Biomineralization: Medical Aspects of Solubility

Biomineralization – Medical Aspects of Solubility......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 13
Foreword......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2.1 Solubility Measurements......Page 22
1.2.3 Kinetic Measurements......Page 23
1.3.2 Chemical Speciation, Blood Plasma Models and Chelation Therapy......Page 24
1.3.3 Metal Solubility and Toxicity......Page 26
1.3.4 Urine Models......Page 27
1.3.5 Modeling Pancreatic and Biliary Stone Formation......Page 40
1.4.1 Solubility of Nanomaterials and Biological Demineralization......Page 41
1.4.2 New Mechanisms of Biomineralization......Page 44
References......Page 47
2.1.1 Renal Lithiasis......Page 59
2.1.2 Sialolithiasis......Page 61
2.2 Classification of Renal Calculi and Formation Mechanisms......Page 62
2.2.1 Calcium Oxalate Renal Calculi......Page 66
2.2.2 Phosphate Renal Calculi......Page 71
2.2.3 Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate/Hydroxyapatite Mixed Calculi......Page 76
2.2.4 Uric Acid Renal Calculi......Page 78
2.2.5 Cystine Renal Calculi......Page 80
2.2.6 Infrequent Renal Calculi......Page 82
2.2.7 General Considerations About Renal Calculi......Page 83
2.3 Mechanisms of Formation of Sialoliths......Page 84
References......Page 87
3.1 Introduction......Page 91
3.2 Stability of Magnesium and Calcium Phosphates......Page 95
3.2.1 Magnesium Phosphates......Page 100
3.2.2 Whitlockite (TCMP)......Page 101
3.2.3 Calcium Phosphates......Page 103
3.3 Calcium Diphosphate Dihydrate......Page 109
3.4.1 Normal Calcifications – Bones and Teeth......Page 112
3.4.2 Pathological Calcifications......Page 115
3.4.3 Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials......Page 132
References......Page 133
4.1 Introduction......Page 145
4.1.1 Crystallization Mechanisms......Page 150
4.1.2 In Vitro Models of Biomineralization......Page 152
4.1.3 Influence of Additives on Crystal Nucleation......Page 154
4.1.4 Influence of Additives on Crystal Growth......Page 159
4.2.1 The Structure of Bone......Page 164
4.2.2 The Properties of Bone......Page 168
4.2.3 The Organic Matrix of Bone......Page 169
4.2.4 The Mineral Phase of Bone......Page 170
4.2.5 Formation of Bone......Page 171
4.2.6 Biomimetic Methods for Mineralizing Collagen......Page 175
4.2.7 Mineral Precursor Phases......Page 179
4.2.8 Concluding Remarks on Bone Formation......Page 195
4.3.1 Free vs Fixed Particle Mechanisms......Page 196
4.3.2 The Complex Urinary Environment......Page 199
4.3.3 Mixed Composite Stones with CaP Core......Page 214
4.3.4 Morphological Clues of Crystallization Mechanism......Page 218
4.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Stone Formation......Page 221
References......Page 222
5.1.2 Iron Metabolism......Page 239
5.1.3 Iron Overload......Page 240
5.1.4 Iron Oxide Deposits in Tissues......Page 243
5.1.5 Disease Specific Chemical Speciation of Hemosiderin Iron......Page 250
5.1.6 Transformation of Ferrihydrite to Goethite......Page 251
5.2.1 Iron Oxide Isolation and Characterization......Page 252
5.2.3 Isolation of the Iron Storage Components from Tissues......Page 254
5.2.4 Methods......Page 256
5.2.5 Results......Page 257
5.2.6 Discussion......Page 269
5.3 Accessibility of Hemosiderin Iron to an Iron Chelator......Page 274
5.3.1 Materials and Methods......Page 275
5.3.2 Results......Page 276
5.3.3 Discussion......Page 281
5.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 286
References......Page 287
Index......Page 297
Plates......Page 305