Biomedical and Resonance Optics: Theory and Practice

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 Resonance Methods for Increasing Sensitivity of Interferometry, Fluorescence, Dynamic Holography
	1.1 Rhodamine 6G Laser with Laser Pumping for Holography, Resonance Interferometry and Fluorescence
	1.2 Spatial Coherence of Rhodamine 6G Laser Radiation with Laser Pumping and Its Measuring Methods
		1.2.1 Holographic Step and Integral Methods of Radiation Spatial Coherence Measurement
		1.2.2 Measuring Spatial Coherence of 6G Rhodamine Laser Pumping by Interference and Holographic Methods: Holographic, Holographic with Microphotometry of Initial Intensity Distribution and Integral
	1.3 Resonance Method for Increasing Interferometry Sensitivity in the Studies of Low-Temperature Sodium Plasma
	1.4 The Resonance Fluorescence Method for Hydrogen Plasma Diagnostics in the FT-1 Tokamak Device with the Use of Dye Lasers
		1.4.1 To the Question of Creation of Radiation Coherence Source with the Wavelength La (121.6 Nm) for the Study of Hydrogen Atoms Concentration in Plasma by the Method of Resonance Fluorescence
	1.5 New Class of Detecting Media for Holography—Gaseous Media. The Study of the Conditions of Dynamic Gain-Phase Holograms Recording (Plane and Bulk) in Sodium Vapors
	1.6 Study of the Influence of Mismatch of the Polarization Planes of Beams Forming Bulk Diffraction Grating on the Self-diffraction Process
	1.7 Results and Conclusions
	References
2 Holographic Microscopy of Phase and Diffuse Objects Under the Influence of Laser Radiation, Magnetic Fields, Hyperbary
	2.1 Holographic Microscopy for the Study of Phase, Diffusive and Mirror Microobjects
		2.1.1 Holographic Interference Microscopes Operating on Transmission and in Reflected Light
		2.1.2 Shortly About Coherent Noises in the Images of Diffusive Microobjects—Speckles and the Ways of Their Elimination
		2.1.3 Peculiarities of Microobject Holographic Interferograms Formation Connected with the Dependence of Interference Pattern Contrast on Defocusing
		2.1.4 Interference Pattern Localization at Homogeneous Radial Change of Cylinder Object
	2.2 Holographic Study of Structural and Functional Characteristics of Phase Microobjects: Nerve Fibers and Lymphocytes
		2.2.1 About Nerve Cell, Nerve Fiber as the Object of Physical Studies
		2.2.2 To the Question About Neural Holography and Brain Characteristics as 3D Dynamic Hologram
		2.2.3 Development of the Method of Laser Acupuncture and Intravenous Blood Irradiation for Lumbar Osteochondrosis Neurological Manifestation Treatment
		2.2.4 Isolated Preparations—Adequate Experimental Model of the Study of the Influence of Laser Magnetic Fields, Hyperbary on the Excitability of Nerve and Muscular Tissues
		2.2.5 Influence of Magnetic Fields on Biological Objects
		2.2.6 Study of the Influence of Powerful Pulsed Magnetic Field on the State of Isolated Nerve
		2.2.7 Holographic Interference Microscopy in the Study of Refraction Characteristics of Nerve Fibers (Nerve Fiber Is an Optical Waveguard)
		2.2.8 To the Question of Studying the Processes of Muscle Contraction (The Muscle Fiber as a High-Performance Diffraction Grating)
		2.2.9 Study of Structural and Functional State of Lymphocytes Using the Holographic Interference Microscopy Method
	2.3 Holographic Study with Electrophysiological Control of Hyperbary Impact on Isolated Preparations of Solitary Nerve Fibers, Nerve Fibers as a Part of the Nerve Trunk and Solitary Muscle Fibers
		2.3.1 Approaches to the Study of Mechanisms of Hyperbary Impact in Humans
		2.3.2 Holographic and Electrophysiological Study of Gas Pressure Impact in the Range of 0:5 Atm. on the Isolated Solitary Nerve Fiber
		2.3.3 Study of Hyperbary Impact on the Nerve Fiber in the Range of Hydrostatic Pressure of 0–200 Atm.
		2.3.4 Study of Singe Isolated Muscle Fibers Under Gaseous Hyperbary
	2.4 Development and Improvement of the Holographic Interference Microscopy Method for Studying Deformations Occurred Under Thermal Heating of Mirror and Diffusely Scattering Microobjects
		2.4.1 Possible Perspectives of Holographic Microscopy Development
	2.5 Results and Conclusions
	References
3 Holographic Interferometry for Studying Time-Varying States of the Human Surface Circulatory System
	3.1 The Holographic Method of Contouring of Static and Time-Changing Surfaces Using Multi-long-Wave Dye Laser Radiation with Laser Pump and Resonance, Absorbing and Optically Active Media
		3.1.1 The Holographic Method of Surface Relief Contouring Two- and Four-Long-Wave Dye Laser Generation Mode with Laser Pump and Regulated Spectral Interval Between Them
		3.1.2 To the Question of the Possibility of Increasing the Spacial Resolution of the Holographic Surface Relief Contouring Method While Using the Resonance Media
		3.1.3 Holographic Two-Long-Wave Method of Absolute Surface Relief Determination Based on the Application of Absorbing Media
		3.1.4 Study of the Absolute Surface Relief Through the Immersion Method
		3.1.5 Study of Possibility of Expanding the Class of the Researched Objects in the Holographic Methods of Absolute Surface Relief Estimation
		3.1.6 Multi-angle Method of Surface Relief Contouring
		3.1.7 Briefly About Moire Surface Relief Contouring
		3.1.8 Holographic Method of Surface Relief Contouring Based on the Change of Polarization State of Objective Waves
		3.1.9 Increasing Spatial Resolution of Holographic Multi-beam Methods of Surface Relief Contouring
	3.2 Holographic Interferometry Using Generation Regime of Double Monopulses of a Ruby Laser with the Regulated Time Interval Between Them
		3.2.1 Holographic Study of Deformations of Human Lower Jaw in Radiation of Continuous He–Ne Laser
		3.2.2 Holographic Recording of Muscle Stress of Hand in Radiation of Pulsed Ruby Laser with Double Monopulse
	3.3 Laser-Holographic Complex (Holographic Cardiograph) for Investigation of the State of Human Cardiovascular System
		3.3.1 Structure of the Laser and Holographic Complex for Determining the State of Human Circulatory System
		3.3.2 Principle of Operations of the Complex
		3.3.3 Equations for Interference Fringes Interpretation
		3.3.4 Methods of Estimating the Shift Value of Points on the Surface of the Object Under Study Considering the Direction of Shifts
		3.3.5 Methods of Direct Measurement of the Function of Phase Difference
		3.3.6 Ways of Estimating the Shift Points of the Object Under Study with the Interference Holographic Method
		3.3.7 One of the Variants of Optical Scheme of Laser-Holographic Complex
		3.3.8 Optical Scheme of Laser-Holographic Complex (Holographic Cardiograph)
		3.3.9 Recording on Photothermoplastic Carriers
	3.4 Holographic Research Methods in Biology and Medicine
		3.4.1 Holographic Recording of Anatomical Preparations of Vertebrae with Manifestation of Lumbar Osteochondrosis and Corrosion Preparations of Blood Vessels of Human Liver
		3.4.2 Methods of Formation of Combined Images
	3.5 Results and Conclusions
	References
4 Speckle-Optical Methods and Devices for Studying Human Skin and Muscle Tissue
	4.1 Correlation and Spectral Characteristics of Dynamic Speckle-Field Formed by Rotating Diffuser
	4.2 Application of Spectral Characteristics of Dynamic Speckle-Field Intensity Fluctuations for Determining Longitudinal Shift of an Object
	4.3 Statistical Properties of Dynamic Speckle-Field Scattered by the Diffuser Oscillating in the Longitudinal Direction
	4.4 Application of Spectrum of Dynamic Speckles Intensity Fluctuations for Determining the Amplitude of Object Oscillating in Longitudinal Direction
	4.5 Correlation of Speckle-Fields Formed by Diffuse Object Moving Along the Optical Axis
	4.6 Experimental Study of the Movement of Subjective Speckle-Fields Under Longitudinal Shift of the Diffuse Object
	4.7 Methods for Determining Diffuse Objects Deformations
	4.8 Method for Measurement of Movement Velocity Vector of Diffuse Objects
	4.9 About Formation of Annular Speckle-Interferograms Emerging During Longitudinal Shift
	4.10 Results and Conclusions
	References
5 Laser Specklometer, Speckle-Optical Diagnostics and Laser Hemotherapy in Treatment of Diseases of Peripheral Nervous System
	5.1 Study of Velocity of Muscle Contraction Using the Speckle-Counting Method
	5.2 Study of Deformations of Epithelial Tissues Using the Speckle-Photography Method
	5.3 Laser Specklometer (Microhematomyograph)
	5.4 Theoretical Study of Biomechanical Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles and Determining the Ways of Optimization of the Optical Scheme of the Laser Specklometer
	5.5 Study on Optimization of Parameters of Measuring Path of the Laser Specklometer
		5.5.1 Measurement of Amplitude and Diffuser Vibration Frequency Using the Laser Specklometer. Comparative Analysis of the Results of Laser Anemometry and Speckle-Optical Diagnostics of Vibrational Activity of Technical Products
		5.5.2 Study of Longitudinal Component Amplitude of Vibration of a Microinstrument of the Ultrasonic Welding System
	5.6 Technique for Obtaining Primary Information Using Laser Specklometer
	5.7 Study of Intensity Fluctuation Spectra of Dynamic Speckle-Fields of Skeletal Muscles of Healthy People Obtained with the Laser Specklometer and the Speckle Analyzer
	5.8 Development of Diagnostic Speckle-Optical Criteria for Estimation of Skin Microhemodynamics
	5.9 Investigation of Microhemodynamics of Human Skin Using the Speckle-Optical Method and Obtaining Microhemodynamic Maps
	5.10 Study of Biomechanical Parameters of Skeletal Muscles in Patients with Diseases of Peripheral Nervous System
	5.11 Experimental and Clinical Studies of Skin Microhemodynamics by Speckle-Optical Method After Neurorraphy of Peripheral Nerves in Conditions of Intravenous Laser Blood Irradiation (ILBI) in Patients with Compressive–Ischemic Neuropathies and Neurological Manifestations of Lumbar Osteochondrosis
	5.12 Speckle-Optical Diagnostics of Muscle Activity and Microhemodynamics of Human Skin in Patients with Diseases of Peripheral Nervous System
	5.13 Analysis of Spectral Characteristics of Radiation Scattered by Human Skin and Development of Non-contact Noninvasive Optical Method of Blood Flow Study
		5.13.1 Measurement of Spectral Reflection Coefficients of Human Skin
		5.13.2 Absorption Spectra of Blood Preparation at Different Oxyhemoglobin Concentrations
		5.13.3 Measurement of Spectral Reflection Coefficients of Skin In Vivo at Different Functional States
	5.14 Studies of Spectral Features of Radiation Scattered by Blood Preparations and Skin of Human Being and Animals at ILBI
		5.14.1 Study of Influence of ILBI on Spectral Properties of Radiation Scattered by Blood Preparation of Animals with the Help of Three-Wavelength Spectrophotometric Method
		5.14.2 Studies of Influence of ILBI on Absorption Spectra of Blood Preparation of Animals with Traumatic Damages of Peripheral Nerves During the Usage of Radiation of He–Ne Laser
	5.15 Studies of Spectral Properties of Radiation Scattered by Blood Preparation of Animals at Partial Ischemia of Sciatic Nerve Before and After ILBI with the Help of Semiconductor Laser
	5.16 Results and Conclusions
	References
Afterword
Index