Biotic Stress Management of Crop Plants using Nanomaterials

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
Contributors
1 Overview of Nanomaterials and Their Synthesis
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 History of Nanomaterials
	1.3 Properties of Nanomaterials
	1.4 Classification of Nanomaterials
		1.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		1.4.2 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
		1.4.3 Semiconductor Nanomaterials
		1.4.4 Nanocomposite
	1.5 Physical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		1.5.1 Thermal Decomposition Or Thermolysis
		1.5.2 Laser Ablation Method
		1.5.3 Radiofrequency Plasma Method
	1.6 Chemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		1.6.1 Co-Precipitation Method
		1.6.2 Sol-Gel Method
		1.6.3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
		1.6.4 Sonochemical Method
	1.7 Biological Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		1.7.1 Plant-Based Synthesis
		1.7.2 Fungal-Based Synthesis
		1.7.3 Bacterial-Based Synthesis
	1.8 Characterization of Nanomaterials
		1.8.1 UV Spectrophotometer
		1.8.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
		1.8.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		1.8.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy
		1.8.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		1.8.6 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
		1.8.7 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
		1.8.8 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
		1.8.9 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
	1.9 Conclusions
	References
2 Nanomaterial as Nano-Pesticides
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 What Is a Nano-Pesticide?
	2.3 Risks of Nano-Pesticides for the Environment
	2.4 Benefits of Nano-Pesticides
	2.5 Types of Conventional Pesticides
	2.6 Types of Nano-Pesticides
	2.7 Methods for Synthesis of Nano-Pesticides
		2.7.1 Emulsion/Nanoemulsion
		2.7.2 Encapsulation
		2.7.3 Nanosuspension
		2.7.4 Polymer-Based Nano-Pesticides
		2.7.5 Nanogels
		2.7.6 Metallic Nanoparticle-Based Nano-Pesticides
	2.8 Advantages of Nano-Pesticides Over Conventional Pesticides
	2.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
3 Nanomaterials as Nano-Fertilizers
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conventional and Bioinspired Fertilizers
	3.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
	3.4 Potential Applications of Nanoparticles as Nano-Fertilizers
		3.4.1 Selenium Nanoparticles as Nano-Fertilizers
		3.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles as Nano-Fertilizers
		3.4.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as a Nano-Fertilizer
		3.4.4 Iron Nanoparticles as Nano-Fertilizers
		3.4.5 Copper Nanoparticles as Nano-Fertilizers
	3.5 Limitations of Nano-Fertilizers and Future Challenges
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 Natural Biopolymer Nanomaterials in Biotic Stress Management
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Biotic Stress
		4.2.1 Plant Interactions
			4.2.1.1 Plant Tissues and Cells
			4.2.1.2 Molecular Levels
	4.3 Natural Biopolymers
		4.3.1 Natures and Structures
		4.3.2 Activities and Reactions
		4.3.3 Natural Biopolymer Nanomaterials
	4.4 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
5 Role of Enzyme-Mimicking Nanoparticles in Crop Plants
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types of Nanozymes
		5.2.1 Catalytic Mechanisms of Nanozymes
	5.3 Nanozymes in Plant Stress Tolerance
	5.4 Nanozymes for Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency
	5.5 Nanosensors for Stress Sensing
	5.6 Making Plant Sensors for Early Stress Detection
	5.7 Nano-Enabled Transgenic Plants
		5.7.1 Factors Affecting Gene Transformations
		5.7.2 Nanosystem Delivery Methods
		5.7.3 Vesicles of Genetic Transformation
		5.7.4 Advantages of Nano-Enabled Genetic Transformation
	5.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
6 Nanomaterial Impact On Genetic Transformation: An Outline
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Existing Nanomaterials Available for Transformation
		6.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles
			6.2.1.1 Carbon Dots
			6.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		6.2.2 Silicon-Based Nanoparticles
		6.2.3 Metal Nanoparticles
		6.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		6.2.5 Layered Double Hydroxide
		6.2.6 DNA Nanostructures
		6.2.7 Liposomes
		6.2.8 Other Nanomaterials
			6.2.8.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
			6.2.8.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticles
	6.3 Examples of Nanomaterial-Mediated Transformation
		6.3.1 Carbon Nanoparticles
			6.3.1.1 Carbon Dots
			6.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		6.3.2 Silicon-Based Nanoparticles
		6.3.3 Metal Nanoparticles
		6.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		6.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxide
		6.3.6 DNA Nanostructures
		6.3.7 Liposomes
	6.4 Comparison of Nanomaterial-Mediated Genetic Transformation With Conventional Genetic Transformation
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Nanodiagnostics: Tool for Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Traditional Diagnostic System for Plant Pathogens
	7.3 Biosensors in Plant Disease Diagnosis
	7.4 Detection of Fungal Toxins
	7.5 Quantum Dots
	7.6 Gold Nanoparticles
	7.7 Nanopore Sequencing
	7.8 NanoChip in Plant Disease Diagnosis
	7.9 Nanoprobe-Based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
	7.10 Bio-Barcode Assay (Bio-Barcoded DNA)
	7.11 Conclusion
	References
8 Myconanoparticles: Synthesis and Probable Role in Plant Pathogen Management
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Or Biological Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	8.3 Microorganisms as Natural Factories for the Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
	8.4 Introduction of Myconanoparticles
		8.4.1 Biosynthesis of Fungi
			8.4.1.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
			8.4.1.2 Non-Metallic Nanoparticles
	8.5 Influencing Factors On Myconanoparticle Synthesis
		8.5.1 Temperature
		8.5.2 Metal Ion Concentration
		8.5.3 PH
		8.5.4 Fungal Biomass
		8.5.5 Culture Medium
	8.6 Mechanism of Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles
	8.7 Application of Myconanoparticles
		8.7.1 Medicinal Applications
			8.7.1.1 Drug Delivery Systems
		8.7.2 Agriculture Application of Myconanoparticles
			8.7.2.1 Role in Management of Pests
			8.7.2.2 Role in the Supply of Nutrients and Plant Growth Promotion
			8.7.2.3 Myconanoparticle Applications as Remediation
	8.8 Future Perspectives for the Application of Nanoparticles
	8.9 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
9 Nanotechnology in Biotic Stress Management: Future Challenges and Opportunities
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nanomaterials in Plant Disease Management
	9.3 Nano-Pesticides for Insect Pest Management
	9.4 Formulations of Nano-Pesticides
	9.5 Nanotechnology for Nematode Management
	9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Index