Black Holes

Fly Title......Page 1
Series Contents ......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Preface (English) ......Page 7
Preface (Francais)......Page 9
List of Participants ......Page 11
The Event Horizon / S.W. Hawking ......Page 13
Contents......Page 15
Introduction ......Page 17
1 Spherically Symmetric Collapse......Page 18
2 Nonspherical Collapse ......Page 23
3 Conformal Infinity ......Page 25
4 Causality Relations ......Page 28
5 The Focusing Effect ......Page 32
6 Predictability ......Page 36
7 Black Holes ......Page 41
8 The Final State of Black Holes ......Page 49
A Energy Limits ......Page 56
B Perturbations of Black Holes ......Page 58
C Time Symmetric Black Holes ......Page 63
References ......Page 66
Black Hole Equilibrium States / B. Carter ......Page 69
Contents......Page 71
1 Introduction ......Page 73
2 Spheres and Pseudo-Spheres ......Page 74
3 Derivation of the Spherical Vacuum Solutions ......Page 80
4 Maximal Extensions of the Spherical Solutions ......Page 86
5 Derivation of the Kerr Solution and its Generalizations ......Page 101
6 Maximal Extensions of the Generalized Kerr Solutions ......Page 115
7 The Domains of Outer Communication ......Page 124
8 Integration of the Geodesic Equations ......Page 129
1 Introduction ......Page 137
2 The Domain of Outer Communications and the Global Horizon. ......Page 145
3 Axisymmetry and the Canonical Killing Vectors ......Page 148
4 Ergosurfaces, Rotosurfaces and the Horizon ......Page 152
5 Properties of Killing Horizons ......Page 158
6 Stationarity, Staticity, and the Hawking-Lichnerowicz Theorem ......Page 163
7 Stationary-Axisymmetry, Circularity, and the Papapetrou Theorem ......Page 171
8 The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics ......Page 178
9 Generalized Smarr Formula and the General Mass Variation Formula ......Page 189
10 Boundary Conditions for the Vacuum Black Hole Problem ......Page 197
11 Differential Equation Systems for the Vacuum Black Hole Problem ......Page 209
12 The Pure Vacuum No-Hair Theorem ......Page 217
13 Unsolved Problems ......Page 222
Timelike and Null Geodesies in the Kerr Metric / J.M. Bardeen ......Page 227
Contents......Page 229
I Introduction ......Page 231
II Orbits in the Equatorial Plane ......Page 233
III Photon Orbits ......Page 239
A The Equations ......Page 240
B The Apparent Shape of the Black Hole ......Page 241
C The Throat of the Extreme Kerr Metric ......Page 245
D Geometrical Optics ......Page 248
Bibliography ......Page 251
Rapidly Rotating Stars, Disks, and Black Holes / J.M. Bardeen  ......Page 253
Contents......Page 255
Introduction ......Page 257
I The Equations ......Page 258
II Boundary Conditions ......Page 261
III The Angular Momentum and Mass ......Page 265
IV The Structure of the Matter Configuration ......Page 273
V Stability ......Page 278
VI Uniformly Rotating Disks ......Page 283
Bibliography ......Page 301
Observations of Galactic X-Ray Sources / H. GURSKY ......Page 303
Contents......Page 305
I Introduction ......Page 307
A Proportional Counters ......Page 309
B Mechanical Collimators ......Page 312
1 Analysis of spectral data ......Page 313
2 X-ray pulsations ......Page 316
3 Association of X-ray sources with known objects ......Page 317
D Description of the X-ray Satellite UHURU ......Page 318
III Distribution of Sources in the Galaxy ......Page 320
A Longitude Distribution ......Page 322
C Minimum Luminosity ......Page 323
E Effect of Anisotropic X-ray Emission ......Page 326
IV Properties of Individual X-ray Sources ......Page 327
A Scorpius X-1 ......Page 328
B Cygnus X-2 ......Page 331
C Cygnus X-1 ......Page 332
D Centaurus X-3  ......Page 335
E Hercules X-l ......Page 337
G Summary ......Page 342
Bibliography ......Page 347
A Galactic X-ray Sources ......Page 349
C Transient Sources ......Page 352
D Magellanic Cloud Sources ......Page 353
Astrophysics of Black Holes / I.D. Novikov and K.S. Thorne ......Page 355
Contents......Page 357
2.1 Thermal Bremsstrahlung ("Free-Free Radiation" From a Plasma) ......Page 359
2.2 Free-Bound Radiation ......Page 367
2.3 Thermal Cyclotron and Synchrotron Radiation ......Page 369
2.4 Electron Scattering of Radiation ......Page 372
2.5 Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics ......Page 374
2.6 Radiative Transfer ......Page 382
2.7 Shockwaves ......Page 391
2.8 Turbulence ......Page 395
2.9 Reconnection of Magnetic Field Lines ......Page 396
3 The Origin of Stellar Black Holes ......Page 398
4.1 Accretion of Noninteracting Particles onto a Nonmoving Black Hole ......Page 401
4.2 Adiabatic, Hydrodynamic Accretion onto a Nonmoving Black Hole ......Page 402
4.3 Thermal Bremsstrahlung from the Accreting Gas ......Page 408
4.4 Influence of Magnetic Fields and Synchrotron Radiation ......Page 409
4.5 Interaction of Outflowing Radiation with the Gas ......Page 411
4.6 Validity of the Hydrodynamical Approximation ......Page 413
4.7 Gas Flow Near the Horizon ......Page 414
4.8 Accretion onto a Moving Hole ......Page 416
4.9 Optical Appearance of Hole. Summary ......Page 419
5.1 Introduction ......Page 420
5.2 Accretion in Binary Systems: The General Picture ......Page 421
5.3 Accretion in Galactic Nuclei: The General Picture ......Page 432
5.4 Properties of the Kerr Metric Relevant to Accreting Disks ......Page 434
5.5 Relativistic Model for Disk: Underlying Assumptions ......Page 436
5.6 Equations of Radial Structure ......Page 439
5.7 Equations of Vertical Structure ......Page 443
5.8 Approximate Version of Vertical Structure ......Page 446
5.9 Explicit Models for Disk ......Page 447
5.10 Spectrum of Radiation from Disk ......Page 450
5.12 Fluctuations on the Steady State Model ......Page 455
5.13 Supercritical Accretion ......Page 456
6.1 White Holes, Grey Holes, and Black Holes ......Page 457
6.2 The Growth of Cosmological Holes by Accretion ......Page 458
6.3 Limit on the Number of Baryons in Cosmological Holes ......Page 459
References ......Page 460
On the Energetics of Black Holes / R. RUFFINI ......Page 463
Contents......Page 465
1.1 Introduction ......Page 467
1.2 Special Relativity and the Concept of Critical Mass ......Page 469
1.3 Nuclear Interaction and the Value of the Critical Mass ......Page 478
1.4 Critical Mass Without any Detailed Knowledge of the Equation of State at Supranuclear Densities ......Page 494
1.5 The Critical Mass and the Late Stage of Evolution of Stars ......Page 495
1.6 X-ray Sources and the Determination of the Critical Mass ......Page 500
References ......Page 507
Appendix 1.1 Hagedorn Equation of State in Neutron Stars / C. Rhoades and R. Ruffini ......Page 509
Appendix 1.2 On the Masses of X-ray Sources / R. Leach and R. Ruffini ......Page 515
Appendix 1.3 On the Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star / C. Rhoades and R. Ruffini ......Page 527
2.1 Introduction ......Page 541
2.2 Timelike Geodesies in Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrom Geometries ......Page 543
2.3 Electromagnetic Perturbations in a Static Geometry ......Page 552
2.4 Electromagnetic Radiation from a Particle Falling Radially into a Schwarzschild or Reissner-Nordstrom Black Hole ......Page 555
2.5 Electromagnetic Radiation from a Particle in Circular Orbits in a Schwarzschild or a Reissner-Nordstrom Geometry ......Page 560
2.6 In what Sense can we Speak of an Object Endowed with a Net Charge in Astrophysical Problems? ......Page 569
References ......Page 571
Appendix 2.1 On the Energetics of Reissner-Nordstrom Geometries / G. Denardo and R. Ruffini ......Page 573
Appendix 2.2 Electromagnetic Field of a Particle Moving in a Spherically Symmetric Black-Hole Background / R. Ruffini, J. Tiomno and C. Vishveshwara ......Page 585
Appendix 2.3 Fully Relativistic Treatment of the Brehmstrahlung Radiation from a Charge Falling in a Strong Gravitational Field / R. Ruffini ......Page 591
Appendix 2.4 Lines of Force of a Point Charge near a Schwarzschild Black Hole / R. Hanni and R. Ruffini ......Page 597
Appendix 2.5 Ultrarelativistic Electromagnetic Radiation in Static Geometries / R. Ruffini and F. Zerilli ......Page 615
Appendix 2.6 On a Magnetized Rotating Sphere / R. Ruffini and A. Treves ......Page 629
Introduction ......Page 634
References ......Page 644
Appendix 3.1 Gravitational Radiation / R. Ruffini and J. A. Wheeler ......Page 645
Appendix 3.2 Gravitational Radiation in the Presence of a Schwarzschild Black Hole. A Boundary Value Search / M. Davis and R. Ruffini ......Page 667
Appendix 3.3 Gravitational Radiation from a Particle Falling Radially into a Schwarzschild Black Hole / M. Davis, R. Ruffini, W. Press and R. H. Price ......Page 671
Appendix 3.4 Pulses of Gravitational Radiation of a Particle Falling Radially into a Schwarzschild Black Hole / M. Davis, R. Ruffini and J. Tiomno ......Page 675
Appendix 3.5 Gravitation Radiation from a Mass Projected into a Schwarzschild Black Hole / R. Ruffini ......Page 679
Appendix 3.6 Can Synchrotron Gravitational Radiation Exist? / M. Davis, R. Ruffini, J. Tiomno and F. Zerilli ......Page 683
Appendix 3.7 Polarization of Gravitational and Electromagnetic Radiation from Circular Orbits in Schwarzschild Geometry / R. Ruffini and F. Zerilli ......Page 687
Introduction ......Page 697
1 In What Sense Can Energy be Extracted from a Black Hole? ......Page 700
3 In What Sense is m_{ir} Irreducible? ......Page 702
5 "In What Sense Can We Speak of an Angular Velocity of a Black Hole?" ......Page 703
References ......Page 704
Appendix 4.1 Reversible Transformations of a Charged Black Hole / D. Christodoulou and R. Ruffini ......Page 705
Appendix 4.2 On the Electrodynamics of Collapsed Objects / D. Christodoulou and R. Ruffini ......Page 709
Appendix 4.3 Metric of Two Spinning Charged Sources in Equilibrium / L. Parker, R. Ruffini and D. Wilkins ......Page 719
Table of Contents ......Page 735