Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 11

Contents
Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 11
	1 Introduction
	2 What Is a BCI?
	3 The Annual BCI Research Award
	4 The BCI Research Award Book Series
	5 Projects Nominated for the BCI Award 2022
	6 Summary
	References
Remediating Phonological Deficits in Dyslexia with Brain-Computer Interfaces
	1 Introduction
	2 Operant Learning BCI for Dyslexia
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Decoder Design Based on the Temporal Sampling Theory
		2.3 From Signal Classification to Feedback
		2.4 Pilot Data and Validation
	References
Highly Generalizable Spelling Using a Silent-Speech BCI in a Person with Severe Anarthria
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Discussion
	References
Fast, Accurate, Unsupervised, and Time-Adaptive EEG-Based Auditory Attention Decoding for Neuro-steered Hearing Devices
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Auditory Attention Decoding Problem
		1.2 Neuro-steered Hearing Devices
		1.3 Two Fundamental Problems with Stimulus Reconstruction
	2 Unsupervised and Time-Adaptive Stimulus Reconstruction
		2.1 Supervised Training of the Neural Stimulus Decoder
		2.2 Unsupervised Training of the Neural Stimulus Decoder
		2.3 Time-Adaptive Unsupervised Updating of the Neural Stimulus Decoder
	3 Decoding the Spatial Focus of Auditory Attention
	4 Conclusion and Future Challenges
	References
Closed-Loop Control of Images Based on Electrocorticogram Decoding in Visual Semantic Space
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Subjects
		2.2 ECoG Recordings
		2.3 Experimental Procedures
		2.4 Construction of the Semantic Vector
		2.5 Decoder for the Real-Time Feedback Task
		2.6 Evaluation for the Real-Time Feedback Task
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Digital Bridge to Restore Voluntary Control of Leg Movements After Paralysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of the Fully Implantable Brain Spine Interface
	3 Design of Stimo-BSI Clinical Trial (NCT04632290)
	4 Discussion
	References
Brain-Body Interfaces to Assist and Restore Motor Functions in People with Paralysis
	1 Introduction
	2 BBI for Neurological Recovery
		2.1 Future Perspectives
			2.1.1 Motor Decoding
			2.1.2 Movement Restoration
			2.1.3 Sensory Feedback
	3 BBIs for Assistance
		3.1 Future Perspectives
			3.1.1 Motor Decoding
			3.1.2 Movement Restoration
			3.1.3 Sensory Feedback
	4 Conclusion
	References
Keeping Our Eyes on the Prize; Are We Losing Sight of the `Why´ in BCI for Neurorehabilitation?
	1 Identification of Appropriate Target Neural Signal
	2 Identifying Therapeutic Goals
	3 Identifying the Most Appropriate Technology to Improve Function
	4 Thinking Outside the (Black) Box
	5 Conclusion
	References
Real-Time Decoding of Leg Motor Function and Dysfunction from the Subthalamic Nucleus in People with Parkinson´s Disease
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Study Design
		2.2 Leg Force and Locomotor State Classifications
		2.3 Leg Force Regression
	3 Results
		3.1 Leg Force and Locomotor State Classifications
		3.2 Leg Force Regression
	4 Discussion
	References
Designing Touch: Intracortical Neurohaptic Feedback in Virtual Reality
	1 Introduction
	2 Virtual Reality Experimental Platform
		2.1 Hardware and Software
		2.2 Validation Studies
	3 Neurohaptic Design
		3.1 Virtual Object Discrimination Tasks
		3.2 Electrode Localization for DCS Candidates
		3.3 Complex Stimulation Design
	4 Behavioral Results
		4.1 Subjective Descriptions
		4.2 Discrimination Accuracy
	5 Discussion
	References
May the Force Be with You: Biomimetic Grasp Force Decoding for Brain Controlled Bionic Hands
	1 Sliman Bensmaia: A Tribute to an Exceptional Scientist and Mentor
	2 Introduction
	3 Results
		3.1 Non-human Primate Grasp Force Task
			3.1.1 Force Representation in Monkey Motor Cortex
			3.1.2 Force Can Be Decoded from Neural Population Responses
		3.2 Human iBCI Grasp Force Task
			3.2.1 Force Representation in Human Motor Cortex
			3.2.2 Dynamic Decoder Allows Accurate Force Decoding
	4 Conclusions
	5 Methods
		5.1 Non-human Primate Experiment
			5.1.1 Animals and Surgery
			5.1.2 Behavioral Task
			5.1.3 Forces
			5.1.4 Electrophysiology and Neural Data Preprocessing
		5.2 Human BCI Experiment
			5.2.1 Participant
			5.2.2 Array Implantation
			5.2.3 Neural Recordings
			5.2.4 Virtual Environment Task
			5.2.5 Online Decoder Training and Control
		5.3 Data Analysis
			5.3.1 Alignment and PSTHs
			5.3.2 Task and Force Modulation
			5.3.3 Decoding Models
	References
Real-Time Intraoperative Sensorimotor Cortex Localization and Consciousness Assessment with the Spatial and Spectral Profile o...
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Subject Recruitments
		2.2 3D Cortical Rendering
		2.3 Anesthesia Administration and Surgical Procedure
		2.4 Hardware Interface Module
		2.5 Online Spatial-Temporal and Spectral Analysis of SSEPs
			2.5.1 Real-Time Preprocessing
			2.5.2 Spatial-Temporal and Spatial-Spectral Heat Map
			2.5.3 Unsupervised Identification of Central Sulcus
		2.6 Offline Spectral and Temporal Analysis of SSEPs
			2.6.1 Electrode Coregistration
			2.6.2 Time-Frequency Maps and Spectral and Temporal Power
		2.7 Interpeak Latencies
		2.8 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Real-Time Delineation of the Central Sulcus
			3.1.1 Spatial-Temporal Feature
			3.1.2 Spectral Clustering
			3.1.3 Spatial-Spectral Feature
		3.2 State-Specific Characteristics of Induced Spectral Modulations
		3.3 State-Specific Characteristics of Induced Temporal Features
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Clinical Approach to CS Delineation
		4.2 CS Delineation with SSEPs Spatial Features
		4.3 Unsupervised Regional Clustering
		4.4 State Characteristics of the Spectral Features of SSEPs
		4.5 Interpeak Latency
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Summary of the 2022 BCI Award with Discussion of BCI Trends
	1 The 2022 Awards Ceremony
	2 The 2022 Winners
	3 Directions and Trends Reflected in the Awards
	4 Overview of Other Changes with the Awards
	5 Next Year´s Award and Conclusion
	References