Brazilian Geography: In Theory and in the Streets

Contents
1 Introduction
	References
Part I Theoretical Contributions and Challenges for Brazilian Geography
2 Critical Geography: From the Office to the Streets
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 “The Crisis of and in Geography”
	2.3 The Unity of Crisis-Criticism
	2.4 Geography Comes to the Streets
	2.5 A Pause for Reflection: At Coffee Break
	2.6 Geography in the Streets: The AGB—“A Necessary Breath of Fresh Air”
	2.7 Final Reflection
	References
3 Far Beyond the ‘Natural Environment’: Geography at the Crossroads of the Capitalocene
	3.1 ‘Anthropocene,’ ‘Capitalocene’… and the Geographers
	3.2 From the ‘Natural Environment’ to the Concrete Environment to the Environment-Territory-Place Approach
	3.3 Better Late Than Never: The Emergence of Environmental Geography
	3.4 The Capitalocene at the (Semi-)periphery of World Capitalism
	3.5 Conclusion: Escaping the Twentieth Century
	References
4 Brazilian Geography and the Study of Territorial Formation
	4.1 The Presence of the Past: Immanent Permanence
	4.2 The Case of the Colony that Was the Seat of the Metropole
	4.3 Historical Geographies, Histories of Geography and Territorial Formation in Brazil
	4.4 Eternal Returns in the Territorial Formation of Brazil
	References
5 Man is His Being in the World. Geography and Geographicity
	5.1 Geographicity
	5.2 The Forms of Geographicity
	5.3 Primitive Accumulation and the Framework of Modern Geographicity
	5.4 The Adventures of Autopoiesis
	5.5 The Spatial Malaise of Modern Society
	References
6 Physical Geography and the Study of Environmental Problems:  The Brazilian Contribution
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Physical Geography Post-1970s
	6.3 From Studies of Nature to the Environment
	6.4 Environmental Studies, Topics Covered
	6.5 The Debate and Paths of Environmental Analysis in Brazil
	6.6 Final Notes
	References
7 The Study of Cities in Brazilian Geography
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Pioneers in Brazilian Urban Geography
	7.3 Brazilian Cities Analysed by Urban Geographers
	7.4 The Production of Urban Geography Over the Last 30 years (1989–2021)
	7.5 The National Symposia on Urban Geography (Simpurbs)
	7.6 The Cidades Journal
	7.7 Conclusions
	References
8 The Production of Urban Space and “Critical Geography”
	8.1 From Geography to Metageography
	8.2 Repercussions of This Investigation
		8.2.1 The Level of Social Relations Producing Space
		8.2.2 The Accumulation of Capital as a Moment of the Reproduction of Urban Space
	8.3 The Struggles for Space in Space
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 Dialogues on Brazilian Political Geography and Its Perspectives in the Twenty-First Century
	9.1 Political Geography and Geopolitics in Brazil: Traditions and Changes
	9.2 Geopolitics of Knowledge
	9.3 Political Geography and Its Disciplinary Dialogues
	9.4 State Management and Political Geography
	9.5 Intradisciplinary Dialogues
	9.6 A Note on School Geography and Political Geography
	9.7 Territory in the Dialogues of Political Geography
	9.8 Final Considerations
	References
10 The Consensual Divorce of Geography. Adherence to Neoliberalism, the Cult of Freedom and the Overthrow of Democracy
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Vulgate of Liberal Freedom
	10.3 Neoliberalism Against Democracy
	10.4 The Neoliberal Bureaucratic Symbiosis
	10.5 The State and the Mapping of Social Rights
	10.6 The Consensual Divorce of Geography
	References
11 Scientific Research and the Construction of the Field of Teaching of Geography in Schools: Trends and Challenges
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 The Development of the Field of the Teaching of Geography
	11.3 The Indissociability Between Initial and Continuing Teacher Education, Research and Outreach
	References
12 The Contribution of Milton Santos to the Theoretical Formation of Brazilian Geography
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Education in Bahia and His Doctorate in Strasbourg: Regional Geography and Planning
	12.3 Proposals for Autonomous Thought: The Two Circuits of the Urban Economy and Socio-Spatial Formation
	12.4 The Nature of Space and the Current Conditions of Its Transformation
	12.5 The Strength of Place: Towards Another Globalisation
	References
13 Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo Monteiro and the Construction of Brazilian Geographical Climatology
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 A Perspective on Climate in Search of Its True Comprehension
	13.3 The Rhythms of Time: The Need for an Approach Using a Fine Spatio-Temporal Scale
	13.4 The UCS—Urban Climate System
	13.5 Conclusions and Final Considerations
	References
14 Aziz Nacib Ab’Saber and the Professionalisation of Research in Geomorphology in Brazilian Geography Courses
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Institutional Spaces Prior to the Creation of Universities in Brazil
	14.3 Aziz Nacib Ab’Saber's Contribution to the Formation of Geographic Geomorphology in Brazil
	14.4 Final Reflections
	References
Part II Brazilian Geography, a Geography of the Street
15 The Right to the City and the Housing in Brazilian Cities
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Overview of Housing Insecurity in Brazil
	15.3 Urban Land Ownership: A Factor in Socio-Spatial Inequality
	15.4 The World of Work and the Production of Affordable Housing
	15.5 The Institutional Process of Recognising the Right to Housing
	15.6 The Production of ‘Social-Interest’ Housing by the State
	15.7 The Relentless Struggles for the Right to Housing and the City
	15.8 Final Considerations
	References
16 The Long March of the Brazilian Peasantry: Socioterritorial Movements, Conflicts and Agrarian Reform
	16.1 Principles and Assumptions
	16.2 A History of Fighting and Violence
	16.3 “He Who Knows the Time, Does Not Wait for it to Happen”
	16.4 Conflicts and Land Occupations
	16.5 The Brazilian State and Agrarian Reform
	16.6 The Fernando Henrique Cardoso Government and Agrarian Reform
	16.7 The Future … in the New Twenty First Century
17 Land and Food: The New Struggles of the Landless Workers Movement (MST)
	17.1 Current Situation of the Struggle for Land and Agrarian Reform
	17.2 Land and Food: The MST’s Struggle for the Price of Ecological Rice
	17.3 Ecological Rice Production and Price Struggles
	17.4 Conclusion
	References
18 Geography and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles of Resistance
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Expansion Fronts in Guaraní Lands
	18.3 Tehoka Renewals and Guarani R-existences, An Ontological Turn
	18.4 Guarani and Kaiowá R-existences: Impasses and Challenges
	18.5 Final Considerations
	References
19 The Geography of Labour Under Construction: Theoretical Challenges and Research Praxis
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 The Geography of Labour: A Theoretical Construction in Motion
	19.3 Contemporaneity of the Total Lack of Protection of the Subjects of Labour and the Working Class
	19.4 Labour and the Working Class in the Digital Age, in Times of COVID-19
	19.5 Final Considerations
	References
20 A Popular Environmentalism in Defence of Life, Dignity and Territory (An Autobiographical Contribution from an Activist Geographer)
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 The Constitution of the Environmental Field
	References
21 Decolonisation Challenges of the Brazilian/Latin American Geography/ies
	21.1 Questioning Replicant Logic and Eurocentrism
	21.2 The Decolonial Challenge and Brazilian Geography
	21.3 An Example of Conceptual Decolonisation: Territory and Multiplicity of De-territorialisation Processes
	21.4 Some Final Considerations
	References
22 Brazilian Feminist Geographies: Occupying Space, Resisting Negation and Producing Challenges to Geography
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 The Recent Feminisation of Brazilian Geography
	22.3 The Fissures of Male Power in Brazilian Geography and the Tension Caused by Approaches to Gender and Sexualities
	22.4 Feminist Epistemologies: Love as an Element of Spatial Policy and the Ethics of Caring for Life
	22.5 Closing Remarks
	References
23 Association of Brazilian Geographers (AGB): The Construction of a Geography of Struggle
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 From Foundation to Democratic Refoundation
	23.3 From Democratic Refoundation to the Dilemmas of the Pandemic
	23.4 Conclusion
	References
Epilogue