Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design

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Bioprocess Engineering:
Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design
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Chapter 1 - What is bioprocess engineering?
	1.1 - Biological cycle
	1.2 - Bioprocess engineering applications
	1.3 - Scales: living organism and manufacturing
	1.4 - Green chemistry
	1.5 - Sustainability
	1.6 - Biorefinery
	1.7 - Biotechnology and bioprocess engineering
	1.8 - Mathematics, biology, and engineering
	1.9 - The story of penicillin: the dawn of bioprocess engineering
	1.10 - Bioprocesses: regulatory constraints
	1.11 - The pillars of bioprocess kinetics and systems engineering
	1.12 - Summary
	Problems
	References
		D. History of Penicillin
	Further readings
		A. Green Chemistry
		B. Sustainability
		C. Biorefinery
		D. History of Penicillin
		E. Regulatory Issues
Chapter 2 - An overview of biological basics
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Chapter outline
	2.1 - Cells and organisms
		2.1.1 - Microbial diversity
		2.1.2 - How cells are named
		2.1.3 - Prokaryotes
			2.1.3.1 - Eubacteria
			2.1.3.2 - Archaebacteria
		2.1.4 - Eukaryotes
	2.2 - Viruses
	2.3 - Prions
	2.4 - Stem cell
	2.5 - Cell chemistry
		2.5.1 - Amino acids and proteins
		2.5.2 - Monosaccharides
			2.5.2.1 - Aldoses
				2.5.2.1.1 - D-hexoses
				2.5.2.1.2 - Pentoses
				2.5.2.1.3 - D-tetroses
				2.5.2.1.4 - D-trioses
			2.5.2.2 - Ketoses
				2.5.2.2.1 - Ketohexoses
				2.5.2.2.2 - Ketopentoses
				2.5.2.2.3 - Ketotetroses
				2.5.2.2.4 - Ketotriose
			2.5.2.3 - Deoxysugars
		2.5.3 - Disaccharides
		2.5.4 - Polysaccharides
			2.5.4.1 - Starch
			2.5.4.2 - Glycogen
			Fructan
			2.5.4.4 - Cellulose
			2.5.4.5 - Hemicelluloses
		2.5.5 - Phytic acid and inositol
		2.5.6 - Chitin and chitosan
		2.5.7 - Lignin
		2.5.8 - Lipids, fats, and steroids
		2.5.9 - Nucleic acids, RNA, and DNA
	2.6 - Cell feed
		2.6.1 - Macronutrients
		2.6.2 - Micronutrients
		2.6.3 - Growth media
	2.7 - Non earthly/unnatural biological agents
	2.8 - Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 3 - An overview of chemical reaction analysis
	3.1 - Chemical species
	3.2 - Chemical reactions
	3.3 - Reaction rates
		3.3.1 - Definition of the rate of reaction, rA
		3.3.2 - Rate of a single irreversible reaction
		3.3.3 - Rate of an elementary reaction
		3.3.4 - Rate of a reversible reaction
		3.3.5 - Rates of multiple reactions
		3.3.6 - Rate coefficients
	3.4 - Approximate reactions
	3.5 - Stoichiometry
	3.6 - Yield and yield factor
	3.7 - Reaction rates near equilibrium
	3.8 - Energy regularity
	3.9 - Classification of multiple reactions and selectivity
	3.10 - Coupled reactions
	3.11 - Reactor mass balances
	3.12 - Reaction energy balances
	3.13 - Reactor momentum balance
	3.14 - Ideal reactors
	3.15 - Bioprocess systems optimization
	3.16 - Summary
	Problems
	Further readings
Chapter 4 - Batch reactor
	4.1 - Isothermal batch reactors
	4.2 - Batch reactor sizing
	4.3 - Nonisothermal batch reactors
	4.4 - Numerical solutions of batch reactor problems
	4.5 - The reactor pinch graph
	4.6 - Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 5 - Ideal flow reactors
	Chapter outline
	5.1 - Commonly useful parameters
	5.2 - Plug flow reactor (PFR)
	5.3 - Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and chemostat
	5.4 - Multiple reactors
	5.5 - Recycle reactors
	5.6 - PFR with distributed feeding and withdrawing
		5.6.1 - Distributed feed
		5.6.2 - Membrane reactor
	5.7 - Reactive distillation
	5.8 - PFR or CSTR?
	5.9 - Steady nonisothermal flow reactors
	5.10 - Reactive extraction
	5.11 - Graphic solutions using batch concentration data
		5.11.1 - Solution of A PFR using batch concentration data
		5.11.2 - Solution of A CSTR using batch concentration data
	5.12 - Summary
	Problems
	Further readings
Chapter 6 - Kinetic theory and reaction kinetics
	Chapter outline
	6.1 - Elementary kinetic theory
		6.1.1 - Distribution laws
		6.1.2 - Collision rate
	6.2 - Collision theory of reaction rates
	6.3 - Reaction rate analysis/approximation
		6.3.1 - Fast equilibrium step (FES) approximation
		6.3.2 - Pseudosteady state hypothesis (PSSH)
	6.4 - Unimolecular reactions
	6.5 - Free radicals
	6.6 - Kinetics of acid hydrolysis
	6.7 - Parametric estimation
	6.8 - Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 7 - Enzymes
	Chapter outline
	7.1 - How enzymes work?
	7.2 - Simple enzyme kinetics
		7.2.1 - The fast equilibrium step (FES) assumption
		7.2.2 - The pseudosteady-state hypothesis (PSSH)
		7.2.3 - Specific activity
	7.3 - Competitive and allosteric enzyme kinetics
		7.3.1 - Reversible reactions
		7.3.2 - Competitive reactions
		7.3.3 - Reactions with nbound substrates
		7.3.4 - Enzyme-substituted reactions–the ping-pong mechanism
		7.3.5 - Bimolecular reactions on allosteric enzymes
	7.4 - Enzyme inhibition
		7.4.1 - Allosteric inhibition
			7.4.1.1 - Noncompetitive inhibition: β = 0 and αS = 1
			7.4.1.2 - Uncompetitive inhibition: β = 0 and KI → ∞ while αS/KI is finite
		7.4.2 - Competitive inhibition
	7.5 - Higher order substrate kinetics
	7.6 - pH effects
	7.7 - Temperature effects
	7.8 - Insoluble substrates and/or high-enzyme loading
	7.9 - Immobilized enzyme systems
		7.9.1 - Methods of immobilization
			7.9.1.1 - Entrapment
			7.9.1.2 - Surface immobilization
		7.9.2 - Electrostatic and steric effects in immobilized enzyme systems
	7.10 - Analysis of bioprocess with enzymatic reactions
	7.11 - Large-scale production of enzymes
	7.12 - Medical and industrial utilization of enzymes
	7.13 - Kinetic approximation: why Michaelis-Menten equation works
		7.13.1 - Pseudosteady state hypothesis (PSSH)
		7.13.2 - Fast equilibrium step (FES) approximation
		7.13.3 - Modified-fast equilibrium approximation
	7.14 - Summary
	Problems
	Further readings
Chapter 8 - Chemical reactions on solid surfaces
	8.1 - Catalysis
	8.2 - How does reaction with solid occur?
	8.3 - Langmuir: theoretical basis of adsorption kinetics
	8.4 - Idealization of nonideal surfaces
		8.4.1 - UniLan adsorption isotherm
		8.4.2 - Common empirical approximate isotherms
	8.5 - Cooperative adsorption
		8.5.1 - Cooperative adsorption of single species
		8.5.2 - Competitive cooperative adsorption
		8.5.3 - Pore size and surface characterization
	8.6 - LHHW: surface reactions with rate-controlling steps
	8.7 - Why rate approximation such as LHHW works?
	8.8 - Chemical reactions on nonideal surfaces based on the distribution of interaction energy
	8.9 - Cooperative catalysis
		8.9.1 - Unimolecular reactions
		8.9.2 - Bimolecular reactions
	8.10 - Kinetics of reactions on surfaces where the solid is either a product or reactant
	8.11 - Decline of surface activity: catalyst deactivation
	8.12 - Summary
	Problems
	References
		Further readings
Chapter 9 - Protein-ligand interactions
	Chapter outline
	9.1 - Multifunctionalization of proteins
	9.2 - Covalently bound oligomers
	9.3 - Noncovalent assembly of protein
	9.4 - Protein assembly via domain swapping
	9.5 - Coexistence of protein oligomer mixtures
	9.6 - Three simplistic models of enzyme interactions
		9.6.1 - The MWC model
		9.6.2 - The KNF model
		9.6.3 - The morpheein model
	9.7 - Protein-ligand interactions
	9.8 - Single ligand species versus enzymes with two identical sites
	9.9 - Single-ligand species on a homosteric enzyme
	9.10 - Sequential single ligand species on allosteric enzymes
	9.11 - Single-ligand species on random-access allosteric enzymes
	9.12 - Multiple different ligand-specific active centers
		9.12.1 - Simple allosteric enzyme
		9.12.2 - Dimers with parallel allosteric sites
		9.12.3 - Parallel interaction
		9.12.4 - Uniallosteric interaction
	9.13 - Competitive multiligand interactions on homosteric enzymes
		9.13.1 - Two-site homosteric enzyme
		9.13.2 - n-site homosteric enzyme
	9.14 - Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 10 - Molecular regulation
	10.1 - Single substrate reactions
		10.1.1 - Catalysis of a homosteric enzyme
		10.1.2 - Catalysis of an allosteric enzyme
	10.2 - “Unimolecular” reactions
		10.2.1 - Homosteric dimeric enzyme
		10.2.2 - Homosteric enzymes
	10.3 - Bimolecular reactions
		10.3.1 - Multisited enzymes
		10.3.2 - Enzyme substitution
	10.4 - The simplest polymorph: a bimorph of two monomeric forms of the same enzyme
		10.4.1 - An indifferent bimorph or morpheein
		10.4.2 - A ligand-stabilized bimorph
		10.4.3 - A lignd-induced bimorph
		10.4.4 - A simplistic kinetic polymorph
	10.5 - Kinetics of polymorphic catalysis
		10.5.1 - Substrate-induced polymorph
			10.5.1.1 - A bimorph of two n-oligo enzymes
		10.5.2 - Substrate-stabilized polymorph
			10.5.2.1 - Substrate-stabilized interconvertible polymorph with noninteractive sites
		10.5.3 - Substrate-indifferent polymorph
			10.5.3.1 - Substrate-indifferent interconvertible biprotomer polymorph with noninteractive sites
			10.5.3.2 - An example of polymorph
	10.6 - Multimolecular reactions on enzymes with ligand-specific active centers
		10.6.1 - Simplistic allosteric enzyme
		10.6.2 - Dimers with parallel allosteric sites
		10.6.3 - Catalysis on allosteric enzyme with n-pairs of parallel sites
	10.7 - Parallel allosteric competitive interactions
		10.7.1 - Simplistic allosteric enzyme
		10.7.2 - Dimers with parallel allosteric sites
		10.7.3 - Interactive enzymes with pairs of parallel n-homosteric sites
	10.8 - Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 11 - Cell metabolism
	Chapter outline
	11.1 - The central dogma
	11.2 - DNA replication: preserving and propagating the cellular message
	11.3 - Transcription: sending the message
	11.4 - Translation: message to product
		11.4.1 - Genetic code: universal message
		11.4.2 - Translation: how the machinery works
		11.4.3 - Posttranslational processing: making the product useful
	11.5 - Metabolic regulation
		11.5.1 - Genetic-level control: which proteins are synthesized?
		11.5.2 - Metabolic pathway control
	11.6 - How a cell senses its extracellular environment?
		11.6.1 - Mechanisms to transport small molecules across cellular membranes
		11.6.2 - Role of cell receptors in metabolism and cellular differentiation
	11.7 - Major metabolic pathways
		11.7.1 - Bioenergetics
		11.7.2 - Glucose metabolism: glycolysis and the TCA cycle
		11.7.3 - Metabolism of common plant biomass-derived monosaccharides
		11.7.4 - Fermentative pathways
		11.7.5 - Respiration
		11.7.6 - Control sites in aerobic glucose metabolism
		11.7.7 - Metabolism of nitrogenous compounds
		11.7.8 - Nitrogen fixation
		11.7.9 - Metabolism of hydrocarbons
		11.7.10 - Interrelationships of metabolic pathways
	11.8 - Overview of biosynthesis
	11.9 - Overview of anaerobic metabolism
	11.10 - Overview of autotrophic metabolism
	11.11 - Overall kinetic assymptote: the Monod equation
	11.12 - Summary
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 12 - Evolution and genetic engineering
	Chapter outline
	12.1 - Mutations
		12.1.1 - What causes genetic mutations?
			12.1.1.1 - Spontaneous mutations
			12.1.1.2 - Induced mutations
		12.1.2 - Types of mutations
			12.1.2.1 - Germ-line mutations and somatic mutations
			12.1.2.2 - Lethal, nonlethal, and neutral mutations
			12.1.2.3 - Point mutations
				12.1.2.3.1 - Transitions or transversions
				12.1.2.3.2 - Insertions
				12.1.2.3.3 - Deletions
		12.1.3 - Large-scale mutations
			12.1.3.1 - Chromosomal structural mutations
			12.1.3. 2 Changes in chromosome number
	12.2 - Selection
		12.2.1 - Natural selection
		12.2.2 - Artificial selection (selection of mutants with useful mutations)
	12.3 - Natural mechanisms for gene transfer and rearrangement
		12.3.1 - Genetic recombination
		12.3.2 - Transformation
		12.3.3 - Transduction
		12.3.4 - Episomes and conjugation
		12.3.5 - Transposons: internal gene transfer
	12.4 - Techniques of genetic engineering
		12.4.1 - Gene synthesis
		12.4.2 - Complimentary DNA or cDNA
		12.4.3 - Cloning genes into a plasmid
		12.4.4 - Polymerase chain reaction
		12.4.5 - Vectors and plasmids
			12.4.5.1 - Restriction enzymes
			12.4.5.2 - DNA ligase
			12.4.5.3 - Plasmids
			12.4.5.4 - Gene transfer
	12.5 - Applications of genetic engineering
	12.6 - The product and process decisions
	12.7 - Host-vector system selection
		12.7.1 - Escherichia coli
		12.7.2 - Gram-positive bacteria
		12.7.3 - Lower eukaryotic cells
		12.7.4 - Mammalian cells
		12.7.5 - Insect cell-baculovirus system
		12.7.6 - Transgenic animals
		12.7.7 - Transgenic plants and plant cell culture
		12.7.8 - Comparison of strategies
	12.8 - Regulatory constraints on genetic processes
	12.9 - Metabolic engineering
	12.10 - Protein engineering
	12.11 - Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 13 - How cells grow
	Chapter outline
	13.1 - Quantifying biomass
		13.1.1 - Cell number density
		13.1.2 - Cell mass concentration
			13.1.2.1 - Direct methods
			13.1.2.2 - Indirect methods
	13.2 - Batch growth patterns
	13.3 - Biomass yield
	13.4 - Approximate growth kinetics and Monod equation
	13.5 - Cell death rate
	13.6 - Cell maintenance and endogenous metabolism
	13.7 - Product yield
	13.8 - Oxygen demand for aerobic microorganisms
	13.9 - Autotrophic growth
	13.10 - Effect of environmental conditions
		13.10.1 - Effect of temperature
		13.10.2 - Effect of pH
		13.10.3 - Effect of redox potential
		13.10.4 - Effect of electrolytes and substrate concentration
	13.11 - Heat generation by microbial growth
	13.12 - Overview of cell growth kinetic models
		13.12.1 - Unstructured growth models
		13.12.2 - Simple growth rate model: Monod equation
		13.12.3 - Modified Monod equation with growth inhibitors
			13.12.3.1 - Substrate inhibition
			13.12.3.2 - Product inhibition
			13.12.3.3 - Cell inhibition
			13.12.3.4 - Inhibition by toxic compounds
		13.12.4 - Multiple limiting substrates
			13.12.4.1 - Complementary substrates
			13.12.4.2 - Substitutable substrates
			13.12.4.3 - Mixed types of substrates
		13.12.5 - Simplest reaction network model
		13.12.6 - Simplest metabolic pathway
		13.12.7 - Cybernetic models
		13.12.8 - Computational systems biology
	13.13 - Selective substrate uptake kinetics
	13.14 - Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 14 - Cell cultivation
	14.1 - Batch culture
	14.2 - Continuous culture
		14.2.1 - Chemostat devices for continuous culture
		14.2.2 - The ideal chemostat
		14.2.3 - Cell composition change in chemostat
		14.2.4 - The chemostat as a tool
	14.3 - Choosing the cultivation method
	14.4 - Chemostat with recycle
	14.5 - Multistage chemostat systems
	14.6 - Waste water treatment process
	14.7 - Immobilized cell systems
		14.7.1 - Active immobilization of cells
		14.7.2 - Passive immobilization—biological films
	14.8 - Solid substrate fermentations
	14.9 - Fed-batch operations
		14.9.1 - Theoretical considerations
			14.9.1.1 - Culture volume
			14.9.1.2 Limiting substrate in the reactor
			14.9.1.2 - Cell biomass
			14.9.1.4. Extracellular products
			14.9.1.5 - Temperature in the reactor
		14.9.2 - Ideal isothermal fed-batch reactors
		14.9.3 - Isothermal pseudosteady state fed-batch growth
	14.10 - Summary
	Problems
	Further readings
Chapter 15 - Sustainability and stability
	15.1 - Feed stability of a CSTR
		15.1.1 - Multiple steady states (MSS)
		15.1.2 - Stability of steady state
		15.1.3 - Effect of feed parameters on MSS
	15.2 - Thermal stability of a CSTR
	15.3 - Approaching steady state
	15.4 - Catalyst instability
		15.4.1 - Fouling
		15.4.2 - Poisoning
		15.4.3 - Sintering
		15.4.4 - Catalyst activity decay
		15.4.5 - Spent catalyst regeneration
	15.5 - Genetic instability
		15.5.1 - Segregational instability
		15.5.2 - Plasmid structural instability
		15.5.3 - Host cell mutations
		15.5.4 - Growth-rate-dominated instability
		15.5.5 - Considerations in plasmid design to avoid process problems
		15.5.6 - Host-vector interactions and genetic instability
	15.6 - Mixed cultures
		15.6.1 - Major classes of interactions in mixed cultures
		15.6.2 - Interactions of two species fed on the same limiting substrate
		15.6.3 - Interactions of two mutualistic species
		15.6.4 - Industrial applications of mixed cultures
		15.6.5 - Mixed culture in nature
	15.7 - Sustainability of mixed culture
		15.7.1 - Predator and prey interactions
		15.7.2 - Lokka-Volterra model – a simplified predator-prey interaction model
	15.8 - Summary
	Problems
	Further readings
Chapter 16 - Combustion, reactive hazard, and bioprocess safety
	16.1 - Biological hazards
	16.2 - Identifying chemical reactivity hazards
		16.2.1 - Chemical hazard labeling
		16.2.2 - Chemical reactivity hazard
	16.3 - Heat, flames, fires, and explosions
	16.4 - Probabilities, redundancy, and worst-case scenarios
	16.5 - Chain reactions
	16.6 - Autooxidation and safety
		16.6.1 - A simple model of autooxidation
		16.6.2 - Spoilage of food
		16.6.3 - Antioxidants
	16.7 - Combustion
		16.7.1 - Hydrogen oxidation
		16.7.2 - Chain branching reactions
		16.7.3 - Alkane oxidation
		16.7.4 - Liquid alkane oxidation
		16.7.5 - Thermal ignition
		16.7.6 - Thermal and chemical autocatalysis
	16.8 - Premixed flames
		16.8.1 - Stability of a tube flame
		16.8.2 - Premixed burner flames
		16.8.3 - Diffusion flames
		16.8.4 - Laminar and turbulent flames
	16.9 - Heat generation
		16.9.1 - Radiation
		16.9.2 - Flammability limits
	16.10 - Gasification and pyrolysis
		16.10.1 - Pyrolysis
		16.10.2 - Coke and charcoal
		16.10.3 - The campfire or charcoal grill
		16.10.4 - Solid wood or coal combustion
			16.10.5 - Gasification and Fisher-Tropsch technology
		16.11 - Solid and liquid explosives
		16.12 - Explosions and detonations
		16.13 - Reactor safety
		16.14 - Summary
		Problems
	Websites
	Further readings
Chapter 17 - Mass transfer effects: immobilized and heterogeneous reaction systems
	17.1 - How transformation occurs in a heterogeneous system?
	17.2 - Molecular diffusion and mass transfer rate
	17.3 - External mass transfer
	17.4 - Are kinetic constants of microbial growth dependent on cell size?
	17.5 - Reactions in isothermal porous catalysts
		17.5.1 - Asymptote of effectiveness factor and generalized Thiele modulus
		17.5.2 - Isothermal effectiveness factor for KA = 0
			17.5.2.1 - Effectiveness factor for a zeroth order reaction in an isothermal porous slab
			17.5.2.2 - Effectiveness factor for a zeroth order reaction in an isothermal porous sphere
		17.5.3 - Isothermal effectiveness factor for KA → ∞
			17.5.3.1 - Effectiveness factor for a first order reaction in an isothermal porous slab
			17.5.3.2 - Effectiveness factor for a first order reaction in an isothermal porous sphere
		17.5.4 - Effectiveness factor for isothermal porous catalyst
			17.5.4.1 - Isothermal effectiveness factor in a porous slab
			17.5.4.2 - Isothermal effectiveness factor in a porous sphere
	17.6 - Mass transfer effects in nonisothermal porous particles
	17.7 - Encapsulation immobilization
	17.8 - Combined external and internal mass transfer effects
	17.9 - The shrinking core model
		17.9.1 - Time required to completely dissolve a porous slab full of fast-reactive materials
		17.9.2 - Time required to completely dissolve a porous sphere full of fast-reactive materials
	17.10 - Summary
	Problems
	References
	Further readings
Chapter 18 - Bioreactor design and operation
	18.1 - Bioreactor selection
	18.2 - Reactor operational mode selection
	18.3 - Aeration, agitation, and heat transfer
	18.4 - Scale-up
	18.5 - Scale-down
	18.6 - Bioinstrumentation and controls
	18.7 - Sterilization of process fluids
		18.7.1 - Batch thermal sterilization
		18.7.2 - Continuous thermal sterilization
			18.7.2.1 - Thermal sterilization in a CSTR
			18.7.2.2 - Thermal sterilization in a PFR
			18.7.2.3 - Thermal sterilization in a laminar flow tubular reactor
			18.7.2.4 - Thermal sterilization in a turbulent flow tubular reactor
		18.7.3 - Sterilization of liquids
		18.7.4 - Sterilization of gases
		18.7.5 - Ensuring sterility
	18.8 - Aseptic operations and practical considerations for bioreactor system construction
		18.8.1 - Equipment, medium transfer and flow control
		18.8.2 - Stirrer shaft
		18.8.3 - Fermenter inoculation and sampling
		18.8.4 - Materials of construction
		18.8.5 - Sparger design
		18.8.6 - Evaporation control
	18.9 - Effect of imperfect mixing
		18.9.1 - Compartment model
		18.9.2 - Surface adhesion model
	18.10 - Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 19 - Real reactors and residence time distributions
	Chapter outline
	19.1 - Real reactors
	19.2 - Residence-time distribution function
		19.2.1 - RTD determination with a pulse input
		19.2.2 - RTD determination with a step input
		19.2.3 - RTD determination with any tracer inputs
		19.2.4 - Characteristics of the RTD
	19.3 - Residence-time distributions of ideal reactors
		19.3.1 - RTDs in batch reactors and PFRs
		19.3.2 - RTD in a CSTR
		19.3.3 - RTD in an ideal laminar-flow tubular reactor
		19.3.4 - A comparison of RTDs in ideal reactors
	19.4 - Tubular dispersion reactor
	19.5 - PFR with partial distributed feed/withdraw and recycle
	19.6 - Summary
	Problems
	Further readings
Chapter 20 - Design of experiment
	20.1 - Experiment
		20.1.1 - Controlled experiments
		20.1.2 - Observational study: natural or field experiments
	20.2 - Adaptive design
	20.3 - Factorial design, LI
	20.4 - Fractional factorial design
		20.4.1 - Linear response
		20.4.2 - Response surface
		20.4.3 - Non-interacting systems
	20.5 - Plackett-Burman design
	20.6 - Taguchi experimental design
	20.7 - Central composite design
	20.8 - Box-Behnken design
	20.9 - Doehlert design
	20.10 - Superlative box design
	20.11 - Quality impartial design
	20.12 - DOE for cubic and quartic response models
	20.13 - Independent variable versus normalized factor
	20.14 - Summary
	Further readings
Index