Biomedical Visualisation: Volume 15 ‒ Visualisation in Teaching of Biomedical and Clinical Subjects: Anatomy, Advanced Microscopy and Radiology

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Microscopy
	1: Advances in Microscopy and Its Applications with Special Reference to Fluorescence Microscope: An Overview
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 Magnification
			1.1.2 Resolving Power
			1.1.3 Parts of Light Microscope (Fig. 1.1)
		1.2 Evolution of Microscope
		1.3 Principle of Microscopy
		1.4 Types
			1.4.1 Optical Microscopy
				1.4.1.1 Bright Field Microscopy
				1.4.1.2 Dark-Field Microscopy
				1.4.1.3 Oblique Illumination Microscope
				1.4.1.4 Phase Contrast Microscope
				1.4.1.5 Interference Microscope
				1.4.1.6 Dispersion Staining Microscopy
				1.4.1.7 Polarization Microscope
				1.4.1.8 Atomic Force Microscope
				1.4.1.9 Fluorescence Microscope
				1.4.1.10 Confocal Microscopy
			1.4.2 Electron Microscopy
			1.4.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy
			1.4.4 Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM)
			1.4.5 Ultraviolet Microscopy
			1.4.6 Infrared Microscopy
			1.4.7 Photoacoustic Microscopy
			1.4.8 Digital Holographic Microscopy
			1.4.9 Digital (Virtual Microscopy)
			1.4.10 Laser Microscopy
		1.5 Fluorescence Microscopy
			1.5.1 Principle and Mechanism
			1.5.2 Epifluorescence Microscopy
				1.5.2.1 Light Sources for Fluorescence
				1.5.2.2 Sample Preparation in Fluorescence Microscopy
			1.5.3 Fluorophores
			1.5.4 Immunofluorescence
			1.5.5 Components of Fluorescence Microscope
		1.6 Types of Fluorescence Microscope
			1.6.1 Wide-Field Fluorescence Microscopy
			1.6.2 Confocal Microscopy
			1.6.3 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
		1.7 Applications/Uses of Fluorescence Microscope
		1.8 Recent Trends and Application
		1.9 Conclusion
		References
	2: Visualisation of Host-Pathogen Communication
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 The Immune System
			2.1.2 Innate Immunity
			2.1.3 Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Antimicrobial Resistance: The Problem
			2.1.4 In Situ Visualisation of Host-Pathogen Communications
				2.1.4.1 Microscopy
				2.1.4.2 Stains and Dyes
			2.1.5 Biochemical Tests
		2.2 Selective and Differential Media
		2.3 Molecular Methods
		2.4 Haematoxylin and Eosin
		2.5 Fluorescence Microscopy
		2.6 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation (FISH)
		2.7 Flow Cytometry
		2.8 Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC)
		2.9 ELISAs
		2.10 Western Blotting
		2.11 Visualisation of Bacterial Factors
		2.12 Spectrophotometry
		2.13 Bioscreen
		2.14 Plating
		2.15 String Test
		2.16 Mass Spectrometry
		2.17 Application in Microbiology
		2.18 Closing Statement
		References
	3: A Review of Pathology and Analysis of Approaches to Easing Kidney Disease Impact: Host-Pathogen Communication and Biomedica...
		3.1 Introduction: Discovery of Coronaviruses
		3.2 Aims and Objectives
		3.3 Biomedical Classification
		3.4 The Renal Health and COVID-19 Correlation
		3.5 Renal Cells and COVID-19
		3.6 Biomedical Visualization and Analysis of COVID-19
		3.7 The Cytokine Storm Perspective and Understanding Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Pathway and Role of ACE2 Duri...
		3.8 Immunobiology and The Complement System
		3.9 Organ Crosstalk and Biomedical Communication
		3.10 Current Treatments and COVID-19
			3.10.1 Reduction of Accessibility of SARS-CoV2 to ACE2 Receptors
		3.11 Anti-Virals on COVID-19
			3.11.1 Lopinavir
			3.11.2 Hydroxychloroquine
			3.11.3 Favipiravir
			3.11.4 Remdesivir
		3.12 Anti-Inflammatory Agents on COVID-19 Recipient
			3.12.1 Steroids
			3.12.2 JAK-STAT Inhibitors
			3.12.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy
		3.13 Conclusion
		3.14 Summary
		References
Part II: Radiology and Patient Care
	4: The Evolution of Equipment and Technology for Visualising the Larynx and Airway
		4.1 Airway
			4.1.1 Extrinsic
			4.1.2 Intrinsic
			4.1.3 Laryngeal Muscles
			4.1.4 Innervation of the Larynx
		4.2 Endotracheal Intubation
			4.2.1 Laryngoscopy
			4.2.2 Early Devices
			4.2.3 From Indirect to Direct
			4.2.4 Modern Laryngoscope
			4.2.5 Macintosh Related Curved Blades
			4.2.6 Miller Related Straight Blades
			4.2.7 Levering Tip Laryngoscope
			4.2.8 Return to Indirect Laryngoscopy
			4.2.9 Prisms in Laryngoscopes
			4.2.10 Fibreoptics
			4.2.11 Flexible Fibre-Optic Scope Intubation
			4.2.12 Videolaryngoscopes
			4.2.13 Macintosh Style Blades
			4.2.14 Acute Angulated Blades
			4.2.15 Channelled Devices
		4.3 Conclusion
		References
	5: The Impact of Technological Innovation on Dentistry
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Creating the Virtual Patient
		5.3 Utilization of the 3-Dimensional Model
		5.4 Virtual Model Utilization in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
		5.5 Virtual Model Utilization in Orthodontics
		5.6 Virtual Model Utilization in Endodontics
		5.7 Virtual Model Utilization in Implant Dentistry
			5.7.1 Case Example #1
			5.7.2 Case Example #2
		5.8 Conclusion
		References
	6: Advanced 3D Visualization and 3D Printing in Radiology
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Medical Imaging Technologies
		6.3 3D Image Visualization
		6.4 Image Segmentation
		6.5 3D Printing
		6.6 3D Visualization and Modeling for Cardiovascular Applications
		6.7 3D Visualization and Modeling for Musculoskeletal Applications
		6.8 3D Visualization and Modeling for Abdominal Applications
		6.9 3D Visualization for Neurological Applications
		6.10 3D Printing in Neurosurgery
		6.11 Digital Technologies in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
		6.12 Intraoperative Navigation
		6.13 3D Visualization and Modeling for Breast Applications
		6.14 3D Visualization and Modeling for Fetal Medicine
		6.15 Extended Reality Technologies and Potential Future Applications
		References
	7: 3D Visualisation of the Spine
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Radiological Visualisation
		7.2 Radiography
			7.2.1 Background
			7.2.2 Mechanism of Action
			7.2.3 Use in Spinal Surgery
			7.2.4 Intraoperative X-Ray
		7.3 Computed Tomography (CT)
			7.3.1 Background
			7.3.2 Mechanism of Action
			7.3.3 Use in Spinal Surgery
				7.3.3.1 Trauma
				7.3.3.2 Tumour
				7.3.3.3 CT Myelogram
		7.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
			7.4.1 Background
			7.4.2 Mechanism of Action
			7.4.3 Use in Spinal Surgery
				7.4.3.1 Trauma
				7.4.3.2 Degenerative Disease
				7.4.3.3 Tumour
				7.4.3.4 Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)
				7.4.3.5 Recent Advances in MRI
		7.5 Conclusion
			7.5.1 3D Printing
				7.5.1.1 Use in Spinal Surgery (Sheha et al. 2019)
			7.5.2 Navigation and Robotics
				7.5.2.1 Basics of Navigation and Robot-Assisted Surgery
				7.5.2.2 Use within Spinal Surgery
			7.5.3 Biomechanics
				7.5.3.1 Spinal Anatomy
		7.6 Vertebral Body
		7.7 Facet Joints
		7.8 Intervertebral Discs
		7.9 Spinal Ligaments
		7.10 Spinous and Transverse Processes
			7.10.1 Spinal Motion Segments
			7.10.2 Spinal Column Stability
			7.10.3 Clinical Cases
				7.10.3.1 Gunshot
				7.10.3.2 Fracture on Background of Ankylosing Spondylitis
				7.10.3.3 Cauda Equina Syndrome
				7.10.3.4 Acute Thoracic Disc with Neurological Compromise
				7.10.3.5 Inflammatory
		7.11 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Anatomy Education
	8: Visualization in Anatomy Education
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Changing Scenario in Anatomy Education
			8.1.2 Traditional 3D Visualization in Anatomy and Its Limitations
		8.2 Potential Technological Tools of Visualization in the Teaching of Anatomy
			8.2.1 3D Printing in Anatomy
			8.2.2 3D Learning Management System
			8.2.3 Virtual Classroom
			8.2.4 Cloud Technology/Educational Videos
			8.2.5 Virtual Dissection
			8.2.6 Radiographic Modalities
			8.2.7 Online or Web Screen Visualization
			8.2.8 3D Stereoscopy
			8.2.9 Interactive 3D Computer Graphics (3DCG) Model
		8.3 Recent Advances in Visualization
			8.3.1 Anatomy Studio
			8.3.2 Artificial Intelligence/Humanoid Robots
			8.3.3 High Fidelity Simulation
			8.3.4 Immersion or Haptic Technology
		8.4 Further Thoughts and Recommendations
			8.4.1 Merits and Demerits of Using 3D Visualizations
			8.4.2 Limitations
		8.5 Concluding Statements/Take-Home Message
		References
	9: Visualizing Anatomy in Dental Morphology Education
		9.1 Background
		9.2 Tooth Morphology
		9.3 Conventional Methods of Teaching Tooth Morphology Which Offer Visualization
		9.4 2D Teaching Methods
			9.4.1 Lectures
			9.4.2 Flash Cards
		9.5 3D Teaching Methods
			9.5.1 Dissection- and Prosection-Based Teaching
			9.5.2 Anatomical Models
			9.5.3 Extracted/Plastic Teeth
			9.5.4 Carving Teeth
			9.5.5 Formative ``Spotter´´ Examination
			9.5.6 Innovative Visual Methods for Teaching Tooth Morphology to Dental Students
			9.5.7 Animations and Multimedia Learning Resources
			9.5.8 3D Models, 3D Animations and Interactive 3D
			9.5.9 Virtual and Augmented Reality
			9.5.10 The Web as a Learning Technology
			9.5.11 E-Learning
			9.5.12 Learning Management System (LMS)
			9.5.13 Social Media
		9.6 Digital Teaching: Some Points to Ponder!
			9.6.1 The Digital Divide
			9.6.2 Accreditation of Digital Technology in Education
			9.6.3 Suggested Recommendations for Educators to Implement Novel Visualization Tools
			9.6.4 Educators to Offer Multiple Modes of Representation
			9.6.5 Educators to Be Involved in the Development/Selection of Teaching Tools
		9.7 Individualizing the Process with One University´s Example: Tooth Morphology Module Teaching at University College Cork
		9.8 Best Practice Moving Forward
		References
	10: Flashcards: The Preferred Online Game-Based Study Tool Self-Selected by Students to Review Medical Histology Image Content
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Learning Resources that Support Knowledge Retrieval
			10.1.2 Supplementary Learning Resources and Educational Principles
			10.1.3 Use of Digital Platforms for Histology and Pathology Teaching
			10.1.4 Rationale for a Study in Histology Education on Student Usage of Various Study Tools Offered by an Online Web-Based Pla...
		10.2 Aims
		10.3 Methods
			10.3.1 Participant Recruitment
			10.3.2 Steps in Creation of Study Sets
		10.4 Discussion
			10.4.1 Introduction
			10.4.2 Use of Game-Based Study Tools in Medical School
			10.4.3 Flashcards Versus Other Game-Based Study Tools
			10.4.4 Flashcard Use and Popularity in Higher Education and Professional Training
			10.4.5 The Learner Experiences
			10.4.6 Future Works
			10.4.7 Conclusion
		References