Biomedical Visualisation: Volume 7 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (1262))

Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Book
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
1: Virtual Anatomy Museum: Facilitating Public Engagement Through an Interactive Application
	1.1	 Introduction
		1.1.1	 Medical Museums
		1.1.2	 Digitisation
		1.1.3	 Virtual Museums
		1.1.4	 Aims and Objectives
	1.2	 Methods
		1.2.1	 Modelling the Museum
		1.2.2	 Models of the Specimens
			1.2.2.1	 Studio Set-Up and Photography Acquisition
			1.2.2.2	 Generation of Photogrammetric Models
		1.2.3	 Design of the Application
	1.3	 Results
		1.3.1	 Virtual Museums Can Facilitate Public Engagement
	1.4	 Discussion
		1.4.1	 Challenges of Creating Specimen Models
		1.4.2	 Implementation into Unity
	1.5	 Future Development and Conclusion
	References
2: eLearning and Embryology: Designing an Application to Improve 3D Comprehension of Embryological Structures
	2.1	 Introduction
		2.1.1	 Current Use of eLearning in Embryology and Histology
		2.1.2	 Problems and Advances in Digital Histology
	2.2	 Methods
		2.2.1	 Design
		2.2.2	 Development Phase
	2.3	 Evaluation
		2.3.1	 Participants
		2.3.2	 Apparatus
		2.3.3	 Experimental Procedure
		2.3.4	 Results
	2.4	 Discussion and Conclusion
	2.5	 The Modelling Method and Its Fitness for Purpose of Visualisation
	2.6	 Future Developments of 3D Reconstruction in Histology and Embryology
	References
3: Animated Guide to Represent a Novel Means of Gut-Brain Axis Communication
	3.1	 Introduction
		3.1.1	 Rationale
		3.1.2	 Research Aim
	3.2	 Literature Review
		3.2.1	 The Microbiome-Gut-Brain (MGB) Axis
			3.2.1.1	 Microbiome-Derived Carnitine Mimics (Hulme et al. 2020)
		3.2.2	 Learning Science with Animations
			3.2.2.1	 Multimedia Learning
			3.2.2.2	 Pros and Cons of Animation as a Learning Tool
			3.2.2.3	 Using Animation Efficiently
	3.3	 Materials and Methodology
		3.3.1	 Materials
			3.3.1.1	 Online Platforms
		3.3.2	 Design and Methods
		3.3.3	 Development
			3.3.3.1	 Segments
		3.3.4	 Production
			3.3.4.1	 Models
			3.3.4.2	 Animation
		3.3.5	 Post-production
			3.3.5.1	 After-Effects
			3.3.5.2	 Survey Design
		3.3.6	 Product Testing
			3.3.6.1	 Participants
			3.3.6.2	 Animation Distribution
	3.4	 Evaluation
		3.4.1	 Introduction
		3.4.2	 Methods
			3.4.2.1	 Manual Use
			3.4.2.2	 Participants
			3.4.2.3	 Apparatus
			3.4.2.4	 Design and Procedure
			3.4.2.5	 Results
				Knowledge
				Perceived Understanding
				Helpfulness of Media
		3.4.3	 Discussion
			3.4.3.1	 Knowledge
			3.4.3.2	 Perceived Understanding
			3.4.3.3	 Helpfulness of Media
		3.4.4	 Conclusion
	3.5	 Discussion and Conclusion
		3.5.1	 Key Findings
		3.5.2	 Contributions
		3.5.3	 Limitations
			3.5.3.1	 Population Validity
			3.5.3.2	 Construct Validity
			3.5.3.3	 Content Validity
			3.5.3.4	 Concurrent Validity
			3.5.3.5	 Pretesting
	3.6	 Conclusion
	References
4: Engaging with Children Using Augmented Reality on Clothing to Prevent Them from Smoking
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Background Context
		4.2.1	 The Current Situation Regarding Smoking in the UK and Beyond
		4.2.2	 Smoking Interventions
		4.2.3	 Emerging Technologies in Public Awareness and Education
			4.2.3.1	 Virtual Reality
			4.2.3.2	 Augmented Reality
	4.3	 Methods
		4.3.1	 Workflow
		4.3.2	 Storyboard
		4.3.3	 Digital 3D Anatomical Content
			4.3.3.1	 Segmentation
			4.3.3.2	 3D Modelling
			4.3.3.3	 Texturing
			4.3.3.4	 Animations
		4.3.4	 2D Content
			4.3.4.1	 Illustrations and Interface Design
			4.3.4.2	 Informational Animations
		4.3.5	 Application Development
			4.3.5.1	 Pattern Generation and Impression
			4.3.5.2	 Application Development Outcomes
	4.4	 Evaluation of the App
		4.4.1	 Research Questions
		4.4.2	 Participants
		4.4.3	 Materials
		4.4.4	 Procedure
		4.4.5	 Data Analysis
	4.5	 Results
		4.5.1	 Observational Analysis
		4.5.2	 Results of the Questionnaires
			4.5.2.1	 Usability
			4.5.2.2	 Additional Usability Input
			4.5.2.3	 Educational Aspect
			4.5.2.4	 Comments
	4.6	 Discussion
		4.6.1	 Review of the Research Findings
		4.6.2	 Review of Design and Development Process
		4.6.3	 Limitations and Future Developments
	4.7	 Conclusion
	References
5: Enabling More Accessible MS Rehabilitation Training Using Virtual Reality
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Background
		5.2.1	 Multiple Sclerosis
			5.2.1.1	 MS and Rehabilitation
			5.2.1.2	 Motivation and Rehabilitation
		5.2.2	 Hand Tracking Technology
			5.2.2.1	 Virtual Reality
		5.2.3	 Usability
	5.3	 Methods
		5.3.1	 Storyboard
		5.3.2	 Main Menu and Game Menu
		5.3.3	 Game 1: Piano
		5.3.4	 Game 2: Recycle
		5.3.5	 Game 3: Tidy Up
			5.3.5.1	 Experimental Procedure
	5.4	 Results
		5.4.1	 Observational Results
		5.4.2	 Questionnaire Results
			5.4.2.1	 Qualitative Data
		5.4.3	 Quantitative Data
			5.4.3.1	 SUS Data
			5.4.3.2	 ASQ Data
			5.4.3.3	 PQ Data
	5.5	 Discussion
		5.5.1	 Limitations
		5.5.2	 Future Improvements
	5.6	 Conclusion
	References
6: The Use of Augmented Reality to Raise Awareness of the Differences Between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Theoretical Background
		6.2.1	 Arthritis
		6.2.2	 Inflammation
		6.2.3	 Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
		6.2.4	 Current Public Awareness Methods
		6.2.5	 Conventional Print-Based Approaches
		6.2.6	 Technologies in Public Awareness
		6.2.7	 Public Awareness in RA
	6.3	 Materials and Methods
		6.3.1	 Materials
			6.3.1.1	 Data
			6.3.1.2	 Software (Table 6.2)
			6.3.1.3	 Hardware
		6.3.2	 Methods
			6.3.2.1	 Initial Model Generation
			6.3.2.2	 Remodelling
			6.3.2.3	 Composing the Complete Models
			6.3.2.4	 Texturing
			6.3.2.5	 Patient and Public Involvement in Design
				Feedback on Content
			6.3.2.6	 Interactive Application
				Augmented Reality Setup
				Event System Function
				Activation and Deactivation of UI Panels
				Rotation of 3D Models
				Clickable Anatomical Structures
				Camera and Lights
				Skinning and Rigging
				Animating
				Importing the Animations into Unity
				Creation of Sprites
			6.3.2.7	 AR Poster Creation
	6.4	 Results
		6.4.1	 Final Interactive Application
			6.4.1.1	 Scene 0: Opening Scene
			6.4.1.2	 Scene 1: AR Scene
			6.4.1.3	 Scene 2: Labelled 3D Model Scene
			6.4.1.4	 Scene 3: Animation Hub Scene
			6.4.1.5	 Scene 4–6: Animations
	6.5	 Evaluation
		6.5.1	 Research Questions
		6.5.2	 Methods
			6.5.2.1	 Materials
			6.5.2.2	 Experimental Procedure
			6.5.2.3	 Participants
				Technology Literacy
				Prior Arthritis Awareness Knowledge
		6.5.3	 Data Analysis
			6.5.3.1	 Questionnaire Analysis: Healthy Joint, OA and RA Knowledge
			6.5.3.2	 Questionnaire Analysis: Usability
			6.5.3.3	 Observational Analysis
	6.6	 Discussion and Conclusion
		6.6.1	 Discussion
			6.6.1.1	 Design and Development
			6.6.1.2	 Evaluation
				Augmented Reality
				3D Labelled Models
				Animations
		6.6.2	 Evaluation
			6.6.2.1	 Limitation and Future Development
	6.7	 Conclusion
	References
7: Understanding the Brain and Exploring the Effects of Clinical Fatigue: From a Patient’s Perspective
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Background Context
		7.2.1	 What Is Fatigue?
			7.2.1.1	 Physical Limitations of Fatigue
			7.2.1.2	 Social Limitations of Fatigue
			7.2.1.3	 Psychological Consequences of Fatigue
			7.2.1.4	 Scales of Measurement
			7.2.1.5	 Educational Applications
				Mobile Technology in Academia
				Mobile Technology in a Clinical Setting
			7.2.1.6	 The Use of Augmented Reality to Enhance Learning and Understanding
	7.3	 Methods
		7.3.1	 Workflow
	7.4	 Brain Model
		7.4.1	 Segmentation
		7.4.2	 3D Modelling
			7.4.2.1	 ZBrush
			7.4.2.2	 UV Mapping and Texturing
				3Ds Max
				ZBrush
		7.4.3	 The Animation
			7.4.3.1	 Animation Audio
		7.4.4	 The Application
			7.4.4.1	 The Animation Scene
				Patient and Public Involvement in the Design of the Application
			7.4.4.2	 The AR Scene
				3D Object Scan
				Material Change
	7.5	 Evaluation
		7.5.1	 Methods
			7.5.1.1	 Participants
			7.5.1.2	 Materials
		7.5.2	 Experimental Protocol
			7.5.2.1	 Pretest
			7.5.2.2	 Application
			7.5.2.3	 Posttest
		7.5.3	 Data Analysis
		7.5.4	 Results of the Questionnaire
			7.5.4.1	 Brain Anatomy
			7.5.4.2	 Fatigue
			7.5.4.3	 Usability
			7.5.4.4	 Augmented Reality
	7.6	 Discussion
		7.6.1	 Summary of Findings
		7.6.2	 Review of Design and Development Process
		7.6.3	 Future Development
	7.7	 Conclusion
	References
8: A Methodology for Visualising Growth and Development of the Human Temporal Bone
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Theoretical Background
		8.2.1	 Anatomy and Development of the Human Temporal Bone
		8.2.2	 Digital Technologies in Anatomy Education
	8.3	 Materials and Methods
		8.3.1	 Software
		8.3.2	 Concept
		8.3.3	 Development Pipeline
		8.3.4	 Modelling References
		8.3.5	 Practical Tests
			8.3.5.1	 Test Models
			8.3.5.2	 Deformation Setups
				Deformation Setup A: Approximated Joint Placement
				Deformation Setup B: Per-vertex Joint Placement
				Deformation Setup C: Blend Shapes
			8.3.5.3	 Results of the Practical Tests
		8.3.6	 3D Modelling
			8.3.6.1	 Textures
		8.3.7	 Application Development
			8.3.7.1	 Interaction
			8.3.7.2	 Touchscreen Scene
			8.3.7.3	 Managing Touch Input
			8.3.7.4	 Augmented Reality Scene
			8.3.7.5	 AR Marker
	8.4	 Results
		8.4.1	 3D Models
		8.4.2	 The Interactive Application
			8.4.2.1	 Scene Layout
			8.4.2.2	 Touchscreen Scene
			8.4.2.3	 Augmented Reality Scene
	8.5	 Conclusion
	References
9: Collect the Bones, Avoid the Cones: A Game-Based App for Public Engagement
	9.1	 Background Information
		9.1.1	 Public Engagement in Anatomical Sciences
		9.1.2	 Public Awareness of Helmet Safety
		9.1.3	 Serious Games and Game-Based Learning
		9.1.4	 Research Gap
	9.2	 Chapter Scope
	9.3	 Methods
		9.3.1	 Application Design
		9.3.2	 Application Workflow
	9.4	 Evaluation
		9.4.1	 Questionnaire Development
		9.4.2	 Participant Recruitment
		9.4.3	 Statistical Analysis
	9.5	 Results
		9.5.1	 Demographic Data
		9.5.2	 Knowledge Test and Confidence Scores
		9.5.3	 User Feedback
			9.5.3.1	 Usability
			9.5.3.2	 Presentation
			9.5.3.3	 Educational Value
			9.5.3.4	 Enjoyability
			9.5.3.5	 Overall Use
			9.5.3.6	 Open Text Feedback
	9.6	 Discussion
		9.6.1	 User Feedback
		9.6.2	 Strengths and Limitations of Research
		9.6.3	 Future Application Development
		9.6.4	 Future Research
	9.7	 Concluding Remarks
	References
10: A Serious Game on Skull Anatomy for Dental Undergraduates
	10.1	 Introduction
		10.1.1	 Chapter Scope
		10.1.2	 Background and Project Rationale
	10.2	 Methodology
		10.2.1	 Design Concept
		10.2.2	 Materials and Methods
			10.2.2.1	 Optimisation of the 3D Skull Model
			10.2.2.2	 Game Structure
			10.2.2.3	 3D Modelling
			10.2.2.4	 Game Development
	10.3	 Development Outcome
		10.3.1	 Game Content
		10.3.2	 Normal Anatomy Scene
		10.3.3	 Level Layout
			10.3.3.1	 Office
			10.3.3.2	 Artist’s Studio
			10.3.3.3	 Normal Anatomy Laboratory
			10.3.3.4	 Artist Responses
			10.3.3.5	 Client Responses
			10.3.3.6	 Feedback
			10.3.3.7	 Rewards
	10.4	 Evaluation
		10.4.1	 Methods
		10.4.2	 Discussion of Qualitative Feedback
	10.5	 Discussion and Future Developments
		10.5.1	 Discussion
			10.5.1.1	 Future Development
	References