Brazilian Mangroves and Salt Marshes

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Tropical and Subtropical Brazilian Coastal Zones
	Chapter 1: The Brazilian Coastal Landscapes: A Narrative
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Amazonian Equatorial Coast (04 26′12 N to 02 20′43 S)
		1.3 Septentrional Northeastern Coast (02 20′43 S to 05 04′12 S)
		1.4 Oriental Northeastern Coast (05 40′12 S to 10 30′13 S)
		1.5 Eastern Coast (10 30′13 S to 19 40′29 S)
		1.6 Southeastern Coast (19 40′19 S to 25 39′53 S)
		1.7 Southern Coast (25 39′53 S to 33 45′07 S)
		1.8 Summary
		References
	Chapter 2: Environmental and Biotic Factors Driving Distributional Patterns in Mangrove and Salt Marsh Ecosystems
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Biotic Factors Influencing Species Richness and Distribution of Mangroves
			2.2.1 Predation on Mangrove Propagules and Its Effects on Forest Structure
			2.2.2 Bioturbation Processes Influencing Ecosystem Engineering
			2.2.3 The Importance of Dispersal Ability and Factors Regulating Propagule Establishment
		2.3 Environmental Factors and Physiological Adaptation
			2.3.1 Climate Parameters and Its Relation to the Early Development
			2.3.2 Effects of Salinity Gradients on Mangrove and Salt Marsh Species Distribution
			2.3.3 Sediment Fertility and Its Influence on Mangrove Structure
		2.4 Response of Mangrove and Salt Marsh Species to Sedimentary Processes
			2.4.1 Depositional Process Regarding Sea Level Rise
			2.4.2 Erosional Process Concerning Extreme Events
			2.4.3 Sedimentary Processes Across Scales
		2.5 Climate Change and Its Effects on Mangrove Forests and Salt Marshes
			2.5.1 Mangrove and Salt Marsh Vulnerability to Climate Change
		2.6 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 3: Variability of Mangroves Along the Brazilian Coast: Revisiting
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Scales and Variability in Mangrove Macroecology
		3.3 The Coastal Environmental Setting (CES) Framework
		3.4 Aboveground Biomass
		3.5 Net Primary Productivity - Litterfall (NPPL)
		3.6 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Stocks
		3.7 Advancing the CES Framework: Challenges for Mangrove Macroecologists
		3.8 CES Restrict the Atlantic South American Mangrove Limit
		3.9 Dynamic Framing and the Three Coastal Domains
		3.10 Final Remarks
		References
Part II: The Mangrove Ecosystem
	Chapter 4: Reproductive Phenology of the Brazilian Mangrove Species
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Methodological Approaches
		4.3 Phenological Patterns
		4.4 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 5: Genetic and Epigenetic Diversity of Mangrove Plants: Markers of Adaptation in a Changing Environment
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Importance of Genetic Diversity
		5.3 Brazilian Mangrove Evolutionary Theories
		5.4 Methods in Genetic and Evolutionary Studies
		5.5 A Look into the Studies on Genetic Diversity
		5.6 The Current Knowledge Obtained from Genetic and Epigenetic Markers in Mangroves of the Americas and Brazil
		5.7 The Future of Genetic and Epigenetic Studies on Mangrove Plants
		References
	Chapter 6: Latitudinal Variation in Brazilian Mangroves´ Annual Litterfall as Evidence of Maximum Power and Geoecological Mani...
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Brazilian Mangrove Forests´ Annual Litterfall
			6.2.1 Annual Litterfall
		6.3 On the Causes for Litterfall Productivity
		6.4 Final Remarks
		References
Part III: Mangrove and Salt Marsh Associates
	Chapter 7: The Microbiota of Brazilian Mangroves
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Microbial Loop
		7.3 Microorganisms in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
			7.3.1 Bacterial and Archea Diversity in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
			7.3.2 Fungi Diversity in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
			7.3.3 Virus Diversity in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
		7.4 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 8: Mangrove Macroalgal Communities
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Species Composition
		8.3 Diversity of Algal Propagules
		8.4 Ecology
		8.5 Cultivation
		8.6 Chemical Diversity and Biotechnological Application
			8.6.1 Mangrove Macroalgae
			8.6.2 Algicolous Fungi
		8.7 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 9: Macro- and Meiofaunal Communities in Brazilian Mangroves and Salt Marshes
		9.1 Benthic Environment
		9.2 Benthic Fauna
			9.2.1 Mangrove Crabs
			9.2.2 Other Crustaceans
			9.2.3 Mollusks
			9.2.4 Polychaetes
			9.2.5 Other Groups
			9.2.6 Meiofauna
		9.3 Ecological Role
		9.4 Species of Social-Economic Relevance
		9.5 Anthropic Impact on Mangrove Benthic Fauna
		9.6 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 10: Brachyuran Crabs of Brazilian Mangrove and Salt Marsh Ecosystems
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Criteria for Species Compilation
		10.3 Species Richness and Geographical Distribution
		10.4 Zonation
			10.4.1 Hard Bottom Crabs in Mangroves
			10.4.2 Soft Bottom Crabs in Mangroves
			10.4.3 Hard Bottom Crabs in Salt Marshes
			10.4.4 Soft Bottom Crabs in Salt Marshes
		10.5 Ecological Role
		10.6 Fisheries and Socioeconomic Relevance
		10.7 Threats, Management, and Conservation
		10.8 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 11: Fish Communities of Mangroves and Salt Marshes Along the Brazilian Coast
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Review on Fish Diversity in Brazilian Mangroves and Salt Marshes
		11.3 Final Remarks
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 12: Mangrove and Salt Marsh Migratory and Resident Birds
		12.1 Importance of Mangroves and Salt Marshes to Birds
		12.2 Bird Adaptations to Live in Mangroves and Salt Marshes
		12.3 Bird Diversity Across Mangroves and Salt Marshes
			12.3.1 Mangrove Birds
				12.3.1.1 Exclusive Species
				12.3.1.2 Regular Species
				12.3.1.3 Occasional Species
				12.3.1.4 Migrant Species
				12.3.1.5 Knowledge Gaps in Species Composition
				12.3.1.6 Conservation
			12.3.2 Salt Marsh Birds
				12.3.2.1 Exclusive Species
				12.3.2.2 Regular Species
				12.3.2.3 Occasional Species
				12.3.2.4 Migrant Species
				12.3.2.5 Conservation
		12.4 Threats to Birds in Mangroves and Salt Marshes
		12.5 Conservation Challenges and Initiatives
		12.6 Knowledge Gaps
			12.6.1 Field Studies
		12.7 Final Remarks
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 13: Flagship Species: Manatees as Tools for Mangrove Conservation in Northeast Brazil
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus): Biogeography, Ecology, and Cultural Value
		13.3 Manatee Conservation: Threats and Actions
			13.3.1 The Brazilian Antillean Manatee Reintroduction Program
			13.3.2 Community Conservation and Ecotourism
		13.4 Final Remarks
		References
Part IV: Conservation Strategies
	Chapter 14: The Eco-history of Brazilian Mangroves
		14.1 Precolonial Era
		14.2 Colonial Era
		14.3 Postcolonial Era
		14.4 Republic of Brazil to Actual Times
		14.5 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 15: Sociocultural Valuation of Mangroves: Subsidies for Public Policies Towards the Conservation of Brazilian Coastal ...
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Ecosystem Services: The Sociocultural Approach
		15.3 Calculating the Importance of Local Economy: The Fisheries Example
		15.4 Exploitation of Mangroves for Aquaculture and Other Monocultures
		15.5 The Coast of Cear State as Case Study
		15.6 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 16: Mangrove and Salt Marsh Protected Areas in Brazil
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Threats to Mangroves and Salt Marshes
		16.3 A Historical Review of Protected Areas in Brazil
		16.4 Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (National System of Protected Areas, SNUC)
		16.5 Controversies
		16.6 On the Support to Protected Areas in Brazil
		16.7 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 17: Contribution of Environmental Education to Mangrove Conservation
		17.1 Education and Challenges for the Conservation of Mangroves
		17.2 Different Views on Environmental Education in Brazil
		17.3 Mangroves and Environmental Education
		17.4 The Maravilhosos Manguezais do Brasil Initiative
		17.5 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 18: The Mangrove-Salt Marsh Complex: A Dynamic Landscape Approach
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Assemblages, Complex Systems, or a Continuum of Coastal Marsh Ecosystems
			18.2.1 Mangrove and Salt Marshes as a Continuum
		18.3 The Highly Dynamic Coastal Marshes
		18.4 Salt Marshes in Brazil
			18.4.1 The Apicum Feature
		18.5 The Gap for Salt Marshes: Discontinuity
		18.6 The Freshwater Barrier to Mangrove and Salt Marsh Colonization
		18.7 What to Expect from Climate Change?
		18.8 Marshes and Mangrove Forests Under a Wholistic Perspective: From Ecosystems to Landscape
		18.9 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 19: Coastal Zone Adaptive Management in the Context of Complex Adaptive Systems
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Coastal Ecosystem Features
		19.3 Coastal Zone Landscape Management and Ecosystem Properties
		19.4 Managing Adaptive Systems
		19.5 Primum Non Nocere
		19.6 Final Remarks
		References
Index