Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences

Book Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Preface......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 11
1
INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS......Page 15
1.2SOME BASIC CONCEPTS......Page 16
1.3MEASUREMENT AND MEASUREMENTSCALES......Page 19
1.4SAMPLING AND  STATISTICAL INFERENCE......Page 21
1.5THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND  THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS......Page 27
1.6COMPUTERS AND BIOSTATISTICALANALYSIS......Page 29
1.7SUMMARY......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 32
2
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS......Page 33
2.2THE ORDERED ARRAY......Page 34
2.3GROUPED DATA: THE  FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION......Page 36
2.4DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:  MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY......Page 52
2.5DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:  MEASURES OF DISPERSION......Page 57
2.6SUMMARY......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 77
3
SOME BASIC PROBABILITY
CONCEPTS......Page 79
3.2TWO VIEWS OF PROBABILITY:  OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE......Page 80
3.3ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OFPROBABILITY......Page 82
3.4CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY  OF AN EVENT......Page 83
3.5BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING  TESTS, SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY,  AND PREDICTIVE VALUE POSITIVE  AND NEGATIVE......Page 93
3.6SUMMARY......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 105
4
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 107
4.2PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS  OF DISCRETE VARIABLES......Page 108
4.3THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 114
4.4THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION......Page 123
4.5CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 128
4.6THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 131
4.7NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS......Page 137
4.8SUMMARY......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 148
5
SOME IMPORTANT
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 149
5.2SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 150
5.3DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN......Page 151
5.4DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO SAMPLE MEANS......Page 160
5.5DISTRIBUTION OF THE  SAMPLE PROPORTION......Page 165
5.6DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO SAMPLE PROPORTIONS......Page 169
5.7SUMMARY......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 175
6
ESTIMATION......Page 176
6.1INTRODUCTION......Page 177
6.2CONFIDENCE INTERVAL  FOR A POPULATION MEAN......Page 180
6.3THE tDISTRIBUTION......Page 186
6.4CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR  THEDIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO  POPULATION MEANS......Page 192
6.5CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR  A POPULATION PROPORTION......Page 199
6.6CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POPULATIONPROPORTIONS......Page 201
6.7DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE  FOR ESTIMATING MEANS......Page 203
6.8DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE  FOR ESTIMATING PROPORTIONS......Page 206
6.9CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR  THE VARIANCE OF A NORMALLY DISTRIBUTEDPOPULATION......Page 208
6.10CONFIDENCE INTERVAL  FOR THE RATIO OF THE VARIANCES  OF TWO NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED POPULATIONS......Page 213
6.11SUMMARY......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 226
7
HYPOTHESIS TESTING......Page 229
7.1INTRODUCTION......Page 230
7.2HYPOTHESIS TESTING:  A SINGLE POPULATION MEAN......Page 237
7.3HYPOTHESIS TESTING:  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO  POPULATION MEANS......Page 251
7.4PAIRED COMPARISONS......Page 264
7.5HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE POPULATION PROPORTION......Page 272
7.6HYPOTHESIS TESTING:  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POPULATIONPROPORTIONS......Page 276
7.7HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE POPULATION VARIANCE......Page 279
7.8HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO  OF TWO POPULATION VARIANCES......Page 282
7.9THE TYPE II ERROR AND  THE POWER OF A TEST......Page 287
7.10DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE  TO CONTROL TYPE II ERRORS......Page 292
7.11SUMMARY......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 315
8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE......Page 319
8.1INTRODUCTION......Page 320
8.2THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZEDDESIGN......Page 322
8.3THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE  BLOCK DESIGN......Page 348
8.4THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN......Page 360
8.5THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT......Page 367
8.6SUMMARY......Page 382
REFERENCES......Page 418
9
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
AND CORRELATION......Page 423
9.2THE REGRESSION MODEL......Page 424
9.3THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION......Page 427
9.4EVALUATING THE REGRESSIONEQUATION......Page 437
9.5USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION......Page 451
9.6THE CORRELATION MODEL......Page 455
9.7THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT......Page 456
9.8SOME PRECAUTIONS......Page 469
9.9SUMMARY......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 496
10
MULTIPLE REGRESSION
AND CORRELATION......Page 499
10.2THE MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSIONMODEL......Page 500
10.3OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE  REGRESSION EQUATION......Page 502
10.4EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE  REGRESSION EQUATION......Page 511
10.5USING THE MULTIPLE REGRESSIONEQUATION......Page 517
10.6THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL......Page 520
10.7SUMMARY......Page 533
REFERENCES......Page 547
11
REGRESSION ANALYSIS:
SOME ADDITIONAL
TECHNIQUES......Page 549
11.1INTRODUCTION......Page 550
11.2QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES......Page 553
11.3VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES......Page 570
11.4LOGISTIC REGRESSION......Page 579
11.5SUMMARY......Page 589
REFERENCES......Page 604
12
THE CHI-SQUARE
DISTRIBUTION AND THE
ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCIES......Page 607
12.2THE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES  OF THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION......Page 608
12.3TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT......Page 611
12.4TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE......Page 626
12.5TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY......Page 637
12.6THE FISHER EXACT TEST......Page 643
12.7RELATIVE RISK, ODDS RATIO, AND  THE MANTEL–HAENSZEL STATISTIC......Page 648
12.8SURVIVAL ANALYSIS......Page 662
12.9SUMMARY......Page 678
REFERENCES......Page 692
13
NONPARAMETRIC AND
DISTRIBUTION-FREE
STATISTICS......Page 697
13.1INTRODUCTION......Page 698
13.2MEASUREMENT SCALES......Page 699
13.3THE SIGN TEST......Page 700
13.4THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK  TEST FOR LOCATION......Page 708
13.5THE MEDIAN TEST......Page 713
13.6THE MANN–WHITNEY TEST......Page 717
13.7THE KOLMOGOROV–SMIRNOV GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST......Page 725
13.8THE KRUSKAL–WALLIS ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BY RANKS......Page 731
13.9THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS  OF VARIANCE BY RANKS......Page 739
13.10THE SPEARMAN RANK  CORRELATION COEFFICIENT......Page 745
13.11NONPARAMETRIC  REGRESSION ANALYSIS......Page 754
13.12SUMMARY......Page 757
REFERENCES......Page 774
14
VITAL STATISTICS......Page 777
14.1INTRODUCTION......Page 778
14.2DEATH RATES AND RATIOS......Page 779
14.3MEASURES OF FERTILITY......Page 786
14.4MEASURES OF MORBIDITY......Page 790
14.5SUMMARY......Page 791
SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 14......Page 792
REFERENCES......Page 796
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises......Page 904
INDEX......Page 951