Border Management in Transformation: Transnational Threats and Security Policies of European States

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Acronyms
Part IIntroduction
1 Thematic Introduction
	1.1 Introduction of the Subject Area
	1.2 Subject of Research
	1.3 Integrated Border Management—An Initial Assessment
	1.4 Central Thesis of the Work
	1.5 Structure of the Work
	References
Part IIMethods
2 Methodical Structure of the Work
	2.1 Methods
		2.1.1 General Methodological Approach
	2.2 Data Collection
		2.2.1 Areas of Quality and Quantity-Oriented Content Analyses
		2.2.2 Dataset 1: Legislation and Official Documents
		2.2.3 Dataset 2: Secondary Data
		2.2.4 Dataset 3: Case Studies
		2.2.5 Dataset 4: Qualitative Interviews of Experts
		2.2.6 Additional Insights: Accumulative Reflection of Comprehensive Assessments Developed in the Overall Area of BSM and Its Relation to TNT and TOC
	2.3 Final Contemplation
	References
Part IIIAnalytical Framework
3 Transnational Threats
	3.1 Security in Retrospective Consideration
	3.2 Security as a Central Concept of Value
	3.3 Areas of Transnational Threats
	3.4 Diseases as Transnational Threats
	3.5 The Fall of the Iron Curtain and Its Impact on Border Regimes
		3.5.1 The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
		3.5.2 The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
		3.5.3 Ukraine—A Torn State
	3.6 Transnational Threats from Fragile and Failed States
		3.6.1 Fragile and Failed States
		3.6.2 Afghanistan
		3.6.3 Iraq
		3.6.4 Arab Spring—The Break-Up Follows Chaos and Anarchy
		3.6.5 Syria
		3.6.6 Libya
		3.6.7 Daesh (Islamic State)
		3.6.8 Weapon Arsenals Without Adequate Control
		3.6.9 Radicalisation as a Transnational Threat
	3.7 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
4 Transnational Organised Crime (TOC)
	4.1 Organised Forms of Crime
	4.2 Is Organised Crime the Same as Mafia?
	4.3 What is Organised Crime?
	4.4 Classic Areas of TOC
		4.4.1 Relevant Offence Fields and Legal Foundations
		4.4.2 Ethnic OC Groups and Their Offence Fields
	4.5 OC Definitions in Comparison
		4.5.1 United Nations
		4.5.2 Council of Europe
		4.5.3 European Union
		4.5.4 EUROPOL
		4.5.5 INTERPOL
	4.6 OC Definitions in Comparison
	4.7 Interface Problems in the Fight Against OC Within the Member States of the European Union (EU MS)
	4.8 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
5 Migration in the Context of EU Border Management
	5.1 Migration and Its Causes
	5.2 Irregular Migration
	5.3 Rising Migration Pressure as a Result of Events in the Context of Destabilisation
	5.4 Important Legal Requirements with Regard to Migration and Border Control and Legal Border Crossing
		5.4.1 Legal Requirements for Legal Entry According to the Act on the Residence, Economic Activity and Integration of Foreigners in the Federal Territory
		5.4.2 Border Protection, Border Police Control and Border Crossing
		5.4.3 Measures to Terminate a Residence Title
		5.4.4 Safe Country of Origin—Safe Third Country
		5.4.5 The Dublin Regulation
	5.5 Definitions
	5.6 Irregular Migration as a Form of Cross-Border OC or Even Transnational Threat
		5.6.1 Irregular Migration
		5.6.2 Trafficking in Human Beings (THB)
		5.6.3 People Smuggling
		5.6.4 Differentiation
		5.6.5 Smuggling of People
		5.6.6 Escape Aid
	5.7 ‘The Boat is Full’
	5.8 ‘Mare Nostrum’ and ‘Triton’
	5.9 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
6 Summary of the Analytical Framework
	References
Part IVEmpirical Analysis
7 Border Management in Europe
	7.1 Function of the Boundary
	7.2 Border Management Versus Mobility
	7.3 Border Management as an Integral Approach
	7.4 Development of the European Security Policy—The Eltville Recommendations
	7.5 Border Control and Border Management in Europe
	7.6 EU MS are Allowed to Close Borders
	7.7 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
8 Coordinated Border Management
	8.1 Integrated Border Management (IBM)
	8.2 State Authorities Involved in Border Management
	8.3 Border Guard Equal to Border Police?
	8.4 Control of Goods Traffic
	8.5 Veterinary and Phytosanitary Services
	8.6 Other Stakeholders
	8.7 Compensatory Measures by Eliminating Stationary Border Control
	References
9 EU Agencies with Regard to Integrated Border Control Within the Framework of the Created Compensatory Measures
	9.1 The Europeans Union's Judicial Cooperation Unit—EUROJUST
	9.2 European Dactyloscopy—Eurodac
	9.3 European Border Surveillance System—EUROSUR
	9.4 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights—FRA
	9.5 Collège Européen De Police—CEPOL
	9.6 European Police Office—EUROPOL
	9.7 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
10 Frontex—The EU Border Management and Coast Guard Agency
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Relevancy of Frontex
	10.3 Mandate and Tasks of Frontex
		10.3.1 Joint Operations
		10.3.2 Risk Analysis
		10.3.3 Training
		10.3.4 Research
		10.3.5 Rapid Interventions
		10.3.6 Support for EU MS in Joint Repatriations
		10.3.7 Information Exchange and Systems
	10.4 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
11 International Police Cooperation
	11.1 The Stability Pact
	11.2 Southeast European Cooperation Initiative−SECI
	11.3 International Law Enforcement Coordination Units−ILECU
	11.4 Border Police Liaison Officers
	11.5 International Police Missions
	11.6 Prüm Decision−Facilitation of Cross-Border Cooperation
	11.7 Joint Centres
	11.8 Central European Police Academy−CEPA
	11.9 Common Training Standards and Equipment
	11.10 Cross-Border Police Cooperation
	11.11 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
Part VGood Practices as Recommendations for Action
12 Crisis Intervention and Management
	12.1 The Stability Pact for South-East Europe
	12.2 The Role of the OSCE Within the Ohrid Border Process
	12.3 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
13 Supranational Organisations in the Context of IBM
	13.1 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
		13.1.1 OSCE Border Security and Management Concept (BSMC)
		13.1.2 OSC−National Focal Point Network (NFP)
		13.1.3 OSCE−Border Management Staff College (BMSC)
	13.2 United Nations
	13.3 INTERPOL Border Management Programme
	13.4 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
	13.5 International Organisation for Migration (IOM)
	13.6 International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)
	13.7 Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)
	13.8 Preliminary Conclusion
	References
14 Extraterritoriality and Border Control
	14.1 State—State Borders
	14.2 Boundary and Border Area
	14.3 Spatial Relocation of the Boundary (Remote Control)
	14.4 Instruments the Relocation of Border Checks
	14.5 Advanced Passenger Information (API)
		14.5.1 Personal Name Record (PNR)
	14.6 Preliminary Conclusions
	References
15 Border Management in Transformation
	15.1 Dimensions of Borders—Three Plus One
		15.1.1 Land Boundaries
		15.1.2 Water Boundaries
		15.1.3 Air Boundaries
		15.1.4 Cyber Space as a Fourth Dimension
	15.2 Factors of Influence Regarding the Transformation Process
	15.3 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the EU
	15.4 EU Assistance Programs
	15.5 Phenomenon Mass Influx of Refugees
	15.6 Lack of Enforceability of Binding EU Legislation
	References
Part VIConcluding Remarks
16 Conclusions from the Thesis
	16.1 Recapitulation of Research Methods
		16.1.1 Review of Feasible Versus Desirable Research Methods
		16.1.2 Strengths and Limitations of Research Methods
	16.2 Key Findings of the Research Work
	16.3 Results Achieved and Contributions to Knowledge Gain in Alignment with the Research Work
	16.4 Policy Recommendations as a Result of the Research Work
		16.4.1 IBM
		16.4.2 Visa Regime
		16.4.3 Asylum and Migration
		16.4.4 Internal Security
	16.5 Questions Left Unanswered
	16.6 Future Research
	16.7 Closing Remarks
	References
Annex 1: Criminal Offenses Related to OC
Annex 2: Delict Areas of Transnational Threats
Annex 3: Comparison of OC and Transnational Threats
Annex 4: Definitions of Diseases as a Transnational Threat
Annex 5: OC Definitions
Annex 6: Irregular Migration Along “Frontex Routes”
Annex 7: IBM Definitions
Annex 8: Ethnically Dominated OC Groups
Annex 9: Five-Phases Air Traveller Cycle
Annex 10: General Indicators Regarding the Detection of OC-Relevant Issues
Annex 11: List of Senior Experts Relevant to BSM, TNT, TOC and Migration
Annex 12: Interview Structure Used in Discussions with Senior BSM Experts
Annex 13: Approval of Reports Through UN, EU, EC, and OSCE
Annex 14: Confirmation from the University Passau, Germany
Bibliography