Brazilian Medicinal Plants

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Series Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Introduction to Book Series......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Editors......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
1.1. Introduction......Page 18
1.2.1. Definitions......Page 19
1.2.3. Compounding of HMPs......Page 21
1.2.4. Industrialized HMPs......Page 22
1.3. Conclusion......Page 27
References......Page 28
CONTENTS......Page 30
2.2. Important Publications......Page 31
2.3. Receiving and Sampling Plant Raw Materials and Plant Derivatives......Page 34
2.4.1.1. Macroscopic and Microscopic Botanical Examination......Page 35
2.4.1.2. Identification by Phytochemical Prospection or Chemical Identification......Page 36
2.4.1.3. Identification by Chromatographic Fingerprinting......Page 37
2.4.5. Determination of Foreign Matter......Page 38
2.4.8. Quantitative Analysis of the Active Principles And/or Chemical Markers......Page 39
2.4.10. Determination of Pesticides Residues......Page 40
2.5. Physico-Chemical Tests for the Quality Control of Plant Derivatives: Liquid Extracts, Soft Extracts and Dry Extracts......Page 41
2.5.2. Determination of Solvent Residues......Page 42
2.5.6. Solubility......Page 43
2.5.9. Alcohol Content......Page 44
2.6. Physico-Chemical Tests for the Quality Control of Essential Oils......Page 45
2.7. Physico-Chemical Tests for the Quality Control of the Fixed Oils......Page 46
2.8. Physico-Chemical Tests for the Quality Control of Phytomedicines......Page 47
References......Page 49
3.1. Introduction and an Overview of Natural Products Chemistry and Chemosystematics in Brazil......Page 50
3.2. Structural Diversity and Distribution of Secondary Metabolites in Brazilian Plants......Page 58
3.2.1. Alkaloids......Page 62
3.2.2. Terpenes......Page 68
3.3. Impact on Brazilian Ecosystems......Page 73
References......Page 82
4.1. Introduction......Page 88
4.3. Genome Editing and Reverse Genetics......Page 89
4.4. Gene Edition Based on Crispr/cas9 Technology......Page 92
4.5. Synthetic Biology......Page 93
4.6. Molecular Biology in the Context of Brazilian Medicinal Plants......Page 95
4.7. Use of Molecular Biology to Improve the Production of Valuable Metabolites in Medicinal Plants......Page 96
References......Page 101
5.2. Exploring Endophytes with Biotechnological Potential......Page 108
5.3. Isolation of Endophytes......Page 110
5.4. Diversity of Endophytes......Page 111
5.5. Exploring the Biotechnological Potential of the Isolated Endophytes......Page 114
5.6. Diaporthe terebinthifolii: A Promising Species to Control the Citrus Phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa......Page 118
5.7. Conclusion......Page 120
References......Page 121
6.1. Introduction......Page 126
6.2. Irradiance......Page 127
6.4. Water and Salinity......Page 133
6.5. Mineral Nutrition and Heavy Metals......Page 135
6.6. Biotic Elicitation of Secondary Metabolites......Page 138
6.7. Seasonal Variation......Page 141
References......Page 144
CONTENTS......Page 152
7.1. Introduction......Page 153
7.2.1. Bryophytes......Page 155
7.2.2. Pteridophytes......Page 157
7.3.1. Bryophytes......Page 159
7.3.2.3. How Should the Collected Material be Processed?......Page 161
7.4. Chemical Compounds in Bryophytes......Page 162
7.5.1.
Terpenoids......Page 163
7.5.2. Aromatic Compounds......Page 165
7.5.4. Acetogenins and Lipids......Page 168
7.7. Chemical Compounds in Hornworts......Page 169
7.8.1. Terpenoids......Page 170
7.8.2. Phenolics......Page 171
7.8.4. Alkaloids......Page 173
7.9.1. Bryophytes......Page 174
7.9.2. Pteridophytes......Page 175
7.10. Final Remarks and Future Perspectives......Page 182
References......Page 183
CONTENTS......Page 190
8.1. Introduction......Page 191
8.2.1. Botanical Description......Page 204
8.2.4. Biological and Pharmacological Activities......Page 205
8.3.1. Botanical Description......Page 206
8.3.2. Phytochemicals......Page 207
8.3.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities......Page 208
8.4.2. Phytochemistry......Page 209
8.4.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities......Page 210
8.5.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities......Page 211
8.6.1. Botanical Aspects and Occurrence......Page 212
8.6.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Tucumã Pulp Oil......Page 213
8.7.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Peach Palm Pulp Oil......Page 214
8.8.2. Phytochemistry of Açaí Fruits......Page 215
8.8.3.1. Cardiovascular Effects......Page 216
8.8.3.4. Antitumor Effects......Page 217
8.9.1. Botanic Aspects and Occurrence......Page 218
8.9.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities......Page 219
References......Page 220
9.1. Introduction......Page 234
9.1.1. The Atlantic Forest Biome......Page 235
9.1.2. Natural Products in Brazil: Historical Benchmarks......Page 236
9.2. Bioprospecting Plants from Atlantic Forest......Page 243
9.2.1. Natural Products Active on Redox Processes, Inflammation, Chemoprevention and Related Processes......Page 244
9.2.2. Cytotoxic Compounds......Page 249
9.2.3. Natural Products Active on the Central Nervous System......Page 253
9.2.4. Antifungal Compounds......Page 255
9.2.5. Natural Products Active on Neglected Diseases’ Parasites......Page 257
9.2.6. Miscellaneous Bioactive Compounds......Page 261
9.3. Some Comments on Recent Advances in Natural Products Research......Page 264
References......Page 266
CONTENTS......Page 274
10.1. Introduction......Page 275
10.2.3. Chemical Studies......Page 282
10.3.1. Botanical Aspects and Occurrence......Page 283
10.3.4. Pharmacological Studies......Page 284
10.4.3. Chemical Studies......Page 285
10.4.4. Pharmacological Studies......Page 287
10.5.4. Pharmacological Studies......Page 288
10.6.4. Pharmacological Studies......Page 290
10.6.5. Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Cultivated M. urundeuva......Page 291
References......Page 293
11.1. The Brazilian Cerrado......Page 298
11.2. Ethnobotanical Studies......Page 300
11.2.1. The Significance of Ethnobotany to the Research in Natural Products Chemistry......Page 301
11.2.2. The Context of Ethnobotany in Brazil and Goiás State......Page 302
11.2.3. The Coqueiros Community......Page 303
11.2.4. Douradinha and Douradão Examples of Medicinal Plants Used by the Goiás Population and Their Phytochemical Studies......Page 305
11.3. Alkaloids as a Metabolic Target......Page 307
11.3.1. Alkaloids from Psychotria Genus......Page 308
11.3.2. Cyclopeptide Alkaloids from Amaioua Guianensis Aubl. and Ixora Brevifolia Benth......Page 312
11.4. Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Alkaloids from Psychotria and Palicourea Leaves......Page 314
References......Page 317
12.1. Introduction......Page 322
12.2.1. Coumarins: A Privileged Pyrone-Phenyl in Natural Products......Page 323
12.2.2. Flavonoids: A Dietary Natural Product with Health Benefits......Page 325
12.2.3. Alkaloids: Ubiquitous Bioactive Natural Products......Page 327
12.2.4. Terpenes: A Diverse Class of Natural Products with Valuable Bioactivities......Page 331
12.2.5. Lignans: Phenylpropane Derivatives Widely Distributed in Higher Plants......Page 334
12.2.6. Some Miscellaneous Synthetic Examples......Page 335
12.3. Concluding Remarks......Page 339
References......Page 340
Index......Page 346