Blockchain in Healthcare: From Disruption to Integration

Preface
Contents
1 Introductory Chapter: Early Applications and Evolution of Blockchain Implementations in Medicine
	References
2 Can Blockchain Technology Change Contemporary Medicine as It is Currently Understood?
	Introduction
	What is Blockchain Technology (BCT)?
	Applications of Blockchain Technology (BCT) in Medicine
		Investigation
		Study Design
		Information Analysis
		Clinical Trials
		Publication of Research Papers
		Teaching
		Electronic Medical Records (EMRs)
		Wise for Meaningful
		Big Data
			Legal Medicine
			Payment for Assistance
	Conclusions
	References
3 The Current State of Healthcare Information Exchange (HIE) and Proposing a Blockchain HIE Infrastructure
	Introduction: The Value of Streamlining Health Information Exchange
	Background on Healthcare Information Exchange
		ONC Vision for Interoperability and Technological Solutions for National Electronic HIE
	Existing Standards for Healthcare Information Exchange
		CCDs
		Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) and United States Core Data for Interoperability (USCDI)
	Blockchain Technology as the Solution for HIE
		Blockchain Basics for Healthcare Information Exchange
		Healthcare Consortium Blockchain
		Patient Keys
		Considerations in Constructing a Blockchain Specific to Health Information Exchange
		COVID-19 SMART Health Cards Use Case
		Current Work in EHR Interoperability
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 An Amalgamation of Blockchain and Connected Health for Combating COVID-19
	Overview
	Connected Health
		Architecture of Connected Health
			Perception Layer
			Communication Layer
			Healthcare Service Layer
		Challenges of Connected Health
			Security and Privacy
			Traceability
	Briefing of Blockchain Technology
		Smart Contract
	Integration of Blockchain and Connected Health
		Opportunities of Integrating Blockchain with Connected Health
			Security Improvement of Connected Health Systems
			Privacy Protection of Connected Health Data
			Traceability of Connected Health Data
		Architecture of Blockchain-Empowered Connected Health
	Case Study
		Prevention of Infectious Diseases
		Clinical Trial Management
		Traceable Medical Supply Chain
	Summary
	References
5 Applications of Blockchain Technology in the COVID-19 Era
	Introduction
	Blockchain Technology (BCT) and COVID-19
	Epidemiological Situation
	Information Management
	Supply Chains
	Scientific Research
	The Working Model
	Finances
	Conclusions
	References
6 Distributed Ledgers and Immunity Passports: The Intersection of Clinical Medicine and Digital Technology
	Introduction
	Vaccines and Immunity
	Basics of Blockchain Theory and Technologies
	Basics of the Human Immune System
	Fundamentals of Vaccines
	The Concept of Herd Immunity
	The Concept of a Novel Virus
	Immunity Records
	Application of Blockchain Technology to Immunity Passports
	What Are the Data Elements that Need to Be Included?
	Who Should Be Authorized to or Modify the Blockchain Record?
	Who Owns the Private Key to Data?
	Dealing with Loss of Private Key
	Verification of Data Elements Versus Actual Immunity Status
	Demonstration of Required Data Elements by Individuals
	Preventing Systemic Abuse
	Will Immunity Passports Be Effective?
	Who Should Pay for the Immunity Passport Framework Design and Implementation?
	What Government, Group or Authority Should Determine Data Element Inclusion?
	Management of Non-compliance
	Conclusions
	References
7 Digital Identity, Computational Reliabilism, and the Future of IOMT: Epistemic Reasoning and the Role of Blockchain in Removing Human Tampering from Pharmacovigilance Decision Making
	Introduction
	Digital Identification and Its Challenges
	Ensuring Accuracy and Authenticity
	Blockchain to the Rescue
	The Hash Function: SHA256
	The Proof of Work (PoW) Algorithm
	Computational Reliabilism
		Expertise: History of Theoretical Development
		Expertise: Expert Authorities
	Algorithmic Competence (Virtue Epistemology)
	Measurement Robustness
	Conclusion
	References
8 Potential Implementations of Blockchain Technology in Patient Safety: A High-Level Overview
	Introduction
	Brief Overview of Blockchain Technology
	Blockchain and Electronic Health Records
	Surgical Applications of Blockchain
	Blockchain in Medication Safety
	Prevention of Counterfeit Medications
	Nuclear Medical Material Safety
	Curtailing Drug Abuse with the Help of Blockchain
	Blockchain-Based Patient Tracking
	Visitor Tracking in Highly Sensitive Areas
	Multiple Casualty Scenarios
	Follow-Up and Long-Term Care
	Real-Time Information Sharing Within the Internet-Of-Things (IoT) Paradigm
	Immunity Certificates/passports
	Device Tracking/Identification
	Tracking of Product Expiration Dates
	Secure Transactions and Fraud Prevention
	Blockchain Security and Patient Autonomy
	Estonia: An Example of Blockchain Implementation in Healthcare
	Implementation Basics
	Important Limitations
	Conclusions
	References
9 Blockchain in Medical Education
	Introduction to Medical Education and Blockchain
	Identity, Learner Records Management and Learner Credentialing
	Funding, Payment, and Educational E-commerce
	Medical Meta University
	Global Medical Assessment—Validation, Authentication, and Certification
	Clinical E-Learning
	Medical CPD (Continued Professional Development)
	References
10 Blockchain in Education: Linking Competency Assessment with Credentialing
	Introduction
	Credentialing and Privileging of Medical Practitioners
	Current Credentialing Process
	Technological Advantages and Challenges of Blockchain
	A Changing Landscape
	The Vision
	Conclusion
	References
11 Optimizing Blockchain Technology in Academic Medicine
	Introduction
	Using Blockchain for Academic Records
	Tokenization of Academic Achievements
	Creating a Secure Space for Academic Transactions
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
12 Distributed Research Networks
	Introduction
	Centralized Networks
	Decentralized Networks
	Distributed Networks
	Human–Computer Hybrid Research Networks
	Conclusion
	References
13 Use of Blockchain Technology for Implantable Medical Device Tracking
	Introduction
	What Exactly Blockchain Technology Means for Implantable Medical Devices?
	Methods
	Health Information Exchange and Device Tracking
	Smart Contracts
	Medical Device Development
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
14 Application of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Supply Chains
	Introduction to Blockchain Technology
	Blockchain Technology Framework and Types
	Application of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Supply Chains
	Challenges and Opportunities for Adoption of Blockchain in Healthcare Supply Chains
	Insights and Conclusions
	References
15 The Use of Blockchain in Fighting Medical Misinformation: A Concept Paper
	Introduction
	What is Scientific Consensus?
	Will Consensus Mechanisms be Effective in Curtailing Medical Misinformation?
	How Good Intentions Lead to Harm: Fact Versus Belief
	Providing Balance: The Case of Helicobacter Pylori:
	Movement Toward Potential Solutions
	Blockchain and Scientific Consensus: From Inception to Post-Publication
	Data Sharing and Verification
	Conclusion
	References
Index