Board Stiff TEE: Transesophageal Echocardiography

Front Cover......Page 1
Board Stiff TEE......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface to the First Edition......Page 8
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 10
List of Contributors......Page 12
Introduction: Neither Rain nor Snow......Page 16
1 The Yellow Brick Road......Page 20
Frequency, Wavelength, and Tissue Propagation Velocity......Page 22
Reflection......Page 24
Tissue Characterization......Page 25
Answers......Page 26
Piezoelectric Effect......Page 28
Crystal Thickness and Resonance......Page 29
Axial and Lateral Resolution......Page 30
Arrays......Page 31
Instrumentation......Page 32
Depth Gain Compensation......Page 33
B-mode......Page 34
Questions......Page 35
Answers......Page 36
Set up an Echo Service......Page 38
Eyeball the Probe......Page 39
Ergonomics......Page 40
Questions (Echo Safety)—True/False......Page 41
Answers......Page 42
5 Principles of Doppler Ultrasound......Page 44
Basic Principle for Tissue Reconstruction Using Ultrasound......Page 45
Two-Dimensional Imaging......Page 46
Continuous Wave Doppler......Page 47
Range Ambiguity......Page 48
Nyquist Limit and Aliasing......Page 49
HPRF (High Pulse Repetition Frequency) Mode......Page 50
Derivation of the Doppler Shift Equation......Page 51
Derivation of the Nyquist Limit for PW Echo......Page 54
Answers......Page 55
References......Page 56
Edge Components......Page 58
Aortic Valve in M-Mode......Page 59
Mitral Valve in M-Mode......Page 60
Global Function: Measurements and Calculations......Page 61
Geometric, Spectral, and Other Measurements......Page 62
Questions......Page 63
Answers......Page 64
References......Page 65
High-Frame Rate-Doppler......Page 66
Volumetric Measurements and Calculations......Page 67
Valve Gradients, Areas, and Other Measurements......Page 68
Cardiac Chamber and Great Vessel Pressures......Page 69
Tissue Doppler......Page 70
Bibliography......Page 71
Tricuspid Valve and Right Ventricular Inflow......Page 74
Pulmonary Valve and Right Ventricular Outflow......Page 75
Mitral Valve and Left Ventricular Inflow......Page 76
The Heart with Impaired Filling......Page 77
Valsalva Maneuver......Page 78
Others......Page 79
The Stiff-as-Hell Heart: No Kidding End-Stage Diastolic Wipeout......Page 80
Aortic Valve and Left Ventricular Outflow......Page 81
Nonvalvular Flow Profiles......Page 82
Questions......Page 83
Answers......Page 84
Imaging Planes......Page 86
Cardiac Chambers and Walls......Page 90
Cardiac Cycle and Relation of Events Relative to ECG......Page 91
Questions......Page 93
Reference......Page 94
The Pericardium......Page 96
The Aorta......Page 103
Aortic Pseudoaneurysm......Page 106
Aortic Dissection......Page 107
Aortic Plaque......Page 108
Aortic Trauma......Page 109
Pulmonary Artery......Page 110
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and their Cousins the Hepatic Veins......Page 111
Bibliography......Page 114
11 Pathology of the Cardiac Valves......Page 116
Questions......Page 130
Answers......Page 131
Bibliography......Page 132
Atrial Anatomic Variants......Page 134
Masses that Really are Masses......Page 135
Malignant Primary Cardiac Masses......Page 136
Imaging Modalities Utilized to Characterize Cardiac Masses......Page 137
Questions......Page 138
Answers......Page 139
Bibliography......Page 140
13 Left Ventricular Systolic Function......Page 142
Hypertrophic......Page 143
Restrictive......Page 145
Questions......Page 146
Answers......Page 148
Myocardial Segment Identification......Page 150
Coronary Artery Distribution and Flow......Page 151
Assessment and Methods......Page 152
Differential Diagnosis......Page 153
Left Ventricular Aneurysm......Page 154
Questions......Page 155
Answers......Page 156
15 The 17 Segment Model......Page 158
Answers......Page 164
Hypotension and Causes of Cardiovascular Instability......Page 166
Cannulas and Devices Commonly Used During Cardiac Surgery......Page 168
Circulatory Assist Devices......Page 169
Off-pump Cardiac Surgery......Page 172
Coronary Surgery: Techniques and Assessment......Page 174
Starr-Edwards......Page 175
St. Jude and Carbomedics......Page 176
Ross Procedure......Page 177
Mitral Repair?......Page 178
Lung......Page 179
Liver......Page 180
Bibliography......Page 181
Terminology and Associations......Page 182
Physical Findings and Labs......Page 183
Using Descriptive Echocardiographic Lingo in Transposition......Page 184
The Natural History May Fool You......Page 185
Atrial Septal Defects......Page 186
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis......Page 187
Patent Ductus Arteriosus......Page 188
Questions......Page 189
Answers......Page 190
18 Artifacts and Pitfalls......Page 192
Artifacts Associated with US Beam Characteristics......Page 193
Artifacts Associated with Multiple Echoes......Page 195
Artifacts Associated with Velocity Errors......Page 199
Artifacts Associated with Attenuation Errors......Page 201
Doppler Artifacts and Pitfalls......Page 204
Structures Mimicking Pathology......Page 205
Answers......Page 208
Epicardial Scanning......Page 210
TEE Versus Coronary Angiography......Page 211
Questions......Page 212
Bibliography......Page 213
20 Intraoperative 3-D Echocardiography......Page 214
TEE Probes......Page 215
3-D Modes......Page 217
Mitral Valve......Page 218
RV Assessment......Page 219
Conclusion......Page 220
Left Ventricle......Page 222
Right Ventricle......Page 223
Mitral Valve......Page 224
Aortic Valve......Page 225
Atrium......Page 226
Aortic Arch......Page 227
22 Sonographic Formulas......Page 228
23 Hemo-dynamo Doc......Page 230
24 Test Questions......Page 268
Epilogue: Smooth Sailing......Page 292
Index......Page 294