Bird's electrical circuit theory and technology

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Section 1: Revision of some basic mathematics
	1. Some mathematics revision
		1.1. Use of calculator and evaluating formulae
		1.2. Fractions
		1.3. Percentages
		1.4. Ratio and proportion
		1.5. Laws of indices
		1.6. Brackets
		1.7. Solving simple equations
		1.8. Transposing formulae
		1.9. Solving simultaneous equations
	2. Further mathematics revision
		2.1. Radians and degrees
		2.2. Measurement of angles
		2.3. Trigonometry revision
		2.4. Logarithms and exponentials
		2.5. Straight line graphs
		2.6. Gradients, intercepts and equation of a graph
		2.7. Practical straight line graphs
		2.8. Calculating areas of common shapes
	Main formulae for Section1 Revision of some basic mathematics
Section 2: Basic electrical engineering principles
	3. Units associated with basic electrical quantities
		3.1. SI units
		3.2. Charge
		3.3. Force
		3.4. Work
		3.5. Power
		3.6. Electrical potential and e.m.f.
		3.7. Resistance and conductance
		3.8. Electrical power and energy
		3.9. Summary of terms, units and their symbols
	4. An introduction to electric circuit
		4.1. Standard symbols for electrical components
		4.2. Electric current and quantity of electricity
		4.3. Potential difference and resistance
		4.4. Basic electrical measuring instruments
		4.5. Linear and non-linear devices
		4.6. Ohm’s law
		4.7. Multiples and sub-multiples
		4.8. Conductors and insulators
		4.9. Electrical power and energy
		4.10. Main effects of electric current
		4.11. Fuses
		4.12. Insulation and the dangers of constant high current flow
	Practical laboratory experiment:Ohm’slaw
	Which light bulb to choose? Watts or lumens!
	5. Resistance variation
		5.1. Resistor construction
		5.2. Resistance and resistivity
		5.3. Temperature coefficient of resistance
		5.4. Resistor colour coding and ohmic values
	6. Batteries and alternative sources of energy
		6.1. Introduction to batteries
		6.2. Some chemical effects of electricity
		6.3. The simple cell
		6.4. Corrosion
		6.5. e.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell
		6.6. Primary cells
		6.7. Secondary cells
		6.8. Lithium-ion batteries
		6.9. Cell capacity
		6.10. Safe disposal of batteries
		6.11. Fuel cells
		6.12. Alternative and renewable energy sources
		6.13. Solar energy
		6.14. Glass batteries
	Revision Test 1
	What uses the most energy in your home?
	7. Series and parallel networks
		7.1. Series circuits
		7.2. Potential divider
		7.3. Parallel networks
		7.4. Current division
		7.5. Loading effect
		7.6. Potentiometers and rheostats
		7.7. Relative and absolute voltages
		7.8. Earth potential and short circuits
		7.9. Wiring lamps in series and in parallel
	Practical laboratory experiment: Series-parallel d.c.circuit
	8. Capacitors and capacitance
		8.1. Introduction to capacitors
		8.2. Electrostatic field
		8.3. Electric field strength
		8.4. Capacitance
		8.5. Capacitors
		8.6. Electric flux density
		8.7. Permittivity
		8.8. The parallel plate capacitor
		8.9. Capacitors connected in parallel and series
		8.10. Dielectric strength
		8.11. Energy stored
		8.12. Practical types of capacitor
		8.13. Supercapacitors
		8.14. Discharging capacitors
	9. Magnetic circuits
		9.1. Introduction to magnetism and magnetic circuits
		9.2. Magnetic fields
		9.3. Magnetic flux and flux density
		9.4. Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength
		9.5. Permeability and B-H curves
		9.6. Reluctance
		9.7. Composite series magnetic circuits
		9.8. Comparison between electrical and magnetic quantities
		9.9. Hysteresis and hysteresis loss
	Revision Test 2
	Some interesting facts about electricity
	10. Electromagnetism
		10.1. Magnetic field due to an electric current
		10.2. Electromagnets
		10.3. Force on a current-carrying conductor
		10.4. Principle of operation of a simple d.c. motor
		10.5. Principle of operation of a moving-coil instrument
		10.6. Force on a charge
	11. Electromagnetic induction
		11.1. Introduction to electromagnetic induction
		11.2. Laws of electromagnetic induction
		11.3. Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field
		11.4. Inductance
		11.5. Inductors
		11.6. Energy stored
		11.7. Inductance of a coil
		11.8. Mutual inductance
	12. Electrical measuring instruments and measurements
		12.1. Introduction
		12.2. Analogue instruments
		12.3. Shunts and multipliers
		12.4. Electronic instruments
		12.5. The ohmmeter
		12.6. Multimeters
		12.7. Wattmeters
		12.8. Instrument ‘loading’ effect
		12.9. The oscilloscope
		12.10. Virtual test and measuring instruments
		12.11. Virtual digital storage oscilloscopes
		12.12. Waveform harmonics
		12.13. Logarithmic ratios
		12.14. Null method of measurement
		12.15. Wheatstone bridge
		12.16. d.c. potentiometer
		12.17. a.c. bridges
		12.18. Measurement errors
	Where is energy wasted in the home?
	13. Semiconductor diodes
		13.1. Types of material
		13.2. Semiconductor materials
		13.3. Conduction in semiconductor materials
		13.4. The p–n junction
		13.5. Forward and reverse bias
		13.6. Semiconductor diodes
		13.7. Characteristics and maximum ratings
		13.8. Rectification
		13.9. Zener diodes
		13.10. Silicon controlled rectifiers
		13.11. Light emitting diodes
		13.12. Varactor diodes
		13.13. Schottky diodes
	14. Transistors
		14.1. Transistor classification
		14.2. Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
		14.3. Transistor action
		14.4. Leakage current
		14.5. Bias and current flow configurations
		14.6. Transistor operating
		14.7. Bipolar transistor characteristics
		14.8. Transistor parameters
		14.9. Current gain
		14.10. Typical BJT characteristics and maximum ratings
		14.11. Field effect transistors
		14.12. Field effect transistor characteristics
		14.13. Typical FET characteristics and maximum ratings
		14.14. Transistor amplifiers
		14.15. Load lines
	Revision Test 3
	Main formulae for Section 2Basic electrical and electronic principles
	Electrical safety is essential–electricity KILLS…!
Section 3: Electrical principles and technology
	15. d.c. circuit theory
		15.1. Introduction
		15.2. Kirchhoff’s laws
		15.3. The superposition theorem
		15.4. General d.c. circuit theory
		15.5. Thévenin’s theorem
		15.6. Constant-current source
		15.7. Norton’s theorem
		15.8. Thévenin and Norton equivalent networks
		15.9. Maximum power transfer theorem
	Practical laboatory experiment: Superposition theorem
	Practical laboratory experiment: Thévenin’s theorem
	16. Alternating voltages and currents
		16.1. Introduction
		16.2. The a.c. generator
		16.3. Waveforms
		16.4. a.c. values
		16.5. Electrical safety – insulation and fuses
		16.6. The equation of a sinusoidal waveform
		16.7. Combination of waveforms
		16.8. Rectification
		16.9. Smoothing of the rectified output waveform
	Practical laboratory experiment: Use of an oscilloscope to measure voltage,frequency and phase
	Practical laboratory experiment: Use of an oscilloscope witha bridge rectifier circuit
	Revision Test 4
	Electric shock!
	17. Single-phase series a.c. circuits
		17.1. Purely resistive a.c. circuit
		17.2. Purely inductive a.c. circuit
		17.3. Purely capacitive a.c. circuit
		17.4. R-L series a.c. circuit
		17.5. R-C series a.c. circuit
		17.6. R-L-C series a.c. circuit
		17.7. Series resonance
		17.8. Q-factor
		17.9. Bandwidth and selectivity
		17.10. Power in a.c. circuits
		17.11. Power triangle and power factor
	Practical laboratory experiment: Measurement of the inductance of a coil
	Practical laboratory experiment: Series a.c. circuit and resonance
	18. Single-phase parallel a.c. circuits
		18.1. Introduction
		18.2. R-L parallel a.c. circuit
		18.3. R-C parallel a.c. circuit
		18.4. L-C parallel a.c. circuit
		18.5. LR-C parallel a.c. circuit
		18.6. Parallel resonance and Q-factor
		18.7. Power factor improvement
	Practical laboratory experiment: Parallel a.c. circuit and resonance
	Why are relays so important in electrical circuits?
	19. d.c. transients
		19.1. Introduction
		19.2. Charging a capacitor
		19.3. Time constant for a C-R circuit
		19.4. Transient curves for a C-R circuit
		19.5. Discharging a capacitor
		19.6. Camera flash
		19.7. Current growth in an L-R circuit
		19.8. Time constant for an
		19.9. Transient curves for an L-R circuit
		19.10. Current decay in an L-R circuit
		19.11. Switching inductive circuits
		19.12. The effect of time constant on a rectangular waveform
	Practical laboratory experiment Charging and discharging a capacitor
	20. Operational amplifiers
		20.1. Introduction to operational amplifiers
		20.2. Some op amp parameters
		20.3. Op amp inverting amplifier
		20.4. Op amp non-inverting amplifier
		20.5. Op amp voltage-follower
		20.6. Op amp summing amplifier
		20.7. Op amp voltage comparator
		20.8. Op amp integrator
		20.9. Op amp differential amplifier
		20.10. Digital to analogue (D/A) conversion
		20.11. Analogue to digital (A/D) conversion
	Revision Test 5
	Are you competent to do electrical work?
	21. Global climate change and the future of electricity production
		21.1. Introduction
		21.2. Global climate change
		21.3. Evidence of rapid climate change
		21.4. Consequences of global climate change
		21.5. How does electric power production affect the global climate?
		21.6. Generating electrical power using coal
		21.7. Generating electrical power using oil
		21.8. Generating electrical power using natural gas
		21.9. Generating electrical power using nuclear energy
		21.10. Generating electrical power using hydro power
		21.11. Generating electrical power using pumped storage
		21.12. Generating electrical power using wind
		21.13. Generating electrical power using tidal power
		21.14. Generating electrical power using biomass
		21.15. Generating electrical power using solar energy
		21.16. Harnessing the power of wind, tide and sun on an ‘energy island’ – a future possibility?
	22. Three-phase systems
		22.1. Introduction
		22.2. Three-phase supply
		22.3. Star connection
		22.4. Delta connection
		22.5. Power in three-phase systems
		22.6. Measurement of power in three-phase systems
		22.7. Comparison of star and delta connections
		22.8. Advantages of three-phase systems
	23. Transformers
		23.1. Introduction
		23.2. Transformer principle of operation
		23.3. Transformer no-load phasor diagram
		23.4. e.m.f. equation of a transformer
		23.5. Transformer on-load phasor diagram
		23.6. Transformer construction
		23.7. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
		23.8. Regulation of a transformer
		23.9. Transformer losses and efficiency
		23.10. Resistance matching
		23.11. Auto transformers
		23.12. Isolating transformers
		23.13. Three-phase transformers
		23.14. Current transformers
		23.15. Voltage transformers
	Revision Test 6
	What is the difference between electrical and  electronic devices?
	24. d.c. machines
		24.1. Introduction
		24.2. The action of a commutator
		24.3. d.c. machine construction
		24.4. Shunt, series and compound windings
		24.5. e.m.f. generated in an armature winding
		24.6. d.c. generators
		24.7. Types of d.c. generator and their characteristics
		24.8. d.c. machine losses
		24.9. Efficiency of a d.c. generator
		24.10. d.c. motors
		24.11. Torque of a d.c. machine
		24.12. Types of d.c. motor and their characteristics
		24.13. The efficiency of a d.c. motor
		24.14. d.c. motor starter
		24.15. Speed control of d.c. motors
		24.16. Motor cooling
	25. Three-phase induction motors
		25.1. Introduction
		25.2. Production of a rotating magnetic field
		25.3. Synchronous speed
		25.4. Construction of a three-phase induction motor
		25.5. Principle of operation of a three-phase induction motor
		25.6. Slip
		25.7. Rotor e.m.f. and frequency
		25.8. Rotor impedance and current
		25.9. Rotor copper loss
		25.10. Induction motor losses and efficiency
		25.11. Torque equation for an induction motor
		25.12. Induction motor torque–speed characteristics
		25.13. Starting methods for induction motors
		25.14. Advantages of squirrel-cage induction motors
		25.15. Advantages of wound rotor induction motors
		25.16. Double cage induction motor
		25.17. Uses of three-phase induction motors
	Revision Test 7
	Main formulae for Section 3 Electrical principles and technology
	What does an engineer do?
Section 4: Advanced circuit theory and technology
	26. Revision of complex numbers
		26.1. Introduction
		26.2. Operations involving Cartesian complex numbers
		26.3. Complex equations
		26.4. The polar form of a complex number
		26.5. Multiplication and division using complex numbers in polar form
		26.6. De Moivre’s theorem – powers and roots of complex numbers
	27. Application of complex numbers to series a.c. circuits
		27.1. Introduction
		27.2. Series a.c. circuits
		27.3. Further worked problems on series a.c. circuits
	28. Application of complex numbers to parallel a.c. networks
		28.1. Introduction
		28.2. Admittance, conductance and susceptance
		28.3. Parallel a.c. networks
		28.4. Further worked problems on parallel a.c. networks
	29. Power in a.c. circuits
		29.1. Introduction
		29.2. Determination of power in a.c. circuits
		29.3. Power triangle and power factor
		29.4. Use of complex numbers for determination of power
		29.5. Power factor improvement
	Revision Test 8
	The war of the currents: AC v DC
	30. a.c. bridges
		30.1. Introduction
		30.2. Balance conditions for an a.c. bridge
		30.3. Types of a.c. bridge circuit
		30.4. Worked problems on a.c. bridges
	31. Series resonance and
Q-factor
		31.1. Introduction
		31.2. Series resonance
		31.3. Q-factor
		31.4. Voltage magnification
		31.5. Q-factors in series
		31.6. Bandwidth
		31.7. Small deviations from directly from the resonant frequency
	32. Parallel resonance and Q-factor
		32.1. Introduction
		32.2. The LR-C parallel network
		32.3. Dynamic resistance
		32.4. The LR-CR parallel network
		32.5. Q-factor in a parallel network
		32.6. Further worked problems on parallel resonance and Q-factor
	Revision Test 9
	What every day items in the home use motors?
	33. Introduction to network analysis
		33.1. Introduction
		33.2. Solution of simultaneous equations using determinants
		33.3. Network analysis using Kirchhoff’s* laws
	34. Mesh-current and nodal analysis
		34.1. Mesh-current analysis
		34.2. Nodal analysis
	35. The superposition theorem
		35.1. Introduction
		35.2. Using the superposition theorem
		35.3. Further worked problems on the superposition theorem
	36. Thévenin’s and Norton’s theorems
		36.1. Introduction
		36.2. Thévenin’s theorem
		36.3. Further worked problems on Thévenin’s theorem
		36.4. Norton’s theorem
		36.5. Thévenin and Norton equivalent networks
	Revision Test 10
	How does a car electrical system work?
	37. Delta–star and star–delta transformations
		37.1. Introduction
		37.2. Delta and star connections
		37.3. Delta–star transformation
		37.4. Star–delta transformation
	38. Maximum power transfer theorems and impedance matching
		38.1. Maximum power transfer theorems
		38.2. Impedance matching
	Revision Test 11
	HSE and electrical safety
	39. Complex waveforms
		39.1. Introduction
		39.2. The general equation for a complex waveform
		39.3. Harmonic synthesis
		39.4. Fourier series of periodic and non-periodic functions
		39.5. Even and odd functions and Fourier series over any range
		39.6. r.m.s. value, mean value and the form factor of a complex wave
		39.7. Power associated with complex waves
		39.8. Harmonics in single-phase circuits
		39.9. Further worked problems on harmonics in single-phase circuits
		39.10. Resonance due to harmonics
		39.11. Sources of harmonics
	40. A numerical method of harmonic analysis
		40.1. Introduction
		40.2. Harmonic analysis on data given in tabular or graphical form
		40.3. Complex waveform considerations
	41. Magnetic materials
		41.1. Revision of terms and units used with magnetic circuits
		41.2. Magnetic properties of materials
		41.3. Hysteresis and hysteresis loss
		41.4. Eddy current loss
		41.5. Separation of hysteresis and eddy current losses
		41.6. Non-permanent magnetic materials
		41.7. Permanent magnetic materials
	Revision Test 12
	What is electroplating?
	42. Dielectrics and dielectric loss
		42.1. Electric fields, capacitance and permittivity
		42.2. Polarisation
		42.3. Dielectric strength
		42.4. Thermal effects
		42.5. Mechanical properties
		42.6. Types of practical capacitor
		42.7. Liquid dielectrics and gas insulation
		42.8. Dielectric loss and loss angle
	43. Field theory
		43.1. Field plotting by curvilinear squares
		43.2. Capacitance between concentric cylinders
		43.3. Capacitance of an isolated twin line
		43.4. Energy stored in an electric field
		43.5. Induced e.m.f. and inductance
		43.6. Inductance of a concentric cylinder (or coaxial cable)
		43.7. Inductance of an isolated twin line
		43.8. Energy stored in an electromagnetic field
	44. Attenuators
		44.1. Introduction
		44.2. Characteristic impedance
		44.3. Logarithmic ratios
		44.4. Symmetrical T- and pi-attenuators
		44.5. Insertion loss
		44.6. Asymmetrical T- and pi-sections
		44.7. The L-section attenuator
		44.8. Two-port networks in cascade
		44.9. ABCD parameters
		44.10. ABCD parameters for networks
		44.11. Characteristic impedance in terms of ABCD parameters
	Revision Test 13
	Could we live without electricity?
	45. Filter networks
		45.1. Introduction
		45.2. Basic types of filter sections
		45.3. The characteristic impedance and the attenuation of filter sections
		45.4. Ladder networks
		45.5. Low-pass filter sections
		45.6. High-pass filter sections
		45.7. Propagation coefficient and time delay in filter sections
		45.8. ’m-derived’ filter sections
		45.9. Practical composite filters
	46. Magnetically coupled circuits
		46.1. Introduction
		46.2. Self-inductance
		46.3. Mutual inductance
		46.4. Coupling coefficient
		46.5. Coils connected in series
		46.6. Coupled circuits
		46.7. Dot rule for coupled circuits
	47. Transmission lines
		47.1. Introduction
		47.2. Transmission line primary constants
		47.3. Phase delay, wavelength and velocity of propagation
		47.4. Current and voltage relationships
		47.5. Characteristic impedance and propagation coefficient in terms of the primary constants
		47.6. Distortion on transmission lines
		47.7. Wave reflection and the reflection coefficient
		47.8. Standing waves and the standing-wave ratio
	48. Transients and Laplace
transforms
		48.1. Introduction
		48.2. Response of R-C series circuit to a step input
		48.3. Response of R-L series circuit to a step input
		48.4. L-R-C series circuit response
		48.5. Introduction to Laplace transforms
		48.6. Inverse Laplace transforms and the solution of differential equations
		48.7. Laplace transform analysis
		48.8. L-R-C directly from the circuit diagram Laplace transforms
		48.9. Initial conditions
	Revision Test 14
	Main formulae for Section 4 Advanced circuit theory and technology
	Ten trending technologies
Section 5: General reference
	Standard electrical quantities – their symbols and units
	Greek alphabet
	Common prefixes
	Resistor colour coding and ohmic values
Future technology snippets
Answers to Practice Exercises
Index