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دانلود کتاب Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
دانلود کتاب حسگرهای زیستی برای پایش محیطی
مشخصات کتاب
Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
ویرایش: 1st Edition
نویسندگان: Ursula Bilitewski. Anthony Turner
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9057024497, 9789057024498
ناشر: Taylor & Francis
سال نشر: 2000
تعداد صفحات: 510
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 6 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 42,000
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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب حسگرهای زیستی برای پایش محیطی
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
During recent years both research activity and the number of reports on biosensor systems applied to environmental analysis have increased significantly. Compounds present in the environment have increasingly been shown to have effects on biological systems such as cells, enzymes, binding proteins, and DNA. In order to deal with the increasing demand for information about possible pollution of the environment there is need for improvements to analytical methods. Thus, biochemistry-based analytical methods should offer the possibility of monitoring these effects. This text provides an overview of existing biosensor principles, commercially available instruments, and related biochemical assays which have been developed and applied to environmental monitoring. Providing the reader with detailed information on methodology and a description of the practical application of selected sensors, this text also includes reports on established chemical methods for comparison. This volume presents fundamental principles together with examples of applications and discussion of drawbacks, and future developments. Of interest to all in the field of environmental analysis and biosensor technology, this text provides a comprehensive treatise on the latest research and developments in the field.
فهرست مطالب
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 10
REFERENCES......Page 13
2.1.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 14
2.1.2.1. Fundamentals......Page 15
2.1.2.2. Ion-selective electrodes (ISE)......Page 17
2.1.2.3. Gas-selective electrodes......Page 18
2.1.2.4. Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET)......Page 19
2.1.3.1. Fundamentals......Page 21
2.1.3.2. Oxygen electrode (Clark cell)......Page 23
2.1.3.3. H2O2-measurement......Page 24
2.1.3.4. Mediator modified electrodes......Page 25
2.1.3.5. Enzyme modified electrodes......Page 26
2.1.3.6. (Ultra)-Microelectrodes......Page 28
2.1.4. IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS......Page 29
2.1.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 35
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 39
2.2.2.1. Classification of effects......Page 41
2.2.2.2. Optical principles......Page 42
2.2.2.3. Transduction principles......Page 44
2.2.3.2. Miniaturisation......Page 55
2.2.3.3. Parallelisation......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 59
2.3.2.1. Injectors......Page 63
2.3.2.2. Separation of the analyte from a matrix......Page 66
2.3.2.3. Reaction chambers......Page 68
2.3.4. CONCLUSION—FOCUSSING ON BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 70
3.1.1.1. Introduction......Page 73
3.1.1.2. Enzyme structure and catalytic properties......Page 74
3.1.1.3. Kinetic parameters of enzymes......Page 75
3.1.1.4. Substrate determination with enzymes in solution......Page 77
3.1.1.5. Influence of immobilization on the kinetic parameters and substrate concentration......Page 80
3.1.1.6. Substrate measurement with enzyme sensors......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 87
3.1.2.1. Introduction......Page 89
3.1.2.2. Inhibition of enzymes in solution......Page 90
3.1.2.3. Inhibition of immobilized enzymes in biosensors......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 98
3.2.2. DESIGN AND FUNCTION......Page 102
3.2.2.1. Microbial basis......Page 103
3.2.2.2. Physical basis of the transducer......Page 105
3.2.2.3. Immobilization of microorganisms......Page 106
3.2.2.4. Signal formation and measuring principle......Page 107
3.2.3. IMPROVEMENT OF SELECTIVITY OF MICROBIAL SENSORS......Page 108
3.2.3.1. Influence of selectivity by induction of desired metabolic activity of microorganisms......Page 109
3.2.3.2. Influence of selectivity by elimination of undesired activities......Page 110
3.2.3.3. Genetically manipulated species......Page 111
3.2.3.5. Combination of various microorganisms......Page 112
3.2.3.6. Exclusion of undesired substrates by dialysis membranes......Page 114
3.2.4. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF APPLICATION......Page 115
REFERENCES......Page 117
3.3.1. ANTIBODY STRUCTURE......Page 124
3.3.2. POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES......Page 126
3.3.3. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES......Page 128
3.3.4. RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES......Page 130
3.3.5. BINDING PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES......Page 133
3.3.6. IMMUNOASSAYS......Page 134
3.3.6.2. The heterogeneous competitive immunoassay......Page 136
3.3.7. DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICS......Page 138
3.3.9. CONCLUSIONS......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
3.4.2. DNA STRUCTURE......Page 143
3.4.3. SEQUENCE SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BIOSENSORS......Page 145
3.4.3.1. Electrochemical DNA biosensors......Page 148
3.4.3.2. Optical DNA biosensors......Page 149
3.4.3.4. High-density DNA chips......Page 150
3.4.4. DETECTION OF SMALL ANALYTES INTERACTING WITH DNA......Page 151
3.4.5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
4. WATER ANALYSIS......Page 155
4.1.1.1. Introduction......Page 161
4.1.1.2. Organophosphorus and Carbamate pesticides......Page 162
4.1.1.3. Other pesticides......Page 166
4.1.1.4. Conclusion......Page 167
REFERENCES......Page 168
4.1.2.1. Introduction......Page 173
4.1.2.2. Assay format, surface modification and sample handling......Page 174
4.1.2.3. Affinity sensor systems based on enzyme tracers......Page 176
4.1.2.4. Label-free methods......Page 180
4.1.2.5. Fluorescence based immunoprobes......Page 182
4.1.2.6. Summary, conclusions and future trends......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 185
4.2.2.1. Design of the BOD sensor system......Page 189
4.2.2.2. Function of microbial BOD sensor......Page 191
4.2.3.1. Distinctions between sensorBOD and BOD5......Page 192
4.2.3.2. Improvement of correlation between the sensor BOD and BOD5......Page 193
4.2.3.3. Calibration and calculation of BOD5......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 203
4.3.1.1. Sensors for phenolic compounds......Page 207
4.3.1.2. Enzyme sensors for other organic compounds......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 213
4.3.2.1. Introduction......Page 220
4.3.2.2. Phenol and non-chlorinated phenolderivates......Page 222
4.3.2.4. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)......Page 223
4.3.2.5. Chloroaromatics......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 230
4.3.3.1. Immunosensors for organic compounds......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 237
4.3.4. CONCLUSION......Page 243
4.4.1.3. Heavy metals in the environment—speciation and bioavailability......Page 250
4.4.2. CURRENT ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 253
4.4.3. BIOASSAYS USING WHOLE CELLS/ORGANISMS......Page 254
4.4.4.1. Promoters as sensing elements......Page 255
4.4.5.1. Heavy metals as enzyme substrates......Page 256
4.4.5.2. Inhibition of enzyme activity......Page 257
4.4.6. CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
4.5.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 264
4.5.2. PHOSPHATE AS INHIBITOR......Page 265
4.5.3. PHOSPHATE AS A SECOND SUBSTRATE......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 271
4.6.2. ENZYME SENSORS FOR NITRATE DETERMINATION......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 276
5.1.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 278
5.1.2.1. Determination of mean values......Page 280
5.1.2.2. Determination of maximum values......Page 281
5.1.3. SAMPLING PROTOCOL......Page 282
5.1.4. SAMPLING DEPTH......Page 283
5.1.5. COLLECTION OF SAMPLES AND SAMPLE TRANSPORT......Page 284
5.1.6. SAMPLE HOMOGENIZATION, DRYING, PARTITION......Page 285
5.1.8. SUMMARY......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
5.2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 288
5.2.2.3. Affinity sensors......Page 290
5.2.3.1. Extraction......Page 291
5.2.3.2. Concentration range......Page 292
5.2.3.3. Interferences......Page 293
5.2.4. PESTICIDES......Page 294
5.2.4.2. Inhibition sensors for pesticides......Page 295
5.2.4.3. Immunosensors for pesticides......Page 300
5.2.5. ORGANIC POLLUTANTS......Page 305
5.2.6.1. Enzymes in organic solvents......Page 309
5.2.6.2. Antibodies in organic solvents......Page 312
5.2.7. UNCONVENTIONAL DETECTION METHODS—MOLECULAR IMPRINTING, COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY AND RATIONAL LIGAND DESIGN......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 317
6.2. GAS-PHASE BIOSENSORS......Page 329
6.3. PHENOL......Page 330
6.3.2. PHENOLS AND AIR POLLUTION......Page 331
6.3.4. POLYPHENOL OXIDASE......Page 332
6.3.5. BIOSENSORS FOR PHENOL MONITORING......Page 333
6.3.6. PHENOL-VAPOUR BIOSENSORS......Page 335
6.4. FORMALDEHYDE......Page 336
6.4.3. ENZYMATIC ASSAYS FOR FORMALDEHYDE......Page 337
6.5. ETHANOL-VAPOUR SENSING......Page 338
6.5.1. BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS FOR SENSING ETHANOL......Page 339
6.5.1.2. Alcohol Dehydrogenase......Page 340
6.5.2.1. Enzyme biosensors based on alcohol oxidase......Page 341
6.5.2.2. Enzyme biosensors using alcohol dehydrogenase......Page 342
6.5.3. BIOSENSORS FOR MONITORING ETHANOL VAPOUR......Page 344
6.6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
7.1.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 355
7.1.2.1. Extraction of pesticides and phenols from water samples......Page 357
7.1.2.2. Types of sorbent materials......Page 362
7.1.2.3. Parameters involved in liquid-solid extraction (LSE)......Page 364
7.1.2.4. Stabilization of water samples......Page 366
7.1.3.1. Gas Chromatography (GC)......Page 370
7.1.3.2. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)......Page 375
7.1.3.3. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS)......Page 382
7.1.4. BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES......Page 395
7.1.4.2. Biosensors......Page 396
7.1.5.1. Interlaboratory studies......Page 398
7.1.5.2. Validation of biological techniques......Page 401
7.1.6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 404
REFERENCES......Page 405
7.2.1.1. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)......Page 420
7.2.1.2. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)......Page 424
7.2.1.3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)......Page 428
7.2.1.4. X-ray fluorecence spectroscopy (RFA)......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 441
7.2.2.1. Introduction......Page 446
7.2.2.2. Measurement principles......Page 447
7.2.2.3. Determination of nitrate......Page 450
7.2.2.4. Summary......Page 454
REFERENCES......Page 457
8. CONCLUSION......Page 460
INDEX......Page 464
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