Bootstrapping Microservices : With Docker, Kubernetes, GitHub Actions, and Terraform

Bootstrapping Microservices, Second Edition
Praise for the first edition
brief contents
contents
preface
acknowledgments
about this book
	Who should read this book?
	How this book is organized: A road map
	Changes since the first edition
	About the code
	liveBook discussion forum
	Staying up to date
about the author
about the cover illustration
Chapter 1: Why microservices?
	1.1 This book is practical
	1.2 What will you learn?
	1.3 What do you need to know?
	1.4 Managing complexity
	1.5 What is a microservice?
	1.6 What is a microservices application?
	1.7 What’s wrong with the monolith?
	1.8 Why are microservices popular now?
	1.9 Benefits of microservices
	1.10 Drawbacks of microservices
		1.10.1 Higher-level technical skills
		1.10.2 Building distributed applications is hard
		1.10.3 Microservices have scalable difficulty
		1.10.4 People often fear complexity
		1.10.5 Bringing the pain forward
	1.11 Modern tooling for microservices
	1.12 Not just microservices
	1.13 The spectrum of possibilities
	1.14 Designing a microservices application
		1.14.1 Software design
		1.14.2 Design principles
		1.14.3 Domain-driven design
		1.14.4 Don’t repeat yourself
		1.14.5 How much to put in each microservice
		1.14.6 Learning more about design
	1.15 An example application
Chapter 2: Creating your first microservice
	2.1 New tools
	2.2 Getting the code
	2.3 Why Node.js?
	2.4 Our philosophy of development
	2.5 Establishing our single-service development environment
		2.5.1 Installing Git
		2.5.2 Cloning the code repository
		2.5.3 Getting VS Code
		2.5.4 Installing Node.js
	2.6 Building an HTTP server for video streaming
		2.6.1 Creating a Node.js project
		2.6.2 Installing Express
		2.6.3 Creating the Express boilerplate
		2.6.4 Running our simple web server
		2.6.5 Adding streaming video
		2.6.6 Configuring our microservice
		2.6.7 Setting up for production
		2.6.8 Live reloading for fast iteration
		2.6.9 Running the finished code from this chapter
	2.7 Node.js review
	2.8 Continue your learning
Chapter 3: Publishing your first microservice
	3.1 New tool: Docker
	3.2 Getting the code
	3.3 What is a container?
	3.4 What is an image?
	3.5 Why Docker?
	3.6 Why do we need Docker?
	3.7 Adding Docker to our development environment
		3.7.1 Installing Docker
		3.7.2 Checking your Docker installation
	3.8 Packaging our microservice
		3.8.1 Creating a Dockerfile
		3.8.2 Packaging and checking our Docker image
		3.8.3 Booting our microservice in a container
		3.8.4 Debugging the container
		3.8.5 Stopping the container
	3.9 Publishing our microservice
		3.9.1 Creating a private container registry
		3.9.2 Pushing our microservice to the registry
		3.9.3 Booting our microservice from the registry
		3.9.4 Deleting your container registry
	3.10 Docker review
	3.11 Continue your learning
Chapter 4: Data management for microservices
	4.1 New tools
	4.2 Getting the code
	4.3 Developing microservices with Docker Compose
		4.3.1 Why Docker Compose?
		4.3.2 Creating our Docker Compose file
		4.3.3 Booting our microservices application
		4.3.4 Working with the application
		4.3.5 Shutting down the application
		4.3.6 Why Docker Compose for development, but not production?
	4.4 Adding file storage to our application
		4.4.1 Using Azure Storage
		4.4.2 Updating the video-streaming microservice
		4.4.3 Adding our new microservice to the Docker Compose file
		4.4.4 Testing the updated application
		4.4.5 Cloud storage vs. cluster storage
		4.4.6 What did we achieve?
	4.5 Adding a database to our application
		4.5.1 Why MongoDB?
		4.5.2 Adding a database server in development
		4.5.3 Adding a database server in production
		4.5.4 Database-per-microservice or database-per-application?
		4.5.5 What did we achieve?
	4.6 Docker Compose review
	4.7 Continue your learning
Chapter 5: Communication between microservices
	5.1 New and familiar tools
	5.2 Getting the code
	5.3 Getting our microservices talking
	5.4 Introducing the history microservice
	5.5 Live reload for fast iterations
		5.5.1 Creating a stub for the history microservice
		5.5.2 Augmenting the microservice for live reload
		5.5.3 Splitting our Dockerfile for development and production
		5.5.4 Updating the Docker Compose file for live reload
		5.5.5 Trying out live reload
		5.5.6 Testing production mode in development
		5.5.7 What have we achieved?
	5.6 Methods of communication for microservices
		5.6.1 Direct messaging
		5.6.2 Indirect messaging
	5.7 Direct messaging with HTTP
		5.7.1 Why HTTP?
		5.7.2 Directly targeting messages at particular microservices
		5.7.3 Sending a message with HTTP POST
		5.7.4 Receiving a message with HTTP POST
		5.7.5 Testing the updated application
		5.7.6 Orchestrating behavior with direct messages
		5.7.7 What have we achieved?
	5.8 Indirect messaging with RabbitMQ
		5.8.1 Why RabbitMQ?
		5.8.2 Indirectly targeting messages to microservices
		5.8.3 Creating a RabbitMQ server
		5.8.4 Investigating the RabbitMQ dashboard
		5.8.5 Connecting our microservice to the message queue
		5.8.6 Single-recipient indirect messaging
		5.8.7 Multiple-recipient messages
		5.8.8 Emergent behavior with indirect messages
		5.8.9 What have we achieved?
	5.9 Microservices communication review
	5.10 Continue your learning
Chapter 6: The road to production
	6.1 New tools
	6.2 Getting the code
	6.3 Going to production
	6.4 Hosting microservices on Kubernetes
		6.4.1 Why Kubernetes?
		6.4.2 Pods, nodes, and containers
		6.4.3 Pods, deployments, and services
	6.5 Enabling your local Kubernetes instance
	6.6 Installing the Kubernetes CLI
	6.7 Project structure
	6.8 Deploying to the local Kubernetes instance
		6.8.1 Building the image for the microservice
		6.8.2 No container registry needed (yet)
		6.8.3 Creating configuration for deployment to a local Kubernetes instance
		6.8.4 Connecting kubectl to local Kubernetes
		6.8.5 Deploying a microservice to local Kubernetes
		6.8.6 Testing the locally deployed microservice
		6.8.7 Deleting the deployment
		6.8.8 Why not use local Kubernetes for development?
		6.8.9 What have we achieved?
	6.9 Creating a managed Kubernetes cluster in Azure
	6.10 Working with the Azure CLI
		6.10.1 Installing the Azure CLI
		6.10.2 Authenticating the Azure CLI
		6.10.3 Connecting kubectl to Kubernetes
	6.11 Deploying to the production cluster
		6.11.1 Now we need a container registry
		6.11.2 Publishing the image to the container registry
		6.11.3 Connecting the container registry to the Kubernetes cluster
		6.11.4 Creating a configuration for deployment to Kubernetes
		6.11.5 Deploying the microservice to Kubernetes
		6.11.6 Testing the deployed microservice
		6.11.7 Deleting the deployment
		6.11.8 Destroying your infrastructure
		6.11.9 What have we achieved?
	6.12 Azure CLI tool review
	6.13 Kubectl review
	6.14 Continue your learning
Chapter 7: Infrastructure as code
	7.1 New tool
	7.2 Getting the code
	7.3 Prototyping our infrastructure
	7.4 Infrastructure as code
	7.5 Authenticate with your Azure account
	7.6 Which version of Kubernetes?
	7.7 Creating the infrastructure with Terraform
		7.7.1 Why Terraform?
		7.7.2 Installing Terraform
		7.7.3 Terraform project setup
	7.8 Creating an Azure resource group for your application
		7.8.1 Evolutionary architecture with Terraform
		7.8.2 Scripting infrastructure creation
		7.8.3 Fixing provider version numbers
		7.8.4 Initializing Terraform
		7.8.5 By-products of Terraform initialization
		7.8.6 Building your infrastructure
		7.8.7 Understanding Terraform state
		7.8.8 Destroying and recreating our infrastructure
		7.8.9 What have we achieved?
	7.9 Creating our container registry
		7.9.1 Continuing the evolution of our infrastructure
		7.9.2 Creating the container registry
		7.9.3 Terraform outputs
		7.9.4 Outputting sensitive values from Terraform
		7.9.5 Just don’t output sensitive values
		7.9.6 Getting the details of your container registry
		7.9.7 What have we achieved?
	7.10 Refactoring to share configuration data
		7.10.1 Continuing the evolution of our infrastructure
		7.10.2 Introducing Terraform variables
	7.11 Creating our Kubernetes cluster
		7.11.1 Scripting creation of your cluster
		7.11.2 Attaching the registry to the cluster
		7.11.3 Building our cluster
		7.11.4 What have we achieved?
	7.12 Deploying to our cluster
	7.13 Destroying our infrastructure
	7.14 Terraform review
	7.15 Continue your learning
Chapter 8: Continuous deployment
	8.1 New tool
	8.2 Getting the code
	8.3 Running the examples in this chapter
	8.4 What is continuous integration?
	8.5 What is continuous deployment?
	8.6 Why automate deployment?
	8.7 An introduction to automation with GitHub Actions
		8.7.1 Why GitHub Actions?
		8.7.2 What is a workflow?
		8.7.3 Creating a new workflow
		8.7.4 Example 1 overview
		8.7.5 The “Hello World” shell script
		8.7.6 The “Hello World” workflow
		8.7.7 Invoking commands inline
		8.7.8 Triggering a workflow by code change
		8.7.9 Workflow history
		8.7.10 Triggering a workflow through the UI
		8.7.11 What have we achieved?
	8.8 Implementing continuous integration
		8.8.1 Example 2 overview
		8.8.2 A workflow for automated tests
		8.8.3 What have we achieved?
	8.9 Continuous deployment for a microservice
		8.9.1 Example 3 overview
		8.9.2 Templating our deployment configuration
		8.9.3 Manual deployment precedes automated deployment
		8.9.4 A workflow to deploy our microservice
		8.9.5 Authenticating kubectl
		8.9.6 Installing and configuring kubectl
		8.9.7 Environment variables from GitHub secrets
		8.9.8 Environment variables from GitHub context variables
		8.9.9 Adding GitHub secrets
		8.9.10 Debugging your deployment pipeline
		8.9.11 Deploying directly to production is dangerous
		8.9.12 What have we achieved?
	8.10 Continue your learning
Chapter 9: Automated testing for microservices
	9.1 New tools
	9.2 Getting the code
	9.3 Testing for microservices
	9.4 Automated testing
	9.5 Automated testing with Jest
		9.5.1 Why Jest?
		9.5.2 Setting up Jest
		9.5.3 The math library to test
		9.5.4 Our first Jest test
		9.5.5 Running our first test
		9.5.6 Live reload with Jest
		9.5.7 Interpreting test failures
		9.5.8 Invoking Jest with npm
		9.5.9 Populating our test suite
		9.5.10 Mocking with Jest
		9.5.11 What have we achieved?
	9.6 Unit testing for microservices
		9.6.1 The metadata microservice
		9.6.2 Creating unit tests with Jest
		9.6.3 Running the tests
		9.6.4 What have we achieved?
	9.7 Integration testing
		9.7.1 The code to test
		9.7.2 Running a MongoDB database
		9.7.3 Loading database fixtures
		9.7.4 Creating an integration test with Jest
		9.7.5 Running the test
		9.7.6 What have we achieved?
	9.8 End-to-end testing
		9.8.1 Why Playwright?
		9.8.2 Installing Playwright
		9.8.3 Setting up database fixtures
		9.8.4 Booting your application
		9.8.5 Creating an end-to-end test with Playwright
		9.8.6 Invoking Playwright with npm
		9.8.7 What have we achieved?
	9.9 Automated testing in the CI/CD pipeline
	9.10 Review of testing
	9.11 Continue your learning
Chapter 10: Shipping FlixTube
	10.1 No new tools!
	10.2 Getting the code
	10.3 Revisiting essential skills
	10.4 Overview of FlixTube
		10.4.1 FlixTube microservices
		10.4.2 Microservice project structure
		10.4.3 The FlixTube monorepo
	10.5 Running FlixTube in development
		10.5.1 Booting an individual microservice
		10.5.2 Booting the entire FlixTube application
	10.6 Testing FlixTube in development
		10.6.1 Testing a microservice with Jest
		10.6.2 Testing the application with Playwright
	10.7 FlixTube deep dive
		10.7.1 Database fixtures
		10.7.2 Mocking the storage microservice
		10.7.3 The gateway
		10.7.4 The FlixTube UI
		10.7.5 Video streaming
		10.7.6 Video upload
	10.8 Deploying FlixTube to our local Kubernetes
		10.8.1 Prerequisites for local deployment
		10.8.2 Local deployment
		10.8.3 Testing the local deployment
		10.8.4 Deleting the local deployment
	10.9 Manually deploying FlixTube to production
		10.9.1 Prerequisites for production deployment
		10.9.2 Production deployment
		10.9.3 Testing the production deployment
		10.9.4 Destroying the production deployment
	10.10 Continuous deployment to production
		10.10.1 Prerequisites for continuous deployment
		10.10.2 Setting up your own code repository
		10.10.3 Deploying infrastructure
		10.10.4 One CD pipeline per microservice
		10.10.5 Testing the CD pipeline
	10.11 FlixTube in the future
	10.12 Continue your learning
Chapter 11: Healthy microservices
	11.1 Maintaining healthy microservices
	11.2 Monitoring and managing microservices
		11.2.1 Logging in development
		11.2.2 Error handling
		11.2.3 Logging with Docker Compose
		11.2.4 Basic logging with Kubernetes
		11.2.5 Kubernetes log aggregation
		11.2.6 Enterprise logging, monitoring, and alerts
		11.2.7 Observability for microservices
		11.2.8 Automatic restarts with Kubernetes health checks
	11.3 Debugging microservices
		11.3.1 The debugging process
		11.3.2 Debugging production microservices
	11.4 Reliability and recovery
		11.4.1 Practicing defensive programming
		11.4.2 Practicing defensive testing
		11.4.3 Protecting our data
		11.4.4 Replication and redundancy
		11.4.5 Fault isolation and graceful degradation
		11.4.6 Simple techniques for fault tolerance
		11.4.7 Advanced techniques for fault tolerance
	11.5 Continue your learning
Chapter 12: Pathways to scalability
	12.1 Our future is scalable
	12.2 Scaling the development process
		12.2.1 Multiple teams
		12.2.2 Independent code repositories
		12.2.3 Splitting the code repository
		12.2.4 The meta-repo
		12.2.5 Creating multiple environments
		12.2.6 Production workflow
		12.2.7 Separating application configuration from microservices configuration
	12.3 Scaling performance
		12.3.1 Vertically scaling the cluster
		12.3.2 Horizontally scaling the cluster
		12.3.3 Horizontally scaling an individual microservice
		12.3.4 Elastic scaling for the cluster
		12.3.5 Elastic scaling for an individual microservice
		12.3.6 Scaling the database
		12.3.7 Don’t scale too early
	12.4 Mitigating problems caused by changes
		12.4.1 Automated testing and deployment
		12.4.2 Branch protection
		12.4.3 Deploying to our test environment
		12.4.4 Rolling updates
		12.4.5 Blue-green deployments
	12.5 Basic security
		12.5.1 Trust models
		12.5.2 Sensitive configuration
	12.6 Refactoring to microservices
		12.6.1 Do you really need microservices?
		12.6.2 Plan your conversion and involve everyone
		12.6.3 Know your legacy code
		12.6.4 Improve your automation
		12.6.5 Build your microservices platform
		12.6.6 Carve along natural seams
		12.6.7 Prioritize the extraction
		12.6.8 And repeat . . .
	12.7 The spectrum of possibilities
		12.7.1 It doesn’t have to be perfect
		12.7.2 The diminishing return on investment
		12.7.3 The hybrid approach
	12.8 Microservices on a budget
	12.9 From simple beginnings . . .
	12.10 Continue your learning
index
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