Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials

0i_Front-matter
	Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials
0iv_Copyright
	Copyright
0v_Dedication
	Dedication
0xiii_Prologue
	Prologue
0xv_Preface-for-the-Second-Edition
	Preface for the Second Edition
01_1-Introduction
	1 Introduction
		References
09_2-Materials-Classification
	2 Materials Classification
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 General Classification
		2.3 Medical/Dental Titanium Materials
			2.3.1 Commercially Pure Titanium
			2.3.2 Ti–6Al–4V
			2.3.3 Ti–6Al–7Nb
			2.3.4 Ti–3Al–2.5V
			2.3.5 Ti–5Al–3Mo–4Zr
			2.3.6 Ti–5Al–2.5Fe
			2.3.7 Ti–5Al–2Mo–2Fe (SP700)
			2.3.8 Ti–Ni
			2.3.9 Ni-Free Ti-Based Alloys, and Ti–Nb Alloys
			2.3.10 Ti–Cu
			2.3.11 Ti–Mo
			2.3.12 Ti–Al Alloys
			2.3.13 Other Ti-Based Alloys
				Ti–Ta Alloy Systems
				Ti–Zr Alloy Systems
				Ti–Cr Alloy Systems
				Ti–Ag Alloy Systems
				Ti–Fe Alloy Systems
				Ti–X–B Alloy Systems
		References
035_3-Chemical-and-Electrochemical-Reactions
	3 Chemical and Electrochemical Reactions
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Discoloration
		3.3 Corrosion in Media Containing Fluorine Ion and Bleaching Agents
		3.4 Corrosion under Influences of Environmental and Mechanical Actions
		3.5 Metal Ion Release and Dissolution
		3.6 Galvanic Corrosion
		3.7 Microbiology-Induced Corrosion
		3.8 Reaction with Hydrogen
		References
087_4-Oxidation-and-Oxides
	4 Oxidation and Oxides
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Formation of Titanium Oxides
			4.2.1 Air-Formed Oxide
			4.2.2 Passivation
			4.2.3 Oxidation at Elevated Temperatures
		4.3 Influences on Biological Processes
		4.4 Crystal Structures of Titanium Oxides
		4.5 Characterization of Oxides
		4.6 Unique Applications of Titanium Oxide
		4.7 Oxide Growth, Stability, and Breakdown
		4.8 Reaction with Hydrogen Peroxide
		4.9 Applications of Advanced Technologies
			4.9.1 Nanotube Fabrication
			4.9.2 Hybrid Oxides Formation
			4.9.3 Nano Titania Film Formation
			4.9.4 UV Treatment
		References
0117_5-Mechanical-and-Tribological-Behaviors
	5 Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Fatigue
		5.3 Fretting
		5.4 Fracture and Fracture Toughness
		5.5 Biotribological Actions
			5.5.1 In General
			5.5.2 Friction
			5.5.3 Wear and Wear Debris Toxicity
		5.6 Improvement for Antitribological Deterioration
		References
0139_6-Biological-Reactions
	6 Biological Reactions
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Toxicity
		6.3 Cytocompatibility (Toxicity to Cells)
		6.4 Allergic Reaction
		6.5 Metabolism
		6.6 Biocompatibility
		6.7 Biomechanical Compatibility
		References
0169_7-Implant-Related-Biological-Reactions
	7 Implant-Related Biological Reactions
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Bone Healing
		7.3 Bone Grafting
		7.4 Hemocompatibility
		7.5 Cell Adhesion, Adsorption, Spreading, and Proliferation
		7.6 Roughness and Cellular Response to Biomaterials
		7.7 Cell Growth
		7.8 Tissue Reaction and Bone Ingrowth
		7.9 Osteointegration and Bone–Implant Interface
		7.10 Some Adverse Factors for Loosening Implants
		7.11 Nonmetallic Implants
		References
0225_8-Implant-Application
	8 Implant Application
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Intraoral Implants Versus Extraoral Implants
		8.3 Clinical Reports
		8.4 Surface and Interface Characterizations
		8.5 Reactions in Chemical and Mechanical Environments
		8.6 Reaction in Biological Environment
		8.7 Surface Modification Effects
		References
0269_9-Other-Applications
	9 Other Applications
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Denture Bases
		9.3 Crowns and Bridges, and Abutment
		9.4 Clasps
		9.5 Posts and Cores
		9.6 Titanium Fiber and Oxide Powder as Reinforcement for Bone Cement
		9.7 Sealer Material
		9.8 Shape Memory Effect Dental Implant
		9.9 Orthodontic Appliances
		9.10 Endodontic Files and Reamers
		9.11 Clamps and Staples
		9.12 Stents
		9.13 MRI Safety and Image Compatibility
		References
0303_10-Fabrication-Technologies
	10 Fabrication Technologies
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Casting
		10.3 Machining
		10.4 Electro-discharge Machining
		10.5 CAD/CAM
		10.6 Isothermal Forging
		10.7 Superplastic Forming
		10.8 DB and SPF/DB
		10.9 Powder Metallurgy
		10.10 Metal Injection Molding
		10.11 Mechanical Alloying
		10.12 Laser Processing
			10.12.1 Welding
			10.12.2 Forming
			10.12.3 Machining
			10.12.4 Surface Treatments
		10.13 Friction Stir Welding
		10.14 Soldering
		10.15 Heat Treatment
		10.16 Coating
		10.17 Electrospinning
		10.18 Electron Beam Melting
		10.19 Additive Manufacturing
		References
0341_11-Surface-Modifications
	11 Surface Modifications
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Mechanical Modification
			11.2.1 Sandblasting and Surface Texturing
				Evaluation/Characterization
				Blasting Media
				Blasting+Other Treatment
			11.2.2 Shot-Peening and Laser-Peening
		11.3 Chemical, Electrochemical, Thermal, and Physical Modifications
			11.3.1 Chemical and Electrochemical Treatment
			11.3.2 Chemical+Thermal
			11.3.3 Alkali+Thermal
			11.3.4 Thermal and Physical
			11.3.5 UV Treatment
		11.4 Coating
			11.4.1 Carbon, Glass, and Ceramics Coating
			11.4.2 HA Coating
				Manufacturing Process and Methods
				Property and Characterization
				Clinical Evaluation and Beneficial Effects
				Adverse Effect
			11.4.3 Ca-P and TCP Coating
				Manufacturing Process
				Clinical Evaluation
			11.4.4 Composite Coating
				Manufacturing Process and Characterization
				Composites with Collagen or CHI
			11.4.5 TiN and TiC Coating
			11.4.6 Ti Coating
			11.4.7 TiO2 Film and Coating
			11.4.8 Other Coatings
		11.5 Collagen, Protein, and CHI Coating
			11.5.1 Collagen Coating
			11.5.2 Protein Coating
			11.5.3 Peptide Coating
			11.5.4 CHI Coating
		11.6 Coloring
		References
0457_12-Advanced-Materials-Technologies-and-Processes
	12 Advanced Materials, Technologies, and Processes
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Materials, Structures, and Processes
		12.3 Functionally Graded Materials and Design Concept
		12.4 Controlled Porosity/Foamed Structures
			12.4.1 Controlled Porosity
			12.4.2 Porosity-Controlled Surface and Texturing
			12.4.3 Mechanical Property and Its Effect
			12.4.4 Foam Metal
		12.5 Near-Net Shape Forming
			12.5.1 Net Shape Forming
			12.5.2 Net Shape Nanostructured
			12.5.3 Near-Net Shape Technology
		12.6 Nanotechnology—Materials and Structures
			12.6.1 Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite
			12.6.2 Nanostructured Titanium
			12.6.3 Nanostructured Titania
			12.6.4 Tissue Engineering
		12.7 Hybridization and Multifunctionality
		12.8 Bioengineering and Biomaterial-Integrated Implant System
		References
0499_Epilogue
	Epilogue