Biomedical Imaging Instrumentation: Applications in Tissue, Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics (Volume 2) (Primers in Biomedical Imaging Devices and Systems, Volume 2)

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
CHAPTER 
1 - Biomedical techniques in cellular and molecular diagnostics: Journey so far and the way forward
	1.1 Biomedical imaging technology
		1.1.1 CT scan
		1.1.2 Ultrasound imaging
		1.1.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
		1.1.4 Positron emission tomography scans
		1.1.5 Single-photon emission computerized tomography
		1.1.6 Mammography
		1.1.7 Hyperspectral imaging
		1.1.8 Photoacoustic (PA) imaging
		1.1.9 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
		1.1.10 Microscopy imaging
	1.2 Way forward
	References
CHAPTER 
2 - Role of CT scan in medical and dental imaging
	2.1 Introduction to computed tomography
	2.2 Benefits and uses of CT scan
	2.3 Issues regarding CT scan
	2.4 Technical parameters and clinical applications
		2.4.1 Head and neck
		2.4.2 Lung
		2.4.3 Kidney
		2.4.4 Liver
		2.4.5 Pancreas
		2.4.6 Vascular system
		2.4.7 Heart
		2.4.8 Bone
	2.5 Advancement in CT scans
		2.5.1 Extreme MDCT
		2.5.2 Iterative reconstruction
		2.5.3 Dual-energy CT
		2.5.4 Phase-contrast CT
		2.5.5 Cone beam CT
	2.6 Application of CBCT in dentistry
		2.6.1 CBCT in dental implantology
		2.6.2 CBCT in oral and maxillofacial surgery
		2.6.3 CBCT in endodontics
		2.6.4 Applications in orthodontics
		2.6.5 Pediatric dentistry
		2.6.6 Periodontics
		2.6.7 Forensic dentistry
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
CHAPTER 
3 - Ultrasongraphy: Technology and applications in clinical radiology
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Properties of sound
	3.3 Interaction between ultrasound and matter
		3.3.1 Reflection
		3.3.2 Refraction
		3.3.3 Absorption
	3.4 Fundamental technology
		3.4.1 Piezoelectricity and production of ultrasound
	3.5 Instrumentation and image formation
		3.5.1 Transmitter
		3.5.2 Beam former
		3.5.3 Transducer
			3.5.3.1 Parts of the transducer
			3.5.3.2 Probe construction
		3.5.4 Receiver
		3.5.5 Image processor/scan converter
		3.5.6 Image display
	3.6 Image representation and clinical application
		3.6.1 Modes of ultrasound
			3.6.1.1 A-mode (amplitude mode)
			3.6.1.2 M-mode (motion mode)
			3.6.1.3 B-mode (brightness mode)
			3.6.1.4 Doppler ultrasound
		3.6.2 Elastography
	3.7 Conclusion
CHAPTER 
4 - Magnetic resonance imaging: Basic principles and advancement in clinical and diagnostics approaches in health care
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Basic principles of MRI
	4.3 Components of MRI
		4.3.1 Magnet
		4.3.2 Gradient and shim coils
		4.3.3 Radiofrequency coils (RFC)
		4.3.4 Computer system
	4.4 The basic concept of image acquisition and formation in an mri system
	4.5 Contrast agents used in MRI
		4.5.1 Magnetic susceptibility
		4.5.2 Molecular tumbling/Larmor frequency and dipole interactions: A rationale of contrast
		4.5.3 Nature of contrast agents
		4.5.4 Classification of contrast agents
	4.6 Intravenous agents
	4.7 MRI contrast agents: based on the specific area of interest
		4.7.1 Brain
		4.7.2 Spine
		4.7.3 Abdomen
		4.7.4 Blood vessels
		4.7.5 Breast imaging
		4.6.6 Safety concerns associated with the use of contrast agents
	4.8 Types of MRI and their applications
		4.8.1 Anatomic imaging
		4.8.2 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
		4.8.3 Diffusion tensor imaging
		4.8.4 Arterial spin labeling (ASL)
		4.8.5 Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI
		4.8.6 Quantitative susceptibility mapping
	4.9 Current clinical applications of mri in cardiovascular diseases
		4.9.1 Assessment of left and right ventricular volumes and mass, as well as systolic function
		4.9.2 Assessment of myocardial viability and myocardial perfusion
		4.9.3 Evaluation of congenital heart disease with shunt calculation
		4.9.4 Evaluation and follow-up of valvular disease
		4.9.5 Evaluation of pericardial disease
		4.9.6 Evaluation of aortic disease
		4.9.7 Evaluation of cardiac masses
		4.9.8 Cardiomyopathies
		4.9.9 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
	4.10 Role of MRI in diagnosis, staging, and disease evaluation in cancers
	4.11 Contraindications and limitations of MRI
	4.12 Conclusion
	References
CHAPTER 
5 - Current update about instrumentation and utilization of PET-CT scan in oncology and human diseases
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 PET imaging and instrumentation
		5.2.1 Principles of PET
		5.2.2 Acquisition and image reconstruction: 2D versus 3D
		5.2.3 Random correction
		5.2.4 Attenuation correction
		5.2.5 Scatter correction
		5.2.6 Image reconstruction methods
		5.2.7 The need for PET screening in diverse cancers
	5.3 Clinical significances of PET in cancer
		5.3.1 Clinical endorsement by PET-CT
		5.3.2 Detailed staging with the help of PET
		5.3.3 PET-CT as support therapy
	5.4 Role of PET in the diagnosis of human diseases other than cancer
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
CHAPTER 
6 - Revolutionizing medical diagnosis with SPECT imaging: Clinical applications of a nuclear imaging technology
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Historical origin and development of single photon emission tomography
	6.2 Components and working of spect imaging device
	6.3 Spect applications
		6.3.1 SPECT/CT for benign conditions of the bone
		6.3.2 SPECT/CT in neuroendocrine neoplasms
		6.3.3 Radionuclide bone imaging for staging malignant metastases
	6.4 Targeted imaging of prostate cancer with radioligands
	6.5 Spect imaging using 67ga-citrate spect/ct in lymphoma
	6.6 Spect imaging: nononcologic diseases
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
CHAPTER 
7 - Mammography— sentinel of breast cancer management
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Evolution of mammography
	7.3 Dissecting the mammography machine
	7.4 How a mammogram is captured
	7.5 Deciphering a mammogram
	7.6 Limitations
	7.7 Recent advances in mammography
		7.7.1 Contrast-enhanced mammography
		7.7.2 Three-dimensional mammography
		7.7.3 Photon counting mammography
		7.7.4 Galactography
	7.8 Alternatives
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
CHAPTER
8 - Hyperspectral imaging: Current and potential clinical applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Concept
	8.3 Principles
	8.4 Techniques
	8.5 Analysis
	8.6 Biomedical uses
	8.7 Use externally to the human body
		8.7.1 Monitoring of patients in critical care
		8.7.2 Diagnosis of skin cancers
		8.7.3 Diagnosis and monitoring of other skin lesions
		8.7.4 Screening for arthritis
		8.7.5 Screening for vascular diseases
	8.8 Use in endoscopies
		8.8.1 Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy
		8.8.2 Endoscopic retrograde chonlangiopancreatogram (ERCP) and choledochoscopy
		8.8.3 Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
		8.8.4 Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and neuroendoscopy
		8.8.5 Cystoscopy
	8.9 Applications in surgery
		8.9.1 Gastrointestinal anastomoses
		8.9.2 Breast surgery
		8.9.3 Renal surgery
		8.9.4 Plastic surgery
		8.9.5 Transplant surgeries
		8.9.6 Colorectal cancer surgeries
	8.10 Applications for imaging the eye
		8.10.1 Retinal imaging
	8.11 In vitro imaging
		8.11.1 Models of wound healing
		8.11.2 HSI-based light microscopy
		8.11.3 Confocal microscopy
	8.12 Conclusion
	References
CHAPTER
9 - PA Imaging: A promising tool for targeted therapeutic implications in Cancer
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Principle
		9.1.2 Breast Cancer
	9.2 Angiogenesis
		9.2.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
		9.2.2 VEGF and Permeability
		9.2.3 VEGF expression
		9.2.4 Angiopoietins
	9.3 Metastasis
		9.3.1 Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
		9.3.2 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway
	9.4 Nanomedicine
		9.4.1 Gold nanomaterials
		9.4.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
		9.4.3 Semiconductor nanoparticles
		9.4.4 Organic nanoparticles
		9.4.5 Inorganic magnetic nanoparticles
		9.4.6 Graphene nanomaterial
	9.5 Biomedical applications of PAI in cancer
	References
CHAPTER
10 - Near-infrared spectroscopy: An important noninvasive and sensitive tool for 
point-of-care biosensing application
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Fundamentals of near-infrared spectroscopy
		10.2.1 Basic divisions in infrared region
		10.2.2 Molecular overtones and near-infrared spectra
	10.3 Instrumentation of near-infrared spectrophotometer
		10.3.1 Instrumentation
		10.3.2 Sampling techniques and measuring methods in near-infrared spectroscopy
			10.3.2.1 Contact and noncontact-based sampling
			10.3.2.2 Sample preparation for near-infrared analysis
			10.3.2.3 Selection of a reference
	10.4 Analyzing an infrared spectrum
		10.4.1 Data treatment of an infrared spectrum
	10.5 General applications of near-infrared spectroscopy
		10.5.1 Non invasive technology in clinical chemistry
	10.6 Nanomaterial-assisted near-infrared spectroscopy–based biosensing
		10.6.1 Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs)
		10.6.2 Carbon nanomaterials
		10.6.3 Plasmonic nanoparticles and nanoshells
		10.6.4 Dye encapsulating nanoparticles
	References
CHAPTER
11 - Advances in microscopy and their applications in biomedical research
	11.1 Microscopy as an integral part of biomedical research
	11.2 Photon-based imaging
		11.2.1 Fluorescence microscopy: Working, advancements, and biomedical applications
			11.2.1.1 Advancements and biomedical applications of fluorescence microscopy
		11.2.2 Confocal microscopy: Working, advancements, and biomedical applications
			11.2.2.1 Advancements and biomedical applications of confocal microscopy
	11.3 Automated imaging workstations for optical microscopy
	11.4 Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM): Principle and biomedical applications
	11.5 Electron-based imaging: Electron microscopy (EM)
		11.5.1 Scanning electron microscope: Working and biomedical applications
		11.5.2 Transmission electron microscope: Working and biomedical applications
	11.6 Resolution for photon-based and electron-based microscopes
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
Index
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