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ویرایش: [1 ed.] نویسندگان: Thomas K. Uchida, Scott L. Delp, David Delp سری: ISBN (شابک) : 2019050152, 0262359197 ناشر: MIT Press سال نشر: 2020 تعداد صفحات: زبان: English فرمت فایل : EPUB (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 20 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Biomechanics of Movement: The Science of Sports, Robotics, and Rehabilitation به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب بیومکانیک حرکت: علم ورزش ، رباتیک و توانبخشی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
مقدمه ای جذاب برای حرکت انسان و حیوان که از دریچه مکانیک دیده می شود. چگونه دونده های المپیک با این سرعت می دوند؟ چرا فضانوردان در ماه راه رفتن محدودی را اتخاذ می کنند؟ چگونه کفش های دویدن عملکرد را بهبود می بخشند و از آسیب دیدگی جلوگیری می کنند؟ این کتاب جذاب و مصور سخاوتمندانه با بررسی حرکت انسان و حیوان از دریچه مکانیک به این سؤالات پاسخ می دهد. نویسندگان مدلهای مفهومی سادهای را برای مطالعه راه رفتن و دویدن ارائه میکنند و اصول مکانیکی را در طیفی از نمونههای جالب به کار میبرند. آنها زیستشناسی چگونگی تولید حرکت را بررسی میکنند و ساختار عضله را تا موتورهای مولد نیروی میکروسکوپی بررسی میکنند. نویسندگان با تکیه بر تخصص عمیق خود، چگونگی ایجاد شبیهسازیهایی را شرح میدهند که بینشی در مورد هماهنگی عضلات در حین راه رفتن و دویدن ارائه میدهند، درمانهایی را برای بهبود عملکرد پس از آسیب پیشنهاد میکنند و به طراحی دستگاههایی کمک میکنند که عملکرد انسان را افزایش دهند. در سراسر کتاب، بر اصول تثبیت شدهای تأکید میکند که پایهای برای درک حرکت فراهم میکنند. همچنین نوآوریهایی را در شبیهسازی رایانهای، نظارت بر حرکت موبایل، روباتیک پوشیدنی و سایر فناوریهایی که بر اساس این اصول ساخته میشوند، توضیح میدهد. این کتاب برای استفاده دانشآموزان و محققینی که به بررسی حرکت انسان و حیوان میپردازند به عنوان کتاب درسی مناسب است. برای پزشکان، متخصصان رباتیک، مهندسان، دانشمندان علوم ورزشی، طراحان، دانشمندان کامپیوتر و دیگرانی که می خواهند بیومکانیک حرکت را درک کنند، به همان اندازه ارزشمند است.
An engaging introduction to human and animal movement seen through the lens of mechanics. How do Olympic sprinters run so fast? Why do astronauts adopt a bounding gait on the moon? How do running shoes improve performance while preventing injuries? This engaging and generously illustrated book answers these questions by examining human and animal movement through the lens of mechanics. The authors present simple conceptual models to study walking and running and apply mechanical principles to a range of interesting examples. They explore the biology of how movement is produced, examining the structure of a muscle down to its microscopic force-generating motors. Drawing on their deep expertise, the authors describe how to create simulations that provide insight into muscle coordination during walking and running, suggest treatments to improve function following injury, and help design devices that enhance human performance. Throughout, the book emphasizes established principles that provide a foundation for understanding movement. It also describes innovations in computer simulation, mobile motion monitoring, wearable robotics, and other technologies that build on these fundamentals. The book is suitable for use as a textbook by students and researchers studying human and animal movement. It is equally valuable for clinicians, roboticists, engineers, sports scientists, designers, computer scientists, and others who want to understand the biomechanics of movement.
Preface 1 First Steps Part I Locomotion 2 Walking 3 Running Part II Production of Movement 4 Muscle Biology and Force 5 Muscle Architecture and Dynamics 6 Musculoskeletal Geometry Part III Analysis of Movement 7 Quantifying Movement 8 Inverse Dynamics 9 Muscle Force Optimization Part IV Muscle-Driven Locomotion 10 Muscle-Driven Simulation 11 Muscle-Driven Walking 12 Muscle-Driven Running 13 Moving Forward Symbols References Image Credits Index List of tables Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Changes observed when walking in various conditions Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Five muscle-specific parameters used by the Hill-type model Table 5.2 Values of muscle-specific parameters for major lowerextremity muscles… Table 5.3 Four dimensionless curves used by the Hill-type model Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Calculation of muscle forces during standing in two scenarios Table 6.2 Calculation of moment arm from tendon-excursion data Chapter 12 Table 12.1 Variation of running parameters with speed: toe-off timing, stride le… List of figures Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Page from Leonardo da Vinci's notebook showing his concept of muscle… Figure 1.2 Static analysis of human muscles and joints by Giovanni Borelli, oft… Figure 1.3 Sequence of photographs from Eadweard Muybridge, a pioneer in motion… Figure 1.4 The red-headed agama uses its tail to control its body orientation d… Figure 1.5 Highly functional prosthetic hands are now within reach. Image court… Figure 1.6 Image from the movie Avatar and the performance artist Jenn Stafford… Figure 1.7 Biomechanical studies help create sports equipment that maximizes at… Figure 1.8 Mark Muhn competing at the Cybathlon. Image courtesy of Paul and Gab… Figure 1.9 Example of a muscle-driven biomechanical model used to tune muscle e… Figure 1.10 Trajectories of markers affixed to the skin, captured during a fron… Figure 1.11 Smartphone data from over 68 million days of activity by 717,527 in… Figure 1.12 Elements of a typical forward dynamic simulation. Movement arises f… Figure 1.13 Elements of a typical inverse dynamic analysis. The analysis begins… Figure 1.14 Organization of this book. Figure 1.15 Anatomical planes and directions in a human. Figure 1.16 Motions of the shoulder, elbow, pelvis, and hip in the f… Figure 1.17 Motions of the knee and ankle in the sagittal plane. Figure 1.18 Major bones, anatomical landmarks, and muscles in the human lower l… Figure 1.19 Body segments and major muscles in the human lower limb (posterior … Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Astronauts rarely “walk” on the surface of the moon, preferring a ho… Figure 2.2 The walking gait cycle and its constituent events (e.g., foot contac… Figure 2.3 Measurements of gait in the horizontal (ground) plane. Figure 2.4 Representative ground reaction forces during walking at 1.55 m/s. Ve… Figure 2.5 Ground reaction forces measured by two force plates durin… Figure 2.6 Representative ground reaction force applied to the foot during walk… Figure 2.7 Vertical motion of the center of mass over one walking gait cycle. Figure 2.8 Representative gravitational potential and forward kinetic energies … Figure 2.9 The ballistic walking model described by Mochon and McMahon (1980) i… Figure 2.10 Even during a race, elephants always keep at least one foot on the … Figure 2.11 Cost of transport varies with walking speed. The energy required to… Figure 2.12 Experiment during which oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide produ… Figure 2.13 Replica of a walking machine described by Tad McGeer (1990). This m… Figure 2.14 The dynamic walking model described by Kuo and Donelan (2010). This… Figure 2.15 The first two-legged passive dynamic walker. Photo courtesy of Stev… Figure 2.16 Normal and anti-normal arm swing emerge spontaneously in a passive … Figure 2.17 Example model used in gait analysis. The model includes rigid bodie… Figure 2.18 Representative pelvis orientations over the gait cycle when walking… Figure 2.19 Joint motions over the gait cycle when walking at several speeds. A… Figure 2.20 Representative ground reaction forces over the gait cycle when walk… Figure 2.21 Crouch gait is characterized by excessive knee flexion during stanc… Figure 2.22 Stiff-knee gait is characterized by diminished and delayed knee fle… Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 The running gait cycle and its constituent events (e.g., foot contac… Figure 3.2 Representative ground reaction forces during running when landing on… Figure 3.3 Representative ground reaction forces during running when landing on… Figure 3.4 Representative gravitational potential and forward kinetic energies … Figure 3.5 The stance phase of running (left) and a mass–spring model thereof (… Figure 3.6 Modes of locomotion in kangaroos. During slow locomotion, kangaroos … Figure 3.7 Energetics of kangaroo locomotion. Mass-normalized rate of oxygen co… Figure 3.8 The motion of Raibert's planar robot resembles that of a hopping kan… Figure 3.9 Examples of modern running robots. Photos of the Spot robot (left) a… Figure 3.10 Conceptual model used by McMahon and Greene for predicting running … Figure 3.11 Schematic used to derive equations of motion for the conceptual mod… Figure 3.12 Foot contact time vs. track stiffness. Both axes are logarithmic sc… Figure 3.13 Step length (normalized by step length on a hard surface) vs. track… Figure 3.14 Force–deformation curves of two running shoes. As force is applied … Figure 3.15 Leg length defined as the distance between the center of pressure a… Figure 3.16 Vertical ground reaction force normalized by body weight (left) and… Figure 3.17 Vertical component of ground reaction forces as speed increases. Le… Figure 3.18 Cost of transport at various speeds. When moving at a particular sp… Figure 3.19 An inverted pendulum model of walking on stiff legs (left) and a ma… Figure 3.20 Representative joint motions over the gait cycle when running at se… Figure 3.21 Representative ground reaction forces over the gait cycle when runn… Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 The push-me–pull-you device described by Abbott et al. (1952). Figure 4.2 Multiscale structure of muscle. Skeletal muscle is structured hierar… Figure 4.3 The cross-bridge cycle describes the process by which actin and myos… Figure 4.4 Schematics of myosin (top), interaction of thick and thin filaments … Figure 4.5 A schematic of a myofibril (top) shows its highly organized microsco… Figure 4.6 The active force generated by a sarcomere is a function of its lengt… Figure 4.7 Titin attaches the thick filaments to the Z-discs at either end of t… Figure 4.8 The active force–length curve can be determined by subtracting measu… Figure 4.9 Muscle fiber force and power as functions of the fiber's velocity. F… Figure 4.10 Molecular changes during muscle activation. When a muscle is relaxe… Figure 4.11 The structure of a muscle fiber enables rapid propagation of action… Figure 4.12 Muscle force resulting from different stimulation frequencies. Fibe… Figure 4.13 Motor unit recruitment. A motor unit comprises a motor neuron and t… Figure 4.14 Processing of electromyographic (EMG) signals. Raw EMG signals incr… Figure 4.15 Inputs and outputs of a muscle–tendon model. In computational model… Figure 4.16 A computational model of activation dynamics relates excitation (u(… Figure 4.17 Muscle force-generating capacity varies with fiber length and veloc… Figure 4.18 The nervous system modulates muscle force through rate encoding and… Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Muscle architecture and function vary throughout the body. The flexo… Figure 5.2 Muscles with longer optimal fiber lengths have broader active force–… Figure 5.3 Examples of muscles with different architectures: parallelfibered, … Figure 5.4 Simplified geometric representation of muscle fibers and tendon. Mus… Figure 5.5 The muscles shown on the left have the same volume but different PCS… Figure 5.6 Some muscles in chicken and fishes comprise primarily fatigue-resist… Figure 5.7 Tendon stress–strain relationship. Figure 5.8 Tendon compliance affects muscle force generation. In both cases sho… Figure 5.9 Effects of tendon compliance on the active force–length curve. Incre… Figure 5.10 Imaging provides data needed to calibrate models of muscle–tendon d… Figure 5.11 Schematic of a typical Hill-type muscle–tendon model (A) and the co… Figure 5.12 Muscle fiber length (ℓM(t)) is integrated forward in time to comput… Figure 5.13 A model of the gluteus maximus from Blemker and Delp (2005). Finite… Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Free-body diagrams (left) and model (right) used to estimate plantar… Figure 6.2 Definition of moment arm r associated with the generation of a momen… Figure 6.3 Estimating muscle moment arm from a magnetic resonance image. MRI co… Figure 6.4 Demonstration of how a muscle's moment arm (r) depends on the angle … Figure 6.5 Tendon-excursion data and the corresponding momentarm data, calcula… Figure 6.6 Tendon excursions and moment arms for major muscles crossing the elb… Figure 6.7 Two muscles with the same optimal fiber length but different moment … Figure 6.8 A muscle with a larger moment arm (blue) will shorten at a higher ve… Figure 6.9 The hamstrings cross posterior to the hip and knee. The muscle shown… Figure 6.10 Models of musculoskeletal geometry (center) can be used to calculat… Figure 6.11 Skeletal muscles generate movement by pulling on the bones to which… Figure 6.12 Measurement of the maximum isometric moment generated by the elbow … Figure 6.13 The peak moment generated by a muscle occurs at a joint angle that … Figure 6.14 Application of muscle force and moment arm concepts to decision-mak… Figure 6.15 Representation of the psoas wrapping over the pelvic brim (left) an… Figure 6.16 Representations of fiber geometries of the psoas (left) and gluteus… Figure 6.17 Process for estimating the force (FM) and moment arms () of a muscl… Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Yea or neigh? In 1872, Leland Stanford hired Eadweard Muybridge to d… Figure 7.2 Fluoroscopic images showing bone motions in a healthy shoulder (top … Figure 7.3 Inertial measurement units, the orange sensors on the runner's pelvi… Figure 7.4 Inertial measurement units can measure the angular velocity of the s… Figure 7.5 Kinematic measurements for monitoring athlete health. A mouthguard i… Figure 7.6 Optical motion capture (mocap) is a popular technique for quantifyin… Figure 7.7 The location of each marker is determined in each camera's local 2D … Figure 7.8 Typical process for computing joint angles from mocap data. The traj… Figure 7.9 A reference frame fixed to a body is defined by a point on that body… Figure 7.10 Joint angles can be calculated by comparing the orientations of ref… Figure 7.11 Body-fixed reference frames determined from markers mounted on anat… Figure 7.12 Yaw, pitch, and roll describe the three angles of rotation in the p… Figure 7.13 The relative position and orientation of any two reference frames c… Figure 7.14 An inverse kinematics algorithm may produce more accurate estimates… Figure 7.15 A kinematic model of the shoulder. Adapted from Seth et al. (2016). Figure 7.16 Root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of scapular kinematics in the presen… Figure 7.17 Soccer players landing in a risky pose where the knee is in a valgu… Chapter 8 Figure 8.1 X-ray of a knee showing signs of osteoarthritis. Notice that the bon… Figure 8.2 A force plate measures the forces and moments applied between the gr… Figure 8.3 Pressure distributed over the foot during walking. Adapted from Pata… Figure 8.4 Experimental setup (left) and approximate sagittal-plane model (righ… Figure 8.5 Free-body diagram for the foot segment of the model shown in Figure … Figure 8.6 Free-body diagram for the shank segment of the model shown in Figure… Figure 8.7 Free-body diagram for the thigh segment of the model shown in Figure… Figure 8.8 Free-body diagram for the head, arms, and torso (HAT) of the model s… Figure 8.9 Representative joint moments over the gait cycle when walking at sev… Figure 8.10 Representative joint moments over the gait cycle when running at se… Figure 8.11 The ground reaction force generates an external knee adduction mome… Chapter 9 Figure 9.1 The “Fosbury flop” high-jump technique. Photo of Ma’ayan Furman-Shah… Figure 9.2 A musculoskeletal model of the shank and foot with the key plantarfl… Figure 9.3 The force exerted by each muscle in Figure 9.2 to generate ankle pla… Figure 9.4 Graphical representation of an objective function in two variables, … Figure 9.5 The force exerted by each muscle in Figure 9.2 to generate all possi… Figure 9.6 Electromyographic (EMG) signals from the gastrocnemius lateralis (le… Figure 9.7 Global optimization methods like the covariance matrix adaptation ev… Figure 9.8 Net joint moments generated in the sagittal plane by one subject whi… Figure 9.9 A simple musculoskeletal model of the leg can be used to study muscl… Figure 9.10 Muscle forces for one subject (male, 67.1 kg) walking at freely sel… Figure 9.11 Sagittal-plane joint moments generated during walking at 1.67 m/s b… Figure 9.12 Muscle forces for one subject (male, 69.4 kg) running at 5 m/s, com… Figure 9.13 Sagittal-plane joint moments generated during running at 5 m/s by t… Figure 9.14 Planar model used to estimate ankle joint loads during running at 5… Figure 9.15 A dynamic optimization proceeds by selecting a candidate solution, … Figure 9.16 A planar model with five segments and seven degrees of freedom for … Figure 9.17 Joint torques during the ground contact phase when unassisted (left… Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 Actions of the soleus muscle during single-limb stance, ignoring (l… Figure 10.2 A biarticular muscle can induce a joint acceleration that opposes t… Figure 10.3 The process for creating and analyzing muscle-driven simulations in… Figure 10.4 Elements of a muscle-driven simulation. Excitations from a neural c… Figure 10.5 Planar musculoskeletal models of the upper and lower extremity used… Figure 10.6 Detailed neck and upper-extremity musculoskeletal models used to ge… Figure 10.7 A curve representing the excitation of a muscle can be parameterize… Figure 10.8 A rigid-tendon approximation can greatly reduce the time required t… Figure 10.9 In many studies, the complex biological contact surfaces in the kne… Figure 10.10 Horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) ground reaction forces duri… Figure 10.11 Simulated activations and EMG recordings of four muscles when runn… Figure 10.12 Tibiofemoral contact force estimated in simulation (blue) and meas… Figure 10.13 Average metabolic power consumed during typical walking and when w… Figure 10.14 OpenSim can be used to generate forward dynamic and inverse dynami… Chapter 11 Figure 11.1 Visualization of a muscle-driven simulation of walking. The colors … Figure 11.2 Actions of the gluteus medius, vasti, soleus, gluteus maximus, and … Figure 11.3 Contribution to ground reaction force from stance-limb muscles (red… Figure 11.4 The knee flexes rapidly during double support, resulting in a high … Figure 11.5 The rectus femoris is active in early swing and accelerates the lim… Figure 11.6 Methods used to compare increase in peak knee flexion when rectus f… Figure 11.7 Peak knee flexion of lower-limb model (left) during simulation of p… Figure 11.8 Average normalized EMG patterns for eleven muscles measured at four… Figure 11.9 The tibialis anterior is active at heel strike and generates force … Figure 11.10 Visualizations from muscle-driven simulations of a representative … Figure 11.11 Contributions to the acceleration of the body's center … Figure 11.12 Musculoskeletal models used to create muscle-driven simulations of… Figure 11.13 During crouch gait, the vasti and plantarflexors are active throug… Figure 11.14 Fore–aft accelerations of the center of mass produced by the gastr… Figure 11.15 Average knee flexion angle (top), compressive knee force (center),… Figure 11.16 Dynamic optimizations that minimize cost of transport predict calc… Figure 11.17 Illustration from a nineteenth-century patent describing the inven… Figure 11.18 One of the first exoskeletons to help patients with stroke and spi… Figure 11.19 Muscle-driven simulations predicted the performance of seven ideal… Figure 11.20 Muscle-level analysis of ankle plantarflexion device for assisting… Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 Generic musculoskeletal model used to generate muscledriven simula… Figure 12.2 Actions of the gluteus medius, quadriceps, soleus, gluteus maximus,… Figure 12.3 Average EMG from 11 muscles during running. Adapted from Arnold et … Figure 12.4 Visualizations from muscle-driven simulations of a representative s… Figure 12.5 Increases in running speed are achieved primarily by increasing str… Figure 12.6 Mean and one standard deviation (n = 5) of the force– velocity multi… Figure 12.7 The opposing angular momenta of the arms and legs about a vertical … Figure 12.8 Swing-assist mechanism and effect on EMG during treadmill running. … Figure 12.9 Foot-strike patterns in running. Figure 12.10 Muscle activation and fiber dynamics of plantarflexor m… Figure 12.11 Tendon elastic energy (top) and power (bottom) for plantarflexor m… Figure 12.12 Reductions in the energy expended by lower-extremity muscles when … Figure 12.13 Activations of nine representative lower-extremity muscles in simu… Figure 12.14 The hip extension device of Lee et al. was more effective at reduc… Figure 12.15 Time-lapse photographs of a runner using a spring connecting the l… Figure 12.16 Mechanism of energetic savings when running with a spring connecti… Chapter 13 Figure 13.1 Wearable motion sensor and neurostimulator for reducing hand tremor… Figure 13.2 Activity inequality predicts obesity. Individuals in the five count… Figure 13.3 Use of data science methods in human movement biomechanics studies … Figure 13.4 Method to estimate gastrocnemius length. An OpenSim model recreated… Figure 13.5 Long-term outcomes following gastrocnemius lengthening surgery. Cas… Figure 13.6 OpenSim model of an ostrich, the fastest biped on the planet. Model… Figure 13.7 Frames from a simulation of landing on an incline to study ankle in… Figure 13.8 Locations of visitors to the OpenSim documentation in a recent one-…