Biophysical Measurement in Experimental Social Science Research: Theory and Practice

Cover
Biophysical Measurement in Experimental Social Science Research: Theory and Practice
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
	References
Acknowledgments
1
Eye Tracking as a Tool for Examining Cognitive Processes
	Introduction
	History and Measurement
		From Eye Tracking to Cognitive Science
	Examples of Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science
		Visual Search
		Reading
		Infant Cognition
		Judgment and Decision Making
	In-depth Example: Associative Learning
		Learning, Blocking, and the Role of Attention
		The Automatic Capture of Attention by Reward
		Gaze-Contingency
	Conclusions and Future Directions for Eye Tracking
	References
2
Brain Morphometry for Economists: How do Brain Volume Constraints Affect Our Choices?
	Introduction
	How is Information About Reward Value Encoded in the Brain?
	Theoretical Findings on the Implications of Nervous System Limitations for Value Encoding
	Approaches to Brain Anatomy
		Voxel-Based Morphometry
	The Links Between Gray Matter Volume and Behavior
		Risk Attitudes
		Discounting
		Rationality in Choice
	The Relevance of Brain Structure Measurements to Economics
	Caveats
	References
3
fMRI in Economics: What Functional Imaging of the Brain Can Add to Behavioral Economics Experiments
	Introduction
	Economic Theories Relevant to fMRI Technology
	How the Brain Works
		The Hemodynamic Response
		Excitatory Versus Inhibitory Activity
	The Method and Application of fMRI Technology
	What Have We Learned From fMRI Evidence?
		Subjective Value in the Brain
		Decision Making Under Uncertainty
		Loss Aversion
		Regret Aversion
		Reference Dependence
		Intertemporal Decision Making
		Social Decision Making
	Limitations
	Conclusion
	References
4
Skin Conductance in the Study of Politics and Communication*
	Introduction
	What Exactly is Skin Conductance?
	What Can We Learn From Skin Conductance?
	Negativity Biases in Reactions to Network News
	Methods
	Results
	Discussion
	References
5
Steroid Hormones in Social Science Research
	Introduction
	Understanding Steroid Hormones
		What Are Steroid Hormones?
		Organizational Effects of Steroid Hormones
		Activational Effects of Steroid Hormones
	How Can Steroid Hormones be Measured?
		Measuring the Organizational Effects of Steroid Hormones
		Measuring the Activational Effects of Steroid Hormones
		Measuring Circulating Steroid Hormone Levels
		Contextual Factors Affecting Steroid Hormone Measurement
	How Can We Use Steroid Hormones in Social Science Research?
		Steroid Hormones as a Reflector of Environmental Inputs
		Steroid Hormones Effect on Behavior
	Limitations of Steroid Hormone Research
	Complementarity With Other Research and Directions for Future Research
	References
6
An Interoceptive Walk Down Wall Street
	Introduction
	From Cold to Warm Rationality
		A Brief History of the Economic Study of Behavior
		The Role of Emotion
	Definitions and Measures of Interoception
	Interoceptive Ability and Financial Professionals
		Interoception on Wall Street
	Conclusion
	References
7
Mind, Body, Bubble! Psychological and Biophysical Dimensions of Behavior in Experimental Asset Markets
	Introduction
	The Role of the Brain-Body Nexus in Financial Decision Making
		The Embodied Mind
		Interpersonal Differences
	Experimental Environment
	Fixed Characteristics
		Personality
		Cognitive Ability
		Gender
	Transitory States
		Hormones
		Systems 1 and 2
		Emotions: Induced Through Priming
		Emotions: Repeated Measures
		fMRI
	Discussion and Conclusion
		Implications for Research
		Implications for Our Understanding of Markets
		Implications for Market Design, Regulation, and Policy
	References
8
Opportunities and Challenges of Portable Biological, Social, and Behavioral Sensing Systems for the Social Sciences
	Introduction
	Heart Rate Variability Measurement, Emotions, and Stress
	Sociometers and Emotional Sense Systems
		Influence
		Mimicry
		Activity Level
		Consistency
		Capturing Nonverbal Dynamics: The Current Frontier
	Future Opportunities
		Toward a Better Micro-Foundation of Human Behavior
		Scientific Philosophy and Method
		From Micro to Macro
	References
9
Can Social Scientists Use Molecular Genetic Data to Explain Individual Differences and Inform Public Policy?
	Introduction
	Scientific Primer
		A Brief Review of the Development of Molecular Genetics Over the Last Century
		Collecting Molecular Genetic Data
	Social Science Research Using Genetic Data
		From Candidate Genes to Genome-Wide Studies
		Moving Beyond Association: Using Genetic Markers to Estimate Causal Effects
		Gene-Environment Interactions
	Can Genetic Research Findings Inform Public Policy?
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
	Glossary
10
Conclusion
	Introduction
	Ethical Matters
	Current Practice in Historical Context
	Frontiers
		Pupillometry
		Emotion Recognition Based on Facial Musculature or Gait Analysis
	Relevance of Biophysical Methods to the Future Development of Theories and Policy Recommendations
	References
Appendix 1
Getting Started With Eye Tracking
	A (very) brief explanation of video-based eye tracking
	Choosing the eye tracking system that is right for you
	Types of eye movements targeted in eye tracking research
	Types of eye trackers
		Tower-Mounted Trackers
		Remote Trackers
		Head-Mounted Trackers
	Sampling frequency
		How Sampling Frequency Affects Measurement Error
		Sampling Frequency and Gaze Contingency
		What Sampling Frequency do You Need?
	Accuracy and precision
		Eye Tracker Latency
	Binocular versus monocular tracking
	Analysis software
	A Simple eye tracking experiment from design to data analysis
		Design
		Programming
	Data collection
		Calibration
		Troubleshooting Common Problems in Data Collection
	Data analysis
		Data Preprocessing
		Defining Areas of Interest
		A Simple Method for Calculating Dwell Time
	Summary
	References
Appendix 2
Using Heart Rate Variability Measures in Social Science Research
	Introduction
	HRV: what type of information is provided?
		Heart Rate Variability Versus Heart Rate
		Deciding on a Measurement Approach
		Which Method Should you Use?
		Getting a Good Recording
		The Type of Device to Use
	The nature of hrv data
		Optimal Duration of Measurement Episodes
		Within- Versus Between-Individual Analysis
		Data Cleaning
	When and when not to use HRV
		What Type of Studies?
		The Cost of Using HRV Measures
		Necessary Sample Sizes
		Timelines
	Summary
	References
Index
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