Boiling Research and Advances

Front Cover......Page 1
Boiling......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 26
Biographies......Page 30
Preface......Page 42
The Phase Change Research Committee......Page 44
Contributors......Page 45
1 Outline of Boiling Phenomena and Heat Transfer Characteristics......Page 48
1.1 Pool Boiling......Page 49
1.2 Flow Boiling......Page 51
1.3 Other Aspects......Page 55
References......Page 57
2 Nucleate Boiling......Page 60
2.1.1 Introduction......Page 62
2.1.2.2 Signal Conditioning......Page 64
2.1.2.3 Sensor Design for Pool Nucleate Boiling......Page 65
2.1.2.4 Sensor Calibration......Page 66
2.1.2.6 Calculation of Local Heat Flux......Page 67
2.1.2.7 Calculation of Wall Heat Transfer and Latent Heat in Bubble......Page 68
2.1.3.1 Bubble Growth Characteristics......Page 69
2.1.3.2 Phenomenological Model of Isolated Bubble Pool Boiling......Page 70
2.1.3.3 Fundamental Heat Transfer Phenomena Observed from Local Wall Temperature and Heat Flux......Page 71
2.1.3.4 Microlayer Thickness......Page 73
2.1.3.5 Characteristics of Wall Heat Transfer and Bubble Growth......Page 75
2.1.3.6 Effect of Wall Superheat on Boiling Heat Transfer......Page 78
2.1.4 Conclusion......Page 80
References......Page 82
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 83
2.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Method......Page 84
2.2.2.2 Initial Distribution of Microlayer Thickness......Page 88
2.2.3 Measurement of Microlayer Structure by Laser Interferometric Method......Page 89
2.2.4 Basic Characteristics and Correlations Concerning the Microlayer in Nucleate Pool Boiling......Page 91
2.2.5 Numerical Simulation on the Heat Transfer Plate During Boiling......Page 94
2.2.5.1 Heat Transfer Characteristics of the Microlayer in an Evaporation System......Page 95
2.2.5.2 Contribution of Microlayer Evaporation......Page 96
2.2.6 Numerical Simulation on the Two-Phase Vapor–Liquid Flow During Boiling......Page 98
2.2.6.1 Variation in Microlayer Radius and Bubble Volume......Page 99
2.2.6.2 Temperature Distribution of Liquid in the Vicinity of the Bubble Interface......Page 101
2.2.6.3 Heat Transfer Characteristics of Microlayer Evaporation......Page 102
2.2.6.4 Contribution of Microlayer Evaporation......Page 104
2.2.7 Conclusion......Page 105
References......Page 106
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 107
2.3.2.1.1 Effect of surface wetting on boiling heat transfer characteristics in mini-/micro-gaps......Page 110
2.3.2.1.2 Mechanisms and characteristics of boiling heat transfer in the narrow-gap mini-/microchannel on a wettable surface......Page 111
2.3.2.1.3 Experimental apparatus and method......Page 113
2.3.2.2.1 Effect of heat flux, distance from bubble inception site, bubble forefront velocity and gap size on the initial m.........Page 115
2.3.2.2.2 Distribution of initial microlayer thickness......Page 117
2.3.2.3.2 Analysis and discussion of the heat transfer characteristics......Page 118
2.3.3.1 Measurement of Microlayer Thickness for Various Test Liquids......Page 120
2.3.3.2.1 Formulation of the problem and the model geometry and initial and boundary conditions......Page 122
2.3.3.2.2 Comparison between simulation and measurement results for HFE7200......Page 127
2.3.3.2.3 Study of effect of physical properties......Page 128
2.3.3.3 Dimension Analysis and Correlation......Page 130
2.3.4 Conclusion......Page 132
Nomenclature......Page 133
References......Page 134
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 135
2.4.2.1 Method......Page 136
2.4.2.2 Results......Page 140
2.4.3.1 Method......Page 144
2.4.3.2 Results......Page 147
2.4.4 Conclusion......Page 148
References......Page 149
2.5.1.1 Phase Equilibrium Diagram......Page 150
2.5.1.2 Boiling Incipience......Page 151
2.5.1.3 Bubble Growth Rate......Page 152
2.5.1.4 Bubble Departure......Page 154
2.5.2.1 Predicting Method and Correlations......Page 155
2.5.2.2 Existing Topics for Mixture Boiling......Page 160
2.5.3 Experimental Investigation of the Marangoni Effect......Page 161
2.5.4.2 Existing Research......Page 167
2.5.4.3 Phase Equilibrium......Page 168
2.5.4.4 Experimental Results......Page 170
2.5.5 Conclusions......Page 173
Nomenclature......Page 174
Subscripts......Page 175
References......Page 176
2.6.2.1 Overview......Page 178
2.6.2.2 Heat Transfer Models......Page 180
2.6.2.3 Models for Void Fraction Evolution and Phase Change Rates......Page 182
2.6.3 Bubble Dynamics in Subcooled Flow Boiling......Page 183
2.6.4 Conclusion......Page 187
Subscripts......Page 188
References......Page 189
3 CHF—Transition Boiling......Page 192
3.1.2 Previously Proposed CHF Mechanisms for Pool Boiling......Page 196
3.1.3.1 Characteristics of CHF in Subcooled Pool Boiling......Page 197
3.1.3.3 The Liquid–Vapor Structure Beneath Vapor Masses......Page 199
3.1.3.4.1 The detection of surface dry-out by conductance probe......Page 202
3.1.3.5 The Mechanism of CHF and the Cause of the Increase in CHF in Subcooled Boiling......Page 205
3.1.4 CHF in Saturated Boiling on Inclined Surfaces......Page 207
3.1.5 CHF in Saturated Boiling of Binary Aqueous Solutions......Page 210
3.1.6 CHF in Boiling of Water on a Heating Surface Coated with Nanoparticles......Page 214
Nomenclature......Page 218
References......Page 219
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 220
3.2.2.1 Basic Ideas of the Microlayer......Page 222
3.2.2.2 Description of Heat Transfer in Fully Developed Nucleate Boiling......Page 223
3.2.2.3 Microlayer Thickness and Dry-Out Radius Beneath an Individual Bubble......Page 226
3.2.2.4 Bubble Dynamics During the Final Growth Period......Page 227
3.2.3 Results and Discussion......Page 228
Greek Symbols......Page 231
References......Page 232
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 234
3.3.2.1 Total Reflection Technique......Page 235
3.3.2.2 Liquid–Solid Contact Patterns......Page 236
3.3.2.3 Contact-Line-Length Density......Page 239
3.3.3.1 Quasi-Two-Dimensional Boiling System......Page 244
3.3.3.2 Nucleate Boiling Curve and CHF in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Space......Page 245
3.3.3.3 Bubble Structures......Page 246
3.3.4.1 Experimental Setup and Conditions......Page 250
3.3.4.3 Liquid–Solid Contact Situations While Liquid Spray Cooling......Page 251
3.3.4.4 Liquid–Solid Contact Situations with Liquid Jet Impingement......Page 253
Nomenclature......Page 257
References......Page 258
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 259
3.4.2.1 Effect of Micropores and Vapor Escape Channels on the CHF......Page 261
3.4.2.2 Effects of the Heights in HPPs δh on the CHF......Page 262
3.4.2.3 The CHF Model Based on Capillary Limit......Page 264
3.4.2.4 Optimization in Geometry of HPP......Page 265
3.4.2.5 Effect of Heater Size on the CHF Enhancement......Page 266
3.4.3.1 Two-Layer Structured HPP......Page 267
3.4.3.2 Combination of HPP, Nanoparticle-Coated Surface, and Honeycomb Solid Structures (HSSs) in Pure Water......Page 268
3.4.3.3 Combination of HPP and Nanofluid......Page 270
Nomenclature......Page 272
References......Page 273
3.5.1 Introduction......Page 274
3.5.2.1 Available CHF Data Correlations......Page 276
3.5.2.2 Recent Experimental Study and Results......Page 278
3.5.2.3 Discussions and Remaining Problems......Page 281
3.5.3.2 CHF on Chips with Modified Surfaces......Page 283
3.5.4 CHF Data Correlation on Heaters of Various Shapes and Configurations......Page 285
3.5.5 Parameters and Factors Affecting CHF......Page 286
References......Page 288
3.6.2.1 Heating with Steam......Page 290
3.6.3 Automatic Temperature Control......Page 293
3.6.4.1 In the Case of Steady Boiling......Page 295
3.6.5 Conclusion......Page 298
Nomenclature......Page 299
References......Page 300
3.7.1 Introduction......Page 301
3.7.2.1 Experimental Apparatus......Page 302
3.7.2.2 Experimental Procedure......Page 303
3.7.2.4 Experimental Uncertainty......Page 304
3.7.3.1 Heat-Transfer Characteristics: Boiling Curve......Page 305
3.7.3.2 Liquid–Solid Contact Fraction: Correlation......Page 306
3.7.3.3 Void Fraction Near Heating Surface......Page 307
3.7.4.1 First Model......Page 309
3.7.4.2 Present Model......Page 310
3.7.4.3.1 Correlation model......Page 312
3.7.4.4 Application to Core Cooling......Page 313
3.7.5 Conclusion......Page 315
References......Page 317
3.8.1 Introduction......Page 318
3.8.2 Criterion for the Judgement of Flow Pattern Development......Page 320
3.8.3.1 Introduction......Page 323
3.8.3.2 Liu–Nariai Model......Page 327
3.8.3.2.1 Vapor clot velocity uB and vapor clot length LB......Page 328
3.8.3.2.2.1 Calculation of the thickness of vapor clot DB......Page 330
3.8.3.2.2.3 Calculation of initial thickness of the liquid sublayer δ0......Page 331
3.8.3.2.3 Dealing with low L/D conditions......Page 332
3.8.3.3 Validation of the Proposed CHF Model......Page 333
3.8.4.1 CHF Triggering Mechanism and Prediction......Page 335
3.8.4.2 Validation of the Proposed Model......Page 336
3.8.5 Conclusion......Page 339
Nomenclature......Page 340
Subscripts......Page 341
References......Page 342
3.9.1 Introduction......Page 344
3.9.2 The Definition of Flow Instability......Page 345
3.9.3 The Historical Background......Page 346
3.9.4 Simple Model—Quasi-Steady Assumption......Page 348
3.9.5 Estimation by Lumped-Parameter Model—Dumping Effect of Two-Phase......Page 352
3.9.6 Dry-out Under Natural Circulation Loop—Flow Oscillation Caused by the System......Page 355
3.9.7 More Detailed Discussion of Boiling Phenomena under Oscillatory Flow Conditions......Page 358
3.9.8 Conclusion......Page 360
Subscripts......Page 361
References......Page 362
3.10.1 Introduction......Page 363
3.10.2 Minimum Wetting Rate......Page 364
3.10.2.1 Analytical Model of MWR......Page 365
3.10.2.2 Measurement of MWR, Contact Angle, and Wave Characteristics......Page 366
3.10.2.3 Results......Page 367
3.10.2.4 Effect of Waves on MWR......Page 373
3.10.3 CHF of Film Flow......Page 375
3.10.4 CHF of Mini-Channel......Page 380
3.10.5 Characteristics of Falling Film Flow......Page 384
3.10.5.1 Wave Profile......Page 385
3.10.5.2 Film Thickness......Page 386
3.10.5.3 Wave Velocity......Page 391
3.10.5.4 Wavelength......Page 392
3.10.5.5 Development of Correlations of Wave Properties......Page 393
3.10.6 Conclusion......Page 397
Nomenclature......Page 398
References......Page 399
3.11.2.1 Design-CHF Correlation for an LWR Fuel Assembly......Page 401
3.11.2.2 CHF Prediction Using a Film Dry-Out Model for a Vertical Tube......Page 402
3.11.2.3 Analysis of Critical Power Prediction for BWR Fuel Assembly......Page 406
3.11.2.4 Enhancement of Heat-Removal Limit......Page 409
3.11.2.5 Post-BT Criteria......Page 412
Greek Symbols......Page 413
References......Page 414
4 Minimum Heat Flux—Film Boiling......Page 416
Nomenclature......Page 417
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 418
4.1.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure......Page 419
4.1.3.1 Behavior of wetting and temperature at wetting......Page 421
4.1.3.2 Wetting area and contact angle......Page 424
4.1.3.3 Estimation of contact angle......Page 425
4.1.4 Conclusions......Page 426
Further Reading......Page 427
4.2.1 Introduction......Page 428
4.2.2.2 Experimental procedures......Page 429
4.2.3.1 Characteristics of single-phase liquid flow......Page 431
4.2.3.3 Dependence on distance......Page 432
4.2.3.4 Dependence on bulk-liquid velocity and liquid subcooling......Page 433
4.2.3.5 Critical condition and correlation of dimensionless numbers......Page 434
4.2.4 Mechanism of Transition......Page 435
4.2.5 Conclusions......Page 436
Subscripts......Page 437
4.3.1 Introduction......Page 438
4.3.2 Inverse Analysis Technique in Transient Heat Transfer......Page 439
4.3.3 Experimental Study on Quenching of a Hot Block With Liquid Jet or Spray......Page 441
4.3.4 Visual and Acoustic Observations of Quenching Phenomenon......Page 443
4.3.5 Change in Surface Temperature and Surface Heat Flux Distributions Evaluated With 2D Inverse Heat Conduction Analysis......Page 445
4.3.6 Characteristics of Cooling and Boiling Curves During Quenching......Page 447
4.3.7 Wetting and Quenching Temperatures......Page 448
4.3.8 Characteristics of Maximum Heat Flux During Quenching......Page 451
4.3.9 Conclusions......Page 453
Subscripts......Page 455
References......Page 456
5 Numerical Simulation......Page 458
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 459
5.1.2.2 Mesoscopic Approach......Page 460
5.1.2.3 Macroscopic Approach......Page 461
5.1.3 Governing Equations Based on MARS......Page 462
5.1.4 Non-Empirical Boiling and Condensation Model......Page 463
5.1.5 Comparison of Numerical Results to Visualization Results......Page 464
5.1.6 Bubble Departure Behavior......Page 466
5.1.7 Effects of Wettability on Departure Behavior......Page 468
5.1.8 Bubble Condensation Behaviors......Page 469
5.1.9 Conclusion......Page 471
Subscripts......Page 472
References......Page 473
5.2.2.1 Governing Equations......Page 476
5.2.2.2 Interface Tracking Method......Page 477
5.2.3.1 Two-Phase Flow Fluid Mixing Test......Page 480
Subscripts......Page 488
References......Page 489
6 Topics on Boiling: From Fundamentals to Applications......Page 490
6.1.1 Introduction......Page 495
6.1.2.1 Useful Functions and Relations Between State Variables......Page 496
6.1.3 Equation of State......Page 500
6.1.4.1 GCEOS VTPR......Page 501
6.1.4.2 GCEOS VGTPR......Page 507
6.1.5 Conclusion......Page 511
Nomenclature......Page 512
Subscripts......Page 513
References......Page 514
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 515
6.2.2 Interfacial Transport Across the Liquid–Vapor Interface......Page 516
6.2.3 Condensation Coefficient Based on Molecular Dynamic Simulation......Page 517
6.2.3.2 Microscopic Condensation Coefficient: Molecular Translational Energy Dependence......Page 518
6.2.3.3 Boundary Condition Based on the Microscopic Condensation Coefficient......Page 522
6.2.3.4 Nonequilibrium Microscopic Boundary Condition at the Liquid–Vapor Interface......Page 523
6.2.4 Condensation Coefficient Based on the Transition State Theory......Page 525
Nomenclature......Page 530
Subscripts......Page 531
References......Page 532
6.3.1 Introduction......Page 534
6.3.2.1 Theory......Page 535
6.3.2.2 Movement of the Triple-Phase Contact Line......Page 539
6.3.2.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation......Page 540
6.3.2.4 Multiscale Simulation......Page 542
6.3.3 Microscopic Investigation of Nucleation of Boiling Bubbles......Page 544
6.3.4 Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement by Micro-/Nano-Hybrid Structures......Page 547
Greek Symbols......Page 548
References......Page 549
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 551
6.4.2 Fundamental Characteristics of Transient Boiling and Overview of the Studies......Page 552
6.4.3 Direct Transition to Film Boiling......Page 556
6.4.4 Relevance of Nucleation Phenomena to Direct Transition......Page 557
6.4.6 Modeling of Boiling Front Propagation......Page 559
6.4.7 On the Mechanism of Transition to Film Boiling in Direct Transition......Page 561
6.4.8 Conclusion......Page 562
Subscripts......Page 563
References......Page 564
6.5.1 Introduction......Page 566
6.5.2 Dynamic Neutron Radiography......Page 568
6.5.3.1 Adiabatic Air–Water Two-Phase Flow......Page 569
6.5.3.2 Boiling Heat Transfer in a Round Tube......Page 570
6.5.3.3 Gas/Liquid–Metal Two-Phase Flow......Page 571
6.5.3.4 Direct Contact Evaporation of a Water Droplet in a Heated Liquid-Metal Pool......Page 574
References......Page 575
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 577
6.6.2.1 Subcooled Flow Boiling in a Millimeter-Sized Rectangular Channel: Hydraulic Diameter=7.3–8.2mm......Page 584
6.6.2.2 Subcooled Flow Boiling in a Mini-Channel [17]: Hydraulic Diameter=0.7–1.3mm......Page 586
6.6.3.1 Bubble Behaviors on the Heating Surface and Pressure Fluctuation......Page 588
6.6.3.2 Instability of the Vapor Bubble Interface in a Subcooled Liquid......Page 590
6.6.4 Summary......Page 593
References......Page 594
6.7.1 Introduction......Page 595
6.7.2 Surface Temperature Measurement......Page 597
6.7.3 Microscale Heaters......Page 598
6.7.4 Artificial Cavities and Nucleation Control......Page 599
6.7.5.1 Objectives: Specifying the Occurrence Conditions of Microbubble Emission Boiling......Page 600
6.7.5.3 Temperature Trend and Bubbling Behavior......Page 601
6.7.5.4 Bubbling Pattern Map......Page 604
References......Page 606
6.8.1 Introduction......Page 609
6.8.2.1 Experiment for On-Plate Boiling......Page 610
6.8.2.2 Results for On-Plate Boiling......Page 611
6.8.3.1 Experiment for On-Wire Boiling......Page 613
6.8.3.2 Results for On-Wire Boiling......Page 614
6.8.4.1 Experiment for Vapor Injection......Page 621
6.8.4.2 Results for Vapor Injection......Page 622
6.8.5 Summary......Page 627
References......Page 628
6.9.1 Introduction......Page 629
6.9.2 Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics on the Thermal Spray Coating......Page 631
6.9.3 Pool Boiling on Thermal Spray Coatings Under Microgravity......Page 635
6.9.4 Conclusion......Page 638
References......Page 639
6.10.1 Introduction......Page 640
6.10.2 General Knowledge about Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Utilizing Porous Layers......Page 641
6.10.3 Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement by Unique Porous Media......Page 647
6.10.4 Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement with Functional Porous Media......Page 650
6.10.5 Conclusion......Page 654
References......Page 655
6.11.1 Overview of Wettability Effects in Boiling and Evaporation......Page 657
6.11.2 Boiling Enhancement by Mixed-Wettability Surfaces......Page 660
6.11.3 Peculiar Boiling Behaviors on Superhydrophobic Surfaces and the Effect of Dissolved Air......Page 662
References......Page 666
6.12.1 Introduction......Page 667
6.12.2.1 Surface Tension of Self-Rewetting Fluids......Page 668
6.12.2.2 Nano-Self-Rewetting Fluids......Page 670
6.12.2.3 Ternary Mixtures and Self-Rewetting Brines......Page 671
6.12.3.1 Fundamental Behavior at the Liquid–Vapor Interface......Page 672
6.12.3.2 Pool Boiling and Other Boiling Heat Transfer......Page 674
6.12.3.3 Heat Pipes......Page 676
6.12.3.4 Space Experiments with Self-Rewetting Fluids (SELENE)......Page 677
References......Page 682
6.13.1.1 Introduction......Page 684
6.13.1.2.1 Automotive transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel......Page 685
6.13.1.2.2 Steel plates......Page 687
6.13.2 Water Cooling Systems in the Steel Industry......Page 690
6.13.3.1 Issues of Heat Transfer Control Technology Concerning Boiling Heat Transfer in Steel Processes......Page 694
6.13.3.2.1 Numerical calculation of flow on a moving plate during laminar cooling......Page 696
6.13.3.2.2 Heat transfer characteristics of laminar cooling......Page 698
6.13.3.2.4 Temperature analysis of moving hot steel strip......Page 701
6.13.3.3.1 Effect of heat-transfer surface movement......Page 702
6.13.3.3.2 Effect of heat-transfer surface residual water height......Page 703
6.13.3.3.3 Research on high water flow density region......Page 710
6.13.3.3.4 Research on spray flow patterns......Page 711
References......Page 713
6.14.1 Introduction......Page 716
6.14.2 Model of Behavior of Spray on a Hot Surface......Page 718
6.14.3 Parametric Effects on Spray-Cooling Heat Transfer Characteristics......Page 719
6.14.3.2 Effect of Cooling Surface Wettability......Page 720
6.14.3.4 Effect of Porosity of Cooling Surface Layer......Page 722
6.14.3.5 Effect of Unsteady-State of Cooling Surface......Page 723
6.14.3.7 Effect of Coolant-Related Parameters......Page 725
6.14.4 Cooling Instability Phenomenon......Page 727
References......Page 728
6.15.1 Introduction......Page 729
6.15.2 Elementary Process of Vapor Explosion......Page 730
6.15.3 Theory of Vapor Explosion......Page 731
6.15.3.1 Thermal Detonation Model......Page 732
6.15.3.2 Spontaneous Nucleation Model......Page 733
6.15.4.1.1 Experimental apparatus......Page 736
6.15.4.1.2 Experimental results......Page 737
6.15.4.2.1 Experimental apparatus......Page 741
6.15.4.2.2 Experimental results......Page 743
Subscripts......Page 750
References......Page 751
6.16.1 Introduction......Page 753
6.16.2.2 Solution Droplet Impingement onto Molten Alloy Pool......Page 754
6.16.2.3 Solid Sphere Quenching into Solution Pool......Page 757
6.16.3.1 Visual Observation and Phenomena Classification......Page 758
6.16.3.2 Interfacial Mixing Structure......Page 760
6.16.3.3 Effect of Surface Property......Page 763
6.16.3.4 Effect of Material Property......Page 766
6.16.3.6 Effect of Thermal Capacity......Page 767
6.16.3.7 Controlling Additive to Promote and Suppress Vapor Explosion......Page 768
6.16.4 Vapor Film Stability Analysis......Page 774
6.16.5 Conclusions......Page 776
References......Page 777
6.17.1 Introduction......Page 779
6.17.2.1 Flow Regime......Page 780
6.17.2.2 Heat Transfer in Annular Flow Regime......Page 781
6.17.3 Flow Boiling in a Horizontal Internally Spirally Grooved Tube......Page 784
6.17.3.1 Flow Regime for Discussion of Heat Transfer Characteristics......Page 785
6.17.3.2 Heat Transfer Coefficients......Page 786
6.17.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 788
Subscripts......Page 789
References......Page 790
6.18.1 Introduction......Page 792
6.18.2 Fluid Information......Page 793
6.18.3.1 Experimental Set-Up......Page 794
6.18.3.2 Test Conditions and Procedure......Page 795
6.18.3.3 Data Reduction and Measurement Uncertainty......Page 796
6.18.4.1 Hysteresis of Nucleate Boiling Inception, Departure from Single-Phase Natural Convection......Page 797
6.18.4.2 Comparative Assessment on Fully Developed Nucleate Boiling HTC for Low-GWP Refrigerants......Page 798
6.18.4.3 Comparison for Correlations with “Estimated Transport Properties”......Page 800
Greek Symbols......Page 803
References......Page 804
6.19.1 Introduction......Page 806
6.19.2 A Brief Review of Previously Conducted Research......Page 807
6.19.3 Experimental Set-up for Gravity-Feed of Liquid Nitrogen......Page 809
6.19.4 Gravity-Feed Reflooding......Page 810
6.19.5 Simplified Modeling of Dynamics of Gravity Reflooding......Page 815
6.19.6 Constant-Feed Reflooding Experiment with Water......Page 817
6.19.7 Simplified Lumped-Parameter Modeling......Page 820
6.19.8 Conclusion......Page 822
Subscripts......Page 823
References......Page 824
Index......Page 826
Back Cover......Page 849