Biomimetic Architecture and Its Role in Developing Sustainable, Regenerative, and Livable Cities: Global Perspectives and Approaches in the Age of COVID-19

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Biomimetic Architecture: The Path to Drive Climate Action, Foster Sustainable Cities, and Attain the SDGs, and the Coverage
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Why Focus on Biomimicry in Architecture Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic and Crisis
	1.3 Biomimicry and Biomimetic Architecture Definitions
		1.3.1 Biomimicry Definition
		1.3.2 Types of Biomimicry
	1.4 Biomimicry’s Significance in the Age of COVID-19
		1.4.1 Attitudes, Connectivity to Nature, and Proenvironmental Behaviors During COVID-19
		1.4.2 Biomimicry Learning Through Neighborhood Access to Green Spaces Amid COVID-19
	1.5 Nature, a Great Source of Biomimicry Inspiration
	1.6 Needs for New Approaches to Attain Livability, Sustainable Development, and SDGs
		1.6.1 Biomimicry and Energy Efficiency
		1.6.2 Circular and Biomimicry Built Environment: CBBE and SDGs
	1.7 Can Biomimicry Aid in Developing Urban Spaces and Healthier Buildings’ Indoors?
		1.7.1 Biomimicry and Urban Design
	1.8 Biomimicry and Climate Change Adaptation
	1.9 Biomimicry and Post-COVID Regulations
	1.10 Innovation in Biomimicry and Biomimetic Architecture
	1.11 The Coverage
		1.11.1 Part I
		1.11.2 Part II
	1.12 A Final Note
	References
Chapter 2: Biomimicry and Nature: Milieu, History, Approaches, and Design Methods and Process
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 What Is Biomimicry?
	2.3 Origins of Biomimicry
	2.4 History of Biomimicry in Architecture and Its Outlook
	2.5 The Evolution of Mankind and Relationship with Nature
	2.6 Integrating Biomimicry Approach as a Way of Thinking
	2.7 Biomimicry and Early Conceptual Design
	2.8 Revival of Nature in Architectural Field
	2.9 Overlap Between Architecture and Nature
		2.9.1 Nature as a Model
		2.9.2 Nature as a Measure
		2.9.3 Nature as a Mentor
	2.10 Biomimicry Design Methods and Processes
	2.11 The HELIX Model of Biomimicry
	2.12 Biomimicry Relationship with Environment and Sustainability
	2.13 Biomimitic Design Strategies and Goals
	2.14 Importance of Biomimicry Architecture in the Time of COVID-19
	2.15 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Biomimicry Influences Architecture and Design: Thinking, Approaches, Levels, Application Types, and Inspiration
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Cause of Biomimicry Thinking
	3.3 Biomimicry in Architecture
	3.4 Approaches of Biomimicry
		3.4.1 Design Looking to Biology (Problem-Based Approach)
		3.4.2 Biology to Design (Design Solution-Based Approach)
	3.5 Levels of Biomimicry
		3.5.1 Organism Level
		3.5.2 Behavior Level
		3.5.3 Ecosystem Level
			3.5.3.1 Ecosystem and Sustainability
			3.5.3.2 Mimicking the Process Strategies of Ecosystem
			3.5.3.3 Mimicking the Function of Ecosystem
	3.6 The Applications and Types of Biomimicry in Architecture
		3.6.1 Inspiration Sources
			3.6.1.1 Visual Inspiration in Nature
			3.6.1.2 Conceptual Inspiration in Nature
			3.6.1.3 Computational Inspiration in Nature
	3.7 Biomimicry Design Lens and Nature’s Design Principles
	3.8 Biomimicry as a Tool for Achieving Sustainability
	3.9 Biomimicry in Egypt
	3.10 The Future of Biomimicry
	3.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Sustainability and Global Applications of Biomimicry Approaches and Levels in Architecture
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Biomimicry Application in Line with Sustainability
		4.2.1 Structural Efficiency
			4.2.1.1 Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE
			4.2.1.2 Institute of Computational Design: ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2016/2017
		4.2.2 Material Manufacturing, ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012
		4.2.3 Waste Management
		4.2.4 Water Management
		4.2.5 Thermal Control and Self-Regulating Homeostatic Façade System
			4.2.5.1 Self-Regulating Homeostatic Façade System
		4.2.6 Renewable Energies: Strawscraper Building
			4.2.6.1 Strawscraper Building
	4.3 Architectural Design Examples: Biomimicry
		4.3.1 Waterloo International Terminal in London, UK
		4.3.2 The Eden Project in Cornwall, England
		4.3.3 Swiss Re: Gherkin Tower in London, England
		4.3.4 Selfridges Department Store Building in Birmingham, UK
		4.3.5 The Munich Olympic Stadium, Germany
		4.3.6 Tardigrada Botanica in Poland
		4.3.7 Sagrada Familia Church in Barcelona, Spain
		4.3.8 The Las Palmas Water Theatre in Canary Islands, Spain
		4.3.9 Tenerife Auditorium in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
		4.3.10 The All Seasons Tent Tower in Yerevan, Armenia
		4.3.11 Esplanade Theaters in the City of Singapore, Singapore
		4.3.12 Beijing’s Olympic Stadium and National Aquatic Center in China
		4.3.13 Omotesando Building, Tokyo, Japan
		4.3.14 Residential Building in New Songdo City, Incheon, South Korea
		4.3.15 The Lotus Temple in Delhi, India
		4.3.16 Lavasa Township, India
		4.3.17 Aldar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi, UAE
		4.3.18 The Sahara Forest Project in Aqaba, Jordan, and Qatar
		4.3.19 Doha Tower and Giant Cactus Building
		4.3.20 Council House 2 (HC2) in Melbourne, Australia
		4.3.21 Ultima Tower, San Francesco, CA, USA
		4.3.22 Fennell Residence, Portland, Oregon, USA
		4.3.23 Spiraling Chicago Tower, Chicago, USA
		4.3.24 Hydrological Center for the University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
		4.3.25 Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe
		4.3.26 General Examples
			4.3.26.1 Photovoltaic System and Biomimicry
			4.3.26.2 Ferro Systems and Biomimicry
		4.3.27 Examples of Rainwater Collector and Low-Carbon Buildings
			4.3.27.1 Rain Collector in Nowak, Poland
			4.3.27.2 Reichstag, New German Parliament in Berlin, Germany
			4.3.27.3 Shanghai Skyscraper, China
			4.3.27.4 Habitat 2020, China (Hypothetical)
			4.3.27.5 Office Building of the Future, USA (Hypothetical)
			4.3.27.6 Lilypad Floating City
	4.4 The Role of Robotic Strategies in Biomimetic Architecture
	4.5 Summary of Previous Global Biomimetic Examples
	4.6 Sustainability Comparative Analysis and Evaluation
		4.6.1 Comparative Evaluation of Biomimicry Architecture and Sustainability
		4.6.2 Why Do We Need Sustainable Architecture?
			4.6.2.1 Environmental Benefits
			4.6.2.2 Economic Benefits
			4.6.2.3 Social Benefits
		4.6.3 The Analytical Study
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Biomimicry in Architecture for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: An Overview of Egypt, Italy, and Germany Actions towards Climate Change
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Climate Change in a Global Context
	5.3 Vital Signs
	5.4 Causes and Effects of Climate Change
		5.4.1 Causes of Climate Change
		5.4.2 Impacts of Climate Change
	5.5 The Role of Biomimicry in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
		5.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation
		5.5.2 Climate Change Adaptation
	5.6 Climate Change in Egypt
		5.6.1 Emissions and Commitments
		5.6.2 Egypt’s Position Related to Climate Change
		5.6.3 Egyptian Needs for Adaptation
		5.6.4 Adaptation Activities
			5.6.4.1 Climate Change Adaptation Policies
			5.6.4.2 Renewable Energy for Green City Development: CCA
			5.6.4.3 CCA Policies: Climate Actions Implemented in City of Hurghada and City of Luxor
			5.6.4.4 Climate Change Adaptation: City of Hurghada and City of Luxor, Egypt
			5.6.4.5 Implemented Public CCA Policies’ Effectiveness
		5.6.5 Mitigation Activities
			5.6.5.1 Climate Change Issue: An Egyptian View
			5.6.5.2 Cooperation with Line Ministries
	5.7 Climate Change in Italy
		5.7.1 Climate Change Mitigation
		5.7.2 Climate Change Adaptation
		5.7.3 The Environmental Action Plan and Adaptation Strategies in Italy
			5.7.3.1 Sustainable Development and Environment
			5.7.3.2 Environmental Action
		5.7.4 Implementation Means
		5.7.5 Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation
		5.7.6 Sectors and Actions
			5.7.6.1 Sectors Addressed in NAS/NAP
			5.7.6.2 Mainstreaming of Adaptation
		5.7.7 Engaging Stakeholders
			5.7.7.1 Governance
			5.7.7.2 Knowledge
			5.7.7.3 International Dimensions
		5.7.8 Assessments
			5.7.8.1 Observations and Projections
			5.7.8.2 Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment
			5.7.8.3 Research
			5.7.8.4 Monitoring Progress
	5.8 Climate Change in Germany
		5.8.1 Policy and Legal Framework
			5.8.1.1 Adaptation Strategies
			5.8.1.2 Implementation Means
			5.8.1.3 Monitoring, Reporting, and Evaluation
		5.8.2 Assessments
		5.8.3 Climate Action Plan (CAP) 2050
			5.8.3.1 Development of Climate Action Plan 2050
			5.8.3.2 Goals and Contents of CAP 2050
			5.8.3.3 Sectoral Targets in the Climate Action Plan 2050
	5.9 Biomimicry and Climate Change
		5.9.1 How Biomimetic Design Responds to Climate Change?
		5.9.2 Biomimicry to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Built Environment
			5.9.2.1 Biomimicry for Energy Efficiency
			5.9.2.2 Biomimetic Segregation and Storing Carbon
		5.9.3 CH2 Building: Best Biomimicry in Architecture Case Study
	5.10 Benefits of a Biomimetic Approach to Architecture
	5.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Biomimicry in Criticism: Argument, Defense, and the Direction Toward Sustainability
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Arguments on Biomimicry
	6.3 Naïve Biomimetic Architectural Design Examples
	6.4 In Defense of Biomimicry
	6.5 Biomimicry Is Not Constrained by Evolutionary Instrumentalism
	6.6 Biomimicry Is an Aid and Does Not Restrict Human Thinking to Build
	6.7 The Limitations in Biomimetic Architecture
	6.8 Strength Versus Weakness of Biomimicry Comparison
		6.8.1 Strong Concept of Biomimicry
		6.8.2 Weak Concept of Biomimicry
	6.9 Future Directions
	6.10 From Bio-inspired Innovations to Eco-mimetic Cities
	6.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Biomimicry Innovation, Opportunities, and Post-COVID Regulations
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Can Biomimicry Innovation Assist in Limiting the Spread of COVID-19?
	7.3 Scoping Challenge That the World Face and the Context of COVID-19
	7.4 Innovation for COVID-19 and Beyond
		7.4.1 Materials’ Inspiration from Nature
			7.4.1.1 Natural Nanostructures’ Mimicry
			7.4.1.2 Fighting the COVID-19 by Nano-materials and Nanotechnology
		7.4.2 COVID-19 Pandemic Changed the Face of Life
		7.4.3 COVID-19 Positive Insight
	7.5 Guidelines for Healthier Urban Spaces’ and Buildings’ Indoor in COVID-19
		7.5.1 Urban Spaces
		7.5.2 Healthy Cities
		7.5.3 Green Cities
		7.5.4 Smart Cities
		7.5.5 All-In Cities (Inclusive)
		7.5.6 Sustainable Cities
		7.5.7 Resilient Cities
		7.5.8 Rising Cities
		7.5.9 Urban Context and Pandemic Role
		7.5.10 Indoor Buildings’ Spaces
	7.6 Post-COVID Pandemic
		7.6.1 New Construction Considerations
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Can Nature and Biomimicry Be the Solution for Net-Zero Cities? Discussions and Recommendations for the Future of Biomimetic Architecture
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Can Nature and Biomimicry Contribute to Achieving Net-Zero Cities?
	8.3 Buildings Created Away from Nature and Not Biomimetics
	8.4 Biophilic Architecture
		8.4.1 Seoul City Hall Building, South Korea
		8.4.2 Resources Tower in Nanshan, Shenzhen: Guangdong, China
	8.5 Narrative on Biomimicry, Biomimetic Architecture, and Lessons Learned
	8.6 Concluding Remarks
		8.6.1 Theoretical and Methodological Framework
		8.6.2 Main Recommendations
	8.7 Most Recent Innovative, Smart and Biomimetic Architecture in 2022
	References
Index