Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

Cover......Page 1
Biotic Stress and Yield Loss......Page 3
ISBN-13: 9780849311451......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Editors......Page 8
Contributors......Page 9
Contents......Page 10
1.1 THE BLACK BOX......Page 12
1.1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PESTS AND HOSTS......Page 13
1.1.1.1 Constraints on Understanding......Page 14
1.2 UNIFYING UNDERSTANDINGS OF BIOTIC STRESS AND YIELD LOSS......Page 15
1.2.1 STRESS......Page 16
1.2.2 INJURY......Page 17
1.2.3.1 The Damage Curve......Page 18
1.2.3.1.1 Factors influencing the damage curve......Page 19
1.3 STRESS INTERACTIONS......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 22
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 24
2.1.1 STRESS, YIELD, AND PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 25
2.2 TOLERANCE......Page 26
2.3 YIELD LOSS AND ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS......Page 28
2.3.2 STRESS-BASED AND INJURY-DEFINED EILS......Page 29
2.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 34
3.2.1 OBSERVATION OF NATURAL POPULATIONS......Page 35
3.2.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF ARTIFICIAL POPULATIONS......Page 36
3.2.3 MANIPULATION OF NATURAL POPULATIONS......Page 38
3.2.4 SIMULATION OF INSECT INJURY......Page 41
3.3 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DAMAGE/LOSS RELATIONSHIP......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 47
CONTENTS......Page 53
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 54
4.2.1.1 Maturity Group and Hybrid Type......Page 55
4.2.1.3 Soil Type......Page 56
4.2.2.1.1 Moisture stress......Page 57
4.2.2.1.4 Plant competition stress......Page 58
4.3 INSECT INJURY AND STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN CORN......Page 59
4.3.1.1 Cutworms......Page 60
4.3.1.2 Armyworm and Fall Armyworm......Page 61
4.3.2 VASCULAR FEEDING INJURY......Page 62
4.3.2.2 Chinch Bugs and Stink Bugs......Page 63
4.3.2.4 Spider Mites......Page 65
4.3.3 VASCULAR DISRUPTION INJURY......Page 66
4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European corn borer (ECB3)......Page 67
4.3.3.1.4 The impacts of European corn borer feeding......Page 68
4.3.3.3 Stalk Borers and Stem Borers......Page 69
4.3.4 ROOT FEEDING INJURY......Page 70
4.3.4.1 Corn Rootworms......Page 71
4.3.4.2 Other Root Feeding Insects......Page 72
4.3.5 REPRODUCTIVE DISRUPTION INJURY......Page 73
4.3.5.4 Adult Corn Rootworms......Page 74
4.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 76
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 82
5.3 MANAGEMENT OF PEST-INDUCED PHENOLOGICAL DELAY IN FEED-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS......Page 83
5.3.1 RELATIONSHIP OF FEED QUALITY TO PLANT MATURITY......Page 84
5.3.3 RELATIONSHIP OF INSECT-INDUCED INJURY TO HOST DAMAGE......Page 85
5.4 THE AGRONOMIC VALUE OF TIME IN CROP PRODUCTION......Page 86
5.5 INTEGRATING PHENOLOGICAL DELAY WITHIN CONVENTIONAL DECISION INDICES......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 89
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 91
6.2.1.1 Leaf-mass Consumption......Page 92
6.2.1.2 Mexican Bean Beetle Injury......Page 93
6.2.2.1 Plant Organization......Page 96
6.2.2.2 Extrinsic Factors......Page 97
6.2.2.3 Experimental Limitations......Page 98
6.2.2.4 Research Objectives......Page 99
6.3.2 INJURY EQUIVALENCY AND GUILDS......Page 100
6.3.3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INJURY GUILDS......Page 101
6.4 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 106
7.2.1 LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND PRODUCTIVITY......Page 107
7.2.2 LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND PLANT TOLERANCE......Page 108
7.3 ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANT ARCHITECTURE......Page 109
7.5 CANOPY ARCHITECTURE MODIFICATION......Page 110
7.5.1 ABIOTIC FACTORS......Page 111
7.5.2 CULTURAL PRACTICES......Page 112
7.5.3 BIOTIC FACTORS......Page 113
7.6 YIELD LOSS: INTERACTION OF INSECT INJURY WITH ABIOTIC FACTORS......Page 114
7.7.1 LIGHT INTERCEPTION......Page 115
7.7.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 116
7.8 CULTIVARS AND PEST MANAGEMENT DECISIONS......Page 117
7.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 124
8.2.1 DIRECT IMPACTS......Page 125
8.2.2.1 Changes in Microenvironment......Page 126
8.2.3 MOISTURE STRESS AND INSECT OUTBREAKS......Page 127
8.3 MOISTURE STRESS AND PLANT DEFENSE TO HERBIVORES......Page 129
8.4.1 CHANGES IN PLANT–WATER POTENTIAL......Page 130
8.4.2 CHANGES IN PLANT HORMONES......Page 131
8.4.3 CHANGES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 132
8.6 ROLE OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT TOLERANCE TO INSECT INJURY......Page 133
8.7 METABOLIC COSTS TO MAINTAIN PLANT COMPENSATION AND MEDIATION BY MOISTURE......Page 134
8.8 INTERACTION OF DROUGHT STRESS, INSECT INJURY, AND PLANT YIELD LOSS......Page 135
8.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 137
9.1 INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF HERBIVORY TO PLANTS......Page 142
9.2 PLANT EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO HERBIVORY......Page 144
9.3.2 PLANT OVERCOMPENSATION: BENEFICIAL HERBIVORY?......Page 146
9.4 HERBIVORY: DIFFERENT PLANT TISSUES......Page 147
9.5 MANAGED SYSTEMS: HERBIVORY AND CROP YIELDS......Page 148
9.6 NATURAL SYSTEMS: HERBIVORY AND PLANT FITNESS......Page 150
9.6.1.1 Mining/Sucking/Gall Injury......Page 151
9.6.2 MULTIPLE HERBIVORES ON PLANTS......Page 152
9.7.3 FLORAL ATTRACTIVENESS TO POLLINATORS......Page 155
9.7.4 PLANT SIZE AND ARCHITECTURE......Page 156
9.8 HERBIVORY AND PLANT POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 157
9.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 168
10.2 CROP DOMESTICATION......Page 170
10.2.1.2 Life History Tradeoffs......Page 172
10.2.1.3 Phenotypic Plasticity, Changes in Determinism, and Apical Dominance......Page 174
10.2.2.1.1 Temperature and light......Page 176
10.2.2.1.2 Nutrient availability......Page 177
10.2.2.1.4 Multiple stress interactions......Page 178
10.2.2.2.1 Density effects......Page 179
10.3 DIFFERENTIAL RATES OF HERBIVORY......Page 180
10.4 DATA ASYMMETRY......Page 181
10.5 CONCLUSION......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 192
11.1.2 THE DISEASE TRIANGLE AND INDIRECT DISEASES......Page 193
11.2 DISEASE ASSESSMENTS AND YIELD LOSS......Page 194
11.3 FOLIAR ASSESSMENTS AND YIELD LOSS......Page 195
11.3.2 BEER’S LAW......Page 196
11.4.1 RADIATION INTERCEPTED......Page 198
11.4.3 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY......Page 201
11.4.4 DISEASES OF ROOT AND STEM......Page 202
11.5 MODELING......Page 203
11.6 BIOMASS PARTITIONING......Page 204
11.7 REMOTE SENSING......Page 205
11.8 SUMMARY......Page 206
REFERENCES......Page 207
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 211
12.2.1 DENSITY-INDEPENDENT GROWTH......Page 213
12.2.2 DENSITY-DEPENDENT GROWTH......Page 214
12.3 YIELD-DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 215
12.4 QUANTIFYING INTERFERENCE EFFECTS......Page 219
12.5 USE OF CROP–WEED INTERFERENCE RELATIONSHIPS FOR MAKING WEED MANAGEMENT DECISIONS......Page 224
12.6.1 SEEDS PRODUCED BY UNMANAGED WEEDS......Page 226
12.6.2 EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT ON WEED COMPETITIVENESS AND SEED PRODUCTION......Page 227
12.6.3 EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE WEED SPECIES......Page 229
12.6.4 INSTABILITY OF CROP–WEED INTERFERENCE RELATIONSHIPS......Page 230
12.6.5 FIELD SCOUTING TO DETERMINE WEED DENSITIES......Page 231
12.6.6 VARIATION IN SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEEDS......Page 232
12.7 SUMMARY......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 239
13.1.2 THEORY OF INTERPLANT COMPETITION......Page 240
13.2 PLANT GROWTH AND COMPETITION FOR LIGHT......Page 243
13.3 COMPETITION FOR SOIL WATER......Page 245
13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGEN......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 254