Biostatistics and Microbiology: A Survival Manual

Cover......Page 1
Biostatistics and Microbiology......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
BioStatistics and Microbiology: Introduction......Page 9
1.1 Normal Distribution......Page 10
1.2 Mean......Page 14
1.3 Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 15
1.6 Using Normal Distribution Tables......Page 16
1.7 Standard Error of the Mean......Page 20
1.8 Confidence Intervals......Page 21
1.9 Hypothesis Testing......Page 22
2.1 Estimation of a One-Sample Mean......Page 23
2.2.1 Confidence Interval Approach......Page 28
2.2.1.1 Lower-Tail Test: Determining if a Sample Set Mean is Less than a Standard: Confidence Interval Approach......Page 31
2.2.2.1 Two-Tail Test......Page 32
2.2.2.2 Lower-Tail Test......Page 33
2.2.2.3 Upper-Tail Test......Page 34
2.3 Determining Adequate Sample Sizes for One-Sample Statistical Tests......Page 36
2.3.1 Quick Sample Size Formula: Sample Set Mean Versus a Standard Value......Page 37
2.5 A More Accurate Method of Sample Size Determination......Page 38
2.6 (Optional) Equivalency Testing......Page 40
2.6.1 Nonsuperiority Test......Page 43
2.6.2 Confidence Interval Approach to Superiority/Inferiority Testing......Page 45
Two-Sample Statistical Tests, Normal Distribution......Page 49
3.1.1 Two-Sample Independent t Test: Variances are not Assumed Equivalent σ12 ≠ σ22......Page 50
3.1.2 Two-Sample Pooled t Test: Variances are Equivalent, σ12 = σ22......Page 53
3.1.3 Paired t Test......Page 56
3.1.4 Sample Size Determination......Page 60
3.1.4.1 Sample Size Determination, Independent Two-Sample t Test, σ12 ≠ σ22......Page 61
3.2.1 Proportions......Page 63
3.2.2 Optional Two-Sample Bioequivalency Testing......Page 65
3.2.3 Two Independent Samples: Sample Variances Assumed Equal......Page 66
3.2.4 Confidence Interval Approach......Page 69
Analysis of Variance......Page 70
4.1 The Completely Randomized One-Factor ANOVA......Page 71
4.2 Contrasts......Page 78
4.3 Confidence Intervals......Page 79
4.4 Sample Size Calculation......Page 80
4.5 Randomized Block Design......Page 81
4.7 100 (1 – α) Confidence Intervals......Page 86
4.8 Sample Size Calculation......Page 88
Regression and Correlation Analysis......Page 89
5.1 Least Squares Equation......Page 91
5.2 Strategy for Linearizing Data......Page 95
5.4 Using Regression Analysis......Page 96
5.5 Predicting the Average y\Z from an x Value......Page 97
5.6 Predicting a Specific y Value from an Value......Page 98
5.7 Correlation......Page 99
5.8 Correlation Coefficient......Page 100
5.9 Coefficient of Determination......Page 102
5.10 Predicting an x Value from a y Value......Page 103
5.11 Confidence Interval for a Specific......Page 105
5.13 D-Value Calculation......Page 106
6.1.1 Version I: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation Estimates for Predicting Outcome Events......Page 107
6.2 Confidence Interval Estimation......Page 108
6.2.2 Confidence Intervals on Proportions that are Extreme (Close to 0 or 1)......Page 110
6.3.1 Proportions: One Sample Compared to a Standard Value......Page 111
6.3.2 Confidence Interval Approach......Page 113
6.4 Comparing Two Sample Proportions......Page 115
6.5.1 Equivalence Testing: One Proportion Sample Compared to a Standard......Page 118
6.5.3 Nonsuperiority......Page 120
6.5.4 Two-Tail Test: Equivalence......Page 121
6.6 Two-Sample Equivalence: Proportions......Page 122
Nonparametric Statistical Methods......Page 127
7.1.1 Comparing Two Independent Samples: 2 × 2 Chi Square Test......Page 129
7.1.1.1 Two-Tail Test......Page 130
7.1.1.2 Lower-Tail Test......Page 131
7.1.2 Comparing Two Related Samples: Nominal Scale Data......Page 132
7.1.3 Comparing More than Two Independent Samples: Nominal Scale Data......Page 135
7.1.4 Comparing More than Two Related Samples: Nominal Scale Data......Page 138
7.2.1 Comparing Two Independent Sample Sets: Ordinal Data......Page 139
7.2.1.1 Upper-Tail Test......Page 143
7.2.2 Comparing Two Related Sample Sets: Ordinal Data......Page 144
7.2.2.2 Upper-Tail Test......Page 147
7.2.3 Comparing More than Two Independent Samples: Ordinal or Interval Data......Page 148
7.2.4 Multiple Contrasts......Page 152
7.2.5 Comparing More than Two Related Samples: Ordinal Data......Page 153
7.3.1 Comparing Two Independent Samples: Interval-Ratio Data......Page 158
7.3.2 Comparing Two Related or Paired Samples: Interval-Ratio Data......Page 160
7.3.2.1 Ties......Page 161
7.3.4 Related Samples, n > 2: Interval-Ratio Data......Page 163
7.3.4.2 Procedure......Page 164
7.3.4.3 Multiple Contrasts......Page 168
Appendix......Page 169
Index......Page 219