Bioremediation and Biotechnology: Sustainable Approaches to Pollution Degradation

Foreword
Preface
About the Book
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Concerns and Threats of Contamination on Aquatic Ecosystems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Aquatic Ecosystems
	1.3 Human Activities Resulting in Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems and Their Adverse Impacts
		1.3.1 Agrochemicals
			1.3.1.1 Nutrients
			1.3.1.2 Pesticides
			1.3.1.3 Salts
			1.3.1.4 Emerging Pollutants
		1.3.2 Sewage
		1.3.3 Heavy Metals
		1.3.4 Eutrophication
		1.3.5 Plastics and Microplastics
		1.3.6 Oil Spills
			1.3.6.1 Major Oil Spills in the History
			1.3.6.2 Impact on Human Health
			1.3.6.3 Impact on Coral Reefs
			1.3.6.4 Impact on Marine Mammals
			1.3.6.5 Impact on Seabirds
		1.3.7 Aquaculture Activities
		1.3.8 Harmful Impacts Related to the Aquaculture Activities Are as Follows
			1.3.8.1 Eutrophication of Receiving Waters
			1.3.8.2 Introduction of Exotic Species
			1.3.8.3 Destruction of Mangrove Forests
			1.3.8.4 Contamination of Water for Human Consumption
		1.3.9 Preventive Measures and some Humanistic Solutions
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Effect of Pesticides on Fish Fauna: Threats, Challenges, and Possible Remedies
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Historical Background of Pesticide Use
	2.3 Pesticide Classification
	2.4 Pesticide Toxicity in Fish
	2.5 Routes of Fish Exposure to Pesticides
	2.6 Pesticide Effects and Threats to Fish
	2.7 Lethal Effects of Pesticides
		2.7.1 Behavioral Changes
		2.7.2 Histopathological Alterations
		2.7.3 Hematological Alterations
		2.7.4 Neurotoxicity
		2.7.5 Biochemical Modifications
		2.7.6 Genotoxicity
		2.7.7 Alterations in Protein Contents
		2.7.8 Alteration in Oxygen Utilization
		2.7.9 Alterations in Larvivorous Ability
		2.7.10 Alteration in Immune System and Endocrine Disruptors
	2.8 Challenges in Monitoring Pesticides in Small Freshwater Bodies
	2.9 Remedies/Alternatives
		2.9.1 Integrated Pest Management
		2.9.2 Biological Control
		2.9.3 Sterile Insect Technique
		2.9.4 Physical Methods
		2.9.5 Plant Breeding
	2.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Impact of Invasive Plants in Aquatic Ecosystems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Spread of Invasive Plants
	3.3 Impacts of Invasive Plants
	3.4 Prevention of Invasion
	3.5 Management of Aquatic Weeds
	3.6 Uses of Aquatic Invasive Plants
	3.7 Future Prospects
	3.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Role of Modern Innovative Techniques for Assessing and Monitoring Environmental Pollution
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Technological Advances in Analysis Systems
	4.3 Methods for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants
	4.4 Optical Methods in the Analysis of Environmental Pollutants
	4.5 Optical Sensors
	4.6 Electrochemical Methods in the Analysis of Environmental Pollutants
	4.7 Chromatographic Methods in Analysis of Environmental Pollutants
	4.8 Evolution of Analytical Techniques in Environmental Analysis
	4.9 Perspectives on the Methods of Analysis of Environmental Pollutants
	4.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Global Scenario of Remediation Techniques to Combat Environmental Pollution
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Techniques for Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
		5.2.1 Ex Situ Remediation Techniques
			5.2.1.1 Dig and Dump Technique
			5.2.1.2 Pump-and-Treat Technique
			5.2.1.3 Incineration Technique
			5.2.1.4 Oxidation Technique
			5.2.1.5 Adsorption
			5.2.1.6 Ion Exchange
			5.2.1.7 Pyrolysis Remediation Technique
			5.2.1.8 Physical Separation Technique
			5.2.1.9 Dehalogenation Technique
			5.2.1.10 Bioremediation Technique
			5.2.1.11 Solidification Remediation Technique
			5.2.1.12 Constructed Wetlands
		5.2.2 In Situ Remediation Techniques
			5.2.2.1 Biological Treatments
			5.2.2.2 Physical or Chemical Treatments
			5.2.2.3 Thermal Treatments
	5.3 Techniques for Remediation of Air Pollution
	5.4 Emerging Technologies
		5.4.1 Nanotechnology
		5.4.2 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology
		5.4.3 Ultrasonic Technology
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Biopesticides: Clean and Viable Technology for Healthy Environment
	6.1 Background Biopesticides
	6.2 Effective Use of Plant Protection Methods
		6.2.1 Biological Control
		6.2.2 Temperature, Timely Spraying, Improved Control Effect
		6.2.3 Advantages of Biopesticides
		6.2.4 Types of Biopesticides
			6.2.4.1 Botanical Biopesticides
			6.2.4.2 Microbial Biopesticides
			6.2.4.3 Mycotoxins
			6.2.4.4 Toxins Generated by Algae
			6.2.4.5 Toxins Produced by Plants
			6.2.4.6 Animal Biopesticides
	6.3 Pheromones
	6.4 Plant Protection Products
	6.5 Agricultural and Secondary Products Can Be Used for Production and Processing
	6.6 Transgenic Products
	6.7 Natural Biopesticide
		6.7.1 Garlic: A Biopesticide
		6.7.2 Lemon Eucalyptus Oil
	6.8 Technology for the Production of Entomopathogenic Bacterial Biopesticides
		6.8.1 General Mode of Action
		6.8.2 The Bacteria
		6.8.3 Baculoviruses
		6.8.4 Fungi
	6.9 What Alternatives Exist if the EU Says NOT to Pesticides
	6.10 How Viable Are Biological Control Methods?
	6.11 Biopesticides Are Far from the Efficiency of Chemical Treatments
		6.11.1 Biological Control of Pests with Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium brunneum
		6.11.2 Use of Entomopathogenic Microorganisms
		6.11.3 Spreading Viral Infections
	6.12 Bacterial Preparations Used in Biological Control
		6.12.1 Application of Bacterial Bioproducts
		6.12.2 Fungi
		6.12.3 Symptomatology and Mode of Action
		6.12.4 The Role of Climatic Factors
		6.12.5 The Protozoa
		6.12.6 Symptomatology and Mode of Action
	6.13 The Entomophages
		6.13.1 Adhesive Panels
		6.13.2 The Tetratap Trap
		6.13.3 Traps Commonly Used to Capture Coleopterans (Especially Bark Beetles) They Are Barrier (for Flying Insects) and Tubular (for Insects that Rest)
		6.13.4 The Glass Trap
		6.13.5 Trap with Wings
		6.13.6 The Tubular Traps
	6.14 Territorial Planning Methods to Increase the Role of Biological Predators in Combating Crop Pests
		6.14.1 Intercropping/Strip Cropping
		6.14.2 Undersowing
		6.14.3 Conservation Headlands
		6.14.4 Weed Strips Within the Crops
		6.14.5 Field Margins and Beetle Banks
		6.14.6 Insectarium Plants
		6.14.7 Use of Pheromones in Forest Protection Actions
	6.15 Plant Protection Products Management
	6.16 Modern Methods in the QSAR/QSPR Study of Biopesticides
	6.17 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 7: Inoculum Addition in the Presence of Plant Rhizosphere for Petroleum-Polluted Soil Remediation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Different Strategies of Bioremediation
		7.2.1 Composting of Highly Petroleum-Polluted Soil
		7.2.2 Enhanced Degradation of Pollutants with Bioaugmentation
			7.2.2.1 Liquid Microbial Culture Inoculation
			7.2.2.2 Inoculation with Immobilized Microbial Culture
		7.2.3 Rhizoremediation of Pollutants
		7.2.4 Plant Species Selection Criteria for Rhizodegradation
	7.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Vermicomposting: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Recycling/Management of Organic Wastes
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Vermicomposting
	8.3 Species Used in Vermicomposting
	8.4 Materials Used for Vermicomposting
	8.5 Methods of Vermicomposting
		8.5.1 Pit Method
		8.5.2 Windrows Method
	8.6 Factors Influencing Vermicomposting of Organic Wastes
		8.6.1 pH
		8.6.2 Moisture
		8.6.3 Temperature
		8.6.4 Food Substrate/Organic Waste
		8.6.5 Light
		8.6.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio (C:N Ratio) “Greens and Browns”
	8.7 Advantages of Vermicompost
		8.7.1 Organic Fertilizer
		8.7.2 More Nutritious
		8.7.3 Beneficial Microorganisms
		8.7.4 Healthier Plants
		8.7.5 Plant Growth
		8.7.6 Water Retention
		8.7.7 Slow Nutrition Release
		8.7.8 Rich in Humic Acids
	8.8 Nutrient Status of Vermicompost
	8.9 Vermicompost as Plant Growth Promoter and Protector
		8.9.1 Growth Promoter
		8.9.2 Plant Protector
	8.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Bio-fertilizers: Eco-Friendly Approach for Plant and Soil Environment
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Difference Between Bio-fertilizers, PGPR, and Organic Fertilizers
	9.3 History of Bio-fertilizer
	9.4 Mechanisms of Action of Bio-fertilizers
		9.4.1 Nitrogen Fixation
		9.4.2 Phosphate Solubilization
		9.4.3 Zinc Solubilization
		9.4.4 Potassium Solubilization
		9.4.5 Silicate Solubilization
		9.4.6 Sulfur Oxidation
	9.5 Production of Bio-fertilizer
	9.6 Biochemistry of Bio-fertilizer Production
		9.6.1 Hydrolysis
		9.6.2 A Fermentative Step (Acidogenesis)
		9.6.3 Acetogenesis
		9.6.4 Methanogenesis
	9.7 Bio-fertilizer Classification
		9.7.1 Nitrogen Fixing Bio-fertilizers
		9.7.2 Phosphate-Solubilizing Bio-fertilizer
		9.7.3 Phosphate-Mobilizing Bio-fertilizers
		9.7.4 Zinc-Solubilizing Bio-fertilizer
		9.7.5 Potassium-Solubilizing Bio-fertilizer
		9.7.6 Potassium-Mobilizing Bio-fertilizer
		9.7.7 Silicate-Solubilizing Bio-fertilizers
		9.7.8 Sulfur-Oxidizing Bio-fertilizer
		9.7.9 Plant Growth-Promoting Bio-fertilizer (PGPB)
		9.7.10 Liquid Bio-fertilizers
		9.7.11 Composting
	9.8 Characteristics of Some Microbes Used as Bio-fertilizers
		9.8.1 Rhizobium
		9.8.2 Azotobacter
		9.8.3 Azospirillum
		9.8.4 Acetobacter
		9.8.5 Beijerinckia
		9.8.6 Azolla
		9.8.7 Cyanobacteria
		9.8.8 Mycorrhizae
	9.9 Application Methods
	9.10 Advantages of Bio-fertilizer over Chemical Fertilizer
	References
Chapter 10: Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Approach
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Phytoremediation and Mechanisms
		10.2.1 Phytoextraction
		10.2.2 Rhizofiltration
		10.2.3 Phytostabilization
		10.2.4 Mechanisms of Phytostabilization
		10.2.5 Phytovolatilization
		10.2.6 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation
		10.2.7 Plant Selection Criteria for Phytoremediation
	10.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Credibility of In Situ Phytoremediation for Restoration of Disturbed Environments
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 In Situ Phytoremediation
	11.3 Native Plants Used in In Situ Phytoremediation
	11.4 Accumulation of Trace Metals by Plants Under Field Conditions in Mexico
	11.5 Hyperaccumulator Plants
	11.6 Methods, Perspectives, and Future Needs
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Role of White Willow (Salix alba L.) for Cleaning Up the Toxic Metal Pollution
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Reaction of Salix alba L. to Heavy and Toxic Metals
	12.3 Heavy Metal Accumulation
	12.4 Phytoextraction
	12.5 How Salix alba L. Is Eligible for Phytoremediation
	12.6 Phytoremediation Potential
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Mycoremediation: A Sustainable Tool for Abating Environmental Pollution
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Mycoremediation Treatment Techniques
		13.2.1 Biodegradation
		13.2.2 Biosorption
		13.2.3 Bioconversion
	13.3 Contaminants/Pollutants
		13.3.1 Heavy Metal Pollution, Effects, and Their Remediation with Fungi
		13.3.2 Considerations on the Metal’s Uptake Capacity of Microorganisms
	13.4 Remediation of Organic Contaminants
		13.4.1 Degradation of Pesticides
		13.4.2 Degradation of Toxic Chemical Dyes
	13.5 Advantages of Mycoremediation
		13.5.1 Synergy with Phytoremediation
	13.6 Mechanisms of Bioremediation
	13.7 Bioremediation Potential of Fungi
	13.8 Fungal Enzymes in Bioremediation
	13.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14: Microbial Biofilm Cell Systems for Remediation of Wastewaters
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Microbial Immobilization
	14.3 Support Materials for Immobilization
	14.4 Immobilization Methods
		14.4.1 Adsorption
		14.4.2 Covalent Binding
		14.4.3 Entrapment in Porous Matrix
		14.4.4 Encapsulation
	14.5 Role of Microbial Biofilm Cell Systems in Bioremediation of Wastewater
		14.5.1 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
		14.5.2 Bioremediation of Refractory Organic Wastewater
		14.5.3 Bioremediation of Industrial Dyes
		14.5.4 Bioremediation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
	14.6 Conclusions
	14.7 Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 15: Pollution Remediation by Way of Using Genetically Modified Plants (GMPs)
	15.1 Introduction: Biotechnology and Phytoremediation
	15.2 Main Strategies of Plant Transgenesis
	15.3 Difficulties Associated with Phytoremediation and New Molecular Biology Strategies in Plant Transgenesis Field
	15.4 Future Perspectives
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
Index