 250
Germplasm Conservation......Page 251
Centers of Genetic Diversity......Page 252
International Network for Conservation of Genetic Resources......Page 254
Germplasm Resources and Their Maintenance in the United States......Page 256
Seed and Plant Introduction......Page 257
Study Questions......Page 262
Further Reading......Page 263
VI APPLICATIONS:  BREEDING FIELD CROPS THAT ARE SELF-POLLINATED......Page 264
Origin and Genetics......Page 265
Chromosome Engineering in Wheat......Page 267
Biotechnology and Wheat Improvement......Page 269
Genetic Diversity in Wheat......Page 270
Flowering and Pollination......Page 271
Breeding Methods......Page 272
Hybrid Wheat......Page 273
Yield Potential......Page 275
Lodging Resistance......Page 276
Drought Resistance......Page 277
Disease Resistance......Page 278
Insect Resistance......Page 279
Quality......Page 280
Further Reading......Page 282
15. Breeding Rice......Page 284
Origin, Species, and Types of Rice......Page 287
Types of Rice Grown in the United States......Page 288
Genetics of Rice......Page 289
Flowering and Pollination......Page 290
Genetic Diversity in Rice......Page 291
Breeding Rice......Page 292
Hybrid Rice......Page 293
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)......Page 295
Breeding Objectives......Page 296
Yield Stability......Page 297
Disease Resistance......Page 298
Insect Resistance......Page 300
Grain Quality......Page 301
Wild Rice......Page 303
Further Reading......Page 304
16. Breeding Soybean......Page 306
Species of Soybean......Page 307
Genetic Male Sterility......Page 309
Soybean Plant Types......Page 310
Flowering and Pollination......Page 311
Crossing Techniques......Page 312
Introduction and Germplasm Assembly......Page 314
The Backcross......Page 316
Seed Yield......Page 317
Breeding for Stress Environments......Page 318
Disease Resistance......Page 319
Insect Resistance......Page 321
Seed Quality and Composition......Page 322
Further Reading......Page 323
VII APPLICATIONS:  FIELD CROPS UTILIZING HYBRID BREEDING PROCEDURES......Page 325
Origin of Corn......Page 326
Races of Corn......Page 327
Molecular Biology......Page 329
Flowering and Pollination......Page 330
Xenia......Page 331
Mass Selection......Page 332
Hybrid Corn......Page 334
What is Hybrid Corn?......Page 335
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Hybrid Seed Production......Page 337
Breeding Improved Hybrids......Page 338
Development of Inbred Lines......Page 339
Combining Inbreds into Single-Crosses......Page 340
Composites and Germplasm Pools......Page 341
Adaptation......Page 342
Resistance to Ear Dropping......Page 344
Disease Resistance......Page 345
Quality......Page 346
Study Questions......Page 348
Further Reading......Page 349
18. Breeding Sorghum......Page 350
Grain Sorghums......Page 351
Botany, Flowering, and Pollen Control......Page 353
Selfing and Crossing Techniques......Page 354
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility......Page 355
Genes Affecting Maturity......Page 356
Breeding Methods......Page 357
Hybrid Sorghum......Page 358
Parent Line Development......Page 362
Population Improvement......Page 363
Grain Yield......Page 364
Adaptation to Mechanized Harvesting......Page 365
Disease Resistance......Page 367
Quality......Page 369
International Sorghum Breeding Programs......Page 370
Further Reading......Page 371
VIII APPLICATIONS:  FIELD CROPS WITH MISCELLANEOUS BREEDING PROCEDURES......Page 372
Origin and Species......Page 373
Flowering and Pollination......Page 374
Male Sterility......Page 375
Genetics and Cytology......Page 376
Origin and Diversity of American Upland Cotton......Page 378
Pima Cotton......Page 379
Introduction, Acclimatization, and Germplasm Utilization......Page 380
Cultivar Maintenance......Page 381
Rapid Fruiting and Early Maturity......Page 382
Resistance to Stress Environments......Page 383
Disease Resistance......Page 384
Insect Resistance......Page 386
Fiber Quality......Page 388
Further Reading......Page 389
Why Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forage Species Is Unique......Page 391
Flowering and Seed Setting in Forage Grasses......Page 392
Flowering and Seed Setting in Forage Legumes......Page 396
Vegetative Propagation......Page 401
Procedures for Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forages Species......Page 402
Assembly of Germplasm Resources......Page 404
Mass Selection......Page 405
Synthetic Cultivars......Page 406
Utilization of Hybrid Vigor......Page 409
Breeding Polyploid Cultivars......Page 410
Yield......Page 411
Persistence of Stands......Page 412
Resistance to Diseases......Page 414
Breeding for Multiple Pest Resistance in Alfalfa......Page 415
Forage Quality......Page 416
Seed Increase of New Cultivars......Page 418
Further Reading......Page 419
IX APPLICATIONS:  FIELD CROPS THAT ARE VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED......Page 420
21. Breeding Potato......Page 421
Classification of Potato......Page 422
Botany of Potato......Page 423
Sterility and Incompatibility......Page 424
Genetics of Potato......Page 426
Hybridization......Page 428
Tuber Yield......Page 430
Heat, Frost, and Drought Resistance......Page 431
Breeding for Disease Resistance......Page 432
Breeding for Improved Quality......Page 434
Further Reading......Page 435
Species of Sugarcane......Page 436
Botany of Sugarcane......Page 438
Selfing and Crossing Techniques......Page 440
Maintenance of Breeding Stocks......Page 441
Synchronization of Flowering......Page 442
Cytogenetics and Genetics......Page 443
Methods of Breeding......Page 444
Clonal Selection......Page 445
Selection Procedures Following Hybridization......Page 446
Potential for Cane and Sugar Yield......Page 448
Resistance to Adverse Environments: Frost, Drought, Waterlogging, Salinity......Page 449
Insect Resistance......Page 450
Further Reading......Page 451
X MAINTENANCE AND SEED PRODUCTION OF IMPROVED CULTIVARS......Page 453
Public and Private Plant Breeding and Seed Distribution......Page 454
Classes of Certified Seed......Page 456
How a New Cultivar Reaches the Farmer......Page 458
How a Cultivar Is Certified......Page 459
AOSCA......Page 460
OECD......Page 461
Plant Variety Protection Act......Page 462
Small Grains, Rice, and Soybean......Page 463
Hybrid Sorghum......Page 464
Cotton......Page 465
Forage Crops......Page 466
Vegetatively Propagated Forages......Page 467
Further Reading......Page 468
B......Page 470
C......Page 471
E......Page 472
G......Page 473
H......Page 474
M......Page 475
N......Page 476
P......Page 477
R......Page 478
S......Page 479
T......Page 480
Z......Page 481
FIGURE CREDITS......Page 482
B......Page 484
C......Page 485
E......Page 486
G......Page 487
I......Page 488
M......Page 489
P......Page 490
R......Page 491
S......Page 492
W......Page 494
Z......Page 495