Blockchain Security in Cloud Computing (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

Preface
Contents
Introduction
Blockchain Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Privacy of a Blockchain
	3 Security of Blockchain
		3.1 Public Blockchain
		3.2 Private Blockchain
		3.3 Robustness
	4 Network Servicing Protocol
	5 Distributed Consensuses
		5.1 Effect of Consensus on Distributed Computing
	6 Merkle Patricia Tree
		6.1 Patricia Tree
		6.2 Merkle Tree
	7 Rewards
	8 Analysis and Discussions
	9 Conclusions
	10 Future Scopes
	References
Significance of Blockchain Technologies in Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Effects of Blockchain Technology in the Industry
	3 Blockchain Technology Industry Applications
	4 Significance of Blockchain Technology and Decentralization in Industry
	5 Use of Blockchain in Industry
	6 Conclusion
	References
Review of Blockchain Forensics Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Blockchain Structure
		2.2 Digital Forensic Science
		2.3 Digital Forensic Investigation Process
	3 Related Works
	4 Research Methodology
		4.1 Phase I
		4.2 Phase II
	5 Blockchain Forensic Investigation Models
		5.1 Forensic-Chain
		5.2 Block4Forensic
		5.3 Bitcoin Transaction Network Analytic Method
		5.4 SDNLog-Foren
		5.5 BlockSLaaS
		5.6 FIF-IoT
		5.7 BIFF
		5.8 B-FICA
		5.9 B-CoC
	6 Results and Discussions
	7 Potential Future Challenges
	8 Conclusion
	References
Distributed Computing in Blockchain Technology
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Public Ledger
			1.1.1 Public Ledgers: Where Everything Gets Stored
			1.1.2 Public Ledgers Work the Same Way as Bank Records, Though with a Few Differences
			1.1.3 How Does Public Ledger Work?
			1.1.4 Blocks in Blockchain
			1.1.5 Block Time
	2 Overview of Distributed Computing
		2.1 Bitcoin Shared Network
		2.2 Transaction in Bitcoin Network
		2.3 Exchanges: Private Keys
		2.4 Handling: Mining
		2.5 Bitcoin Mining
		2.6 Difficulty
			2.6.1 The Computationally Difficult Problem
			2.6.2 The Difficulty Metric
		2.7 Reward
		2.8 The Mining Environment Hardware
			2.8.1 FPGA Module
			2.8.2 CPU Mining
			2.8.3 GPU Mining
			2.8.4 FPGA Mining
			2.8.5 ASIC Mining
			2.8.6 Mining Administrations (Cloud Mining)
	3 Importance of Disseminated Registering in the Blockchain
		3.1 Transaction
		3.2 First Things First
		3.3 Tokens
		3.4 Issues and Challenges of Distributed Consensus
		3.5 Crash Fault
		3.6 The Byzantine Fault
	4 Platforms to Develop Blockchain
		4.1 Hyperledger Fabric Components and Architecture
			4.1.1 Participation Service Provider (MSP)
			4.1.2 Customer
			4.1.3 MSP/Hub
			4.1.4 Types of Peers
			4.1.5 Orderer
		4.2 Overview of Ripple and Corda
			4.2.1 Ripple (XRP)
			4.2.2 Corda
		4.3 Merkle Tree
			4.3.1 Merkle Trees in Bitcoin
	5 Barriers to Implementing Blockchain
		5.1 Creation of Coin
			5.1.1 Where Cryptocurrency Comes From
		5.2 Payments and Double-Spending
		5.3 Types of Spending Attack
			5.3.1 Race Assault
			5.3.2 Finney Assault
			5.3.3 Vector76 Assault
			5.3.4 Blockchain Reorganization Assault
			5.3.5 Majority Assault
	6 Privacy Challenges
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 To the Community
		6.3 Applications in Identity Authentication
		6.4 Online Identity
		6.5 Proprietorship Rights
		6.6 Smart Property
		6.7 Security Issues and Future Directions
		6.8 51 Percent Attack
		6.9 Similarity
		6.10 The Need of a Decentralized Storage
	References
Review of Cryptocurrencies Implementations in the Cloud Environment: Ethereum in the Cloud
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Description of the Ethereum Blockchain
		3.1 Definition of Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
			3.1.1 The Uses of the EVM
			3.1.2 The Work of the EVM
			3.1.3 Renting Time on the EVM
			3.1.4 Gas Unit to Control the Overuse of the Resources
		3.2 The Communication Between the Decentralized Applications (Dapp) and the EVM
			3.2.1 Whisper Protocol/Web3
			3.2.2 The Domain Path (Swarm)
		3.3 Mining in the Ethereum Blockchain
			3.3.1 DAG File
			3.3.2 Proof of Work
			3.3.3 Difficulty
			3.3.4 Patricia Tree/State Tree
		3.4 Account
		3.5 Transactions
		3.6 Messages
		3.7 Other Aspects
		3.8 Smart Contracts
		3.9 Crypto Economics and Attacks
			3.9.1 Common Attacks
	4 Types of Blockchain and How to Decide Which One to Implement
	5 The Combination Cloud Blockchain
		5.1 Assuring Data Provenance and Auditing Over the Cloud
		5.2 Blockchain Cloud Vulnerabilities
			5.2.1 Double-Spending Attack
			5.2.2 Selfish Mining Attack
			5.2.3 Eclipse Attack
			5.2.4 Block Discarding Attack and Difficulty Raising Attack
			5.2.5 Block Withholding Attack [19]
			5.2.6 Anonymity Issues in Blockchain Cloud
		5.3 Integration of Blockchain with Cloud Environments
		5.4 Cloud Support for Blockchain Transactions and Data: Challenges and Requirements
		5.5 Blockchain Support for Cloud Users, Task, and Data Management
		5.6 The Integration of Blockchain and Cloud of Things
		5.7 Motivation of Integration of Blockchain and Cloud of Things
		5.8 Technical Limitations of Blockchain
		5.9 The Opportunities for Integration of Blockchain and Cloud of Things
		5.10 Blockchain as a Service (BaaS)
	6 The Implementation of Ethereum Blockchain for Azure: Azure Workbench
		6.1 Specifying the Application Policy
		6.2 Implementation of Workflow
		6.3 Smart Contract Security
	7 Simulation of 51% Attack
	8 Conclusion
	References
Blockchain: Structure, Uses, and Applications in IoT
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Blockchain Concept
		1.2 Internet of Things
	2 History of Blockchain
	3 Working of Blockchain
	4 Applications of Blockchain
		4.1 Blockchain Finance
		4.2 Blockchain Business
		4.3 Blockchain Smart Contracts
		4.4 Blockchain in IoT
	5 Uses of Blockchain
	6 Future Trends of Blockchain in IoT
	7 Conclusion
	References
Securing IoT Communications Using Blockchain Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 The Internet of Things
	3 Blockchain
		3.1 Segments of a Blockchain
		3.2 Actualizing a Blockchain
	4 Blockchain-Based Internet of Things
	5 Secure IoT Communication Using Blockchain
	6 Approaches to Strengthen IoT Security Through Blockchain Technology
	7 How a Blockchain Works
	8 How to Secure IoT with Blockchain: The Problem of Centralization
	9 The Communication Model
	10 Challenges of a Secured IOT Model
		10.1 The Blockchain Model
		10.2 Benefits of Blockchain in IOT
		10.3 Challenges of Blockchain in IOT
		10.4 The Optimum Secure IoT Model
	11 Conclusion
	References
A Real-Time Monitoring Tool for Analyzing Ethereum Digital Currency in Global Business Transaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Ethereum Virtual Machine
		2.1 The Ethereum State Transition Function
			2.1.1 State
			2.1.2 Transactions
			2.1.3 Vapor and EVM Bytecode
			2.1.4 Transaction-Based State Machine
			2.1.5 Account State
	3 Cryptocurrency Security Standard (CCSS)
		3.1 Cryptocurrency Wallets
			3.1.1 Hot and Cold Wallets
			3.1.2 Hardware Wallets
			3.1.3 Paper Wallets
			3.1.4 Desktop Wallets
			3.1.5 Mobile Wallets
			3.1.6 Web Wallets
			3.1.7 Takeaway
	4 Consensus Algorithms
		4.1 Double Verification of Stake (DVOS)
		4.2 Advanced Verification of Stake (AVOS)
		4.3 Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)
		4.4 Advanced Byzantine Fault Tolerance (ABFT)
		4.5 SIEVE
		4.6 Verification of Force (VOF)
		4.7 Unique Node Lists (UNL)
		4.8 Verification of Light (VOL)
		4.9 Double Verification of Activity (DVOA)
		4.10 Double Verification of Capacity (DVOC)
	5 Human-Readable Programming Language (HRPL)
		5.1 Ethereum High-Level Languages
			5.1.1 LLL
			5.1.2 Serpent
			5.1.3 Solidity
			5.1.4 Vyper
			5.1.5 Bamboo
	6 Simulation and Analysis
	7 Conclusion
	References
Blockchain-Powered Healthcare Information Exchange Systems to Support Various Stakeholders
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 An Overview of Healthcare Systems
		2.2 An Overview of Security Issues in Healthcare Systems
		2.3 An Overview of Cloud Computing
		2.4 An Overview of Blockchain Technology
	3 Proposed Blockchain-Powered Healthcare System
		3.1 Proposed System Overview
		3.2 Notations Used in the Proposed System
		3.3 Three Major Entities in Our Proposed Architecture
		3.4 Three Major Phases of Our Proposed Architecture
		3.5 Security Measures
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Experimental Results
		4.2 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Future of Cloud Computing: Blockchain-Based Decentralized Cloud/Fog Solutions – Challenges, Opportunities, and Standards
	1 Introduction
	2 Open Chain Access Protocol
		2.1 Blocklet
		2.2 Components of Blocklet
		2.3 Computing with Services in the Cloud
		2.4 Ledgers
		2.5 Blocks
		2.6 Cloud of Things
	3 Cloud Computing Works
	4 Blockchain’s Best Features for Corporations
		4.1 Risks and Benefits of Going Serverless
	5 Application of Blockchain in Cloud Computing
		5.1 Bitcoin Concept
		5.2 Transactional Database Access and Permission
	6 Blockchain-as-a-Service Expedites Land-Based Applications
		6.1 Computing Serverless
	7 The Current Blockchain Situation
	8 Improve the Blockchain Development Policy Climate
	9 Decentralized Approaches and Challenges Faced Based on Blockchain
		9.1 Decentralized Cloud Solutions Focused on Blockchain
		9.2 Decentralization
		9.3 Applications from BCoT
	10 Conclusion
	References
Blockchain Technology: A Boon at the Pandemic Times – A Solution for Global Economy Upliftment with AI and IoT
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Work of a Blockchain
		1.2 The Significant Characteristics of Blockchain
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Blockchain: Trust Techniques, Applications, and Challenges
		3.1 The Trust Techniques
		3.2 Application in Real World
		3.3 Blockchain Challenges
	4 Blockchain with AI and IoT
		4.1 Blockchain with AI (Artificial Intelligence)
		4.2 Confluence of AI and Blockchain
		4.3 Blockchain with IoT (Internet of Things)
		4.4 Certain Use Cases of Blockchain with IoT
		4.5 Challenges that IoT Overcomes Using Blockchain
	5 Blockchain Support During the Pandemic
		5.1 Ways in which Block Chain Can Be Used
		5.2 All-Round Support of Blockchain to Fight the Pandemic
	6 Economy Upliftment Using Blockchain
		6.1 Blockchain, AI, and IoT Can Support to Handle the Economy for the Post-COVID Future
			6.1.1 Artificial Intelligence
			6.1.2 Internet of Things
			6.1.3 Blockchain Technology
	7 The Blockchain Toolkit by the World Economic Forum
		7.1 Providing the Ecosystem Value
		7.2 Digital Identity
		7.3 Data Protection
		7.4 Information Integrity
		7.5 Cybersecurity
	8 Conclusion
	References
Securing Healthcare Information Using Blockchain Technology: A Deep Insight
	1 Introduction
	2 Motivation of Blockchain
		2.1 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare
		2.2 Types
		2.3 Mining Process in Blockchain Technology
	3 Issues in Blockchain Technology
		3.1 Securing Healthcare Records Using Blockchain Technology
	4 Conclusion
	References
Decentralized Healthcare Management System Using Blockchain to Secure Sensitive Medical Data for Users
	1 Introduction
		1.1 HCMS
		1.2 Blockchain
		1.3 Cryptography
		1.4 Hashing
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Our Contribution
		2.2 Proposed System
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Imminent Threat with Authentication Methods for AI Data Using Blockchain Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Prioritize Vulnerabilities: From Identification
		2.1 Identifying Flaws
	3 Vulnerabilities and the Management of Remediation
		3.1 Scanning Efforts
	4 Attack Model
		4.1 Semi-Honest Model
		4.2 Malicious Model
	5 Encryption of Authentication and Connection
		5.1 Hashing Blockchain
		5.2 Blockchain Technology Architecture: Public
		5.3 Blockchain Architecture
		5.4 Consortium Architecture
		5.5 Blockchain Development of Networks
		5.6 Key Characteristics of Blockchain Architecture
		5.7 Key Features of a Blockchain Network
			5.7.1 Public Blockchain
			5.7.2 Permissioned Blockchain
			5.7.3 Consortium Blockchain
	6 Existing Solutions Using Blockchain Technology
	7 DeepChain Suggested a Value-Driven Reward System Based on BC to Solve Security Problems
	8 Challenges to ML and BC
	9 Conclusion
	References
Index