Biomechanical Systems Technology: Cardiovascular Systems

Preface......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 9
2.2. Classification of ventricular assist devices......Page 10
2.2.3. Axial blood pump and other types of ventricular assist devices......Page 11
2.3.1. Intra-aortic balloon pump......Page 12
2.3.2. Hemopump......Page 14
2.3.3. Dynamic aortic valve......Page 15
3.1.1. Static model of the pump......Page 16
3.1.2. Dynamic model of the axial flow pump......Page 19
3.2. Computer simulations and results......Page 20
3.2.1. The pump flow and pressure difference during one cardiac cycle......Page 21
3.2.3. The beneficial effects of the axial flow pump on a failing heart......Page 22
4.1. The objective function for optimal control of the axial flow pump......Page 26
4.1.2. Establish the membership function......Page 27
4.1.3. Determine the weighting factor for each membership......Page 29
4.3. Optimum control of the axial flow pump using a single pump speed......Page 30
4.4. Optimum control of the axial flow pump using two pump speeds......Page 31
5. Conclusion......Page 33
References......Page 34
1. Introduction......Page 37
2.2. Suspension of the microscope......Page 38
3.1. Anesthetics......Page 39
3.2.1. Acute experimental models......Page 40
3.2.2. Chronic experimental models......Page 42
4.1. Vessel diameter......Page 46
4.2. Tissue vascularity......Page 47
4.3. Blood flow velocity......Page 48
4.4. Leukocyte behavior......Page 49
4.5. Oxygen measurement......Page 50
4.6. Permeability measurement......Page 51
5.1.1. Angiogenesis model using mouse skinfold chamber......Page 53
5.1.2. Angiogenesis model using hairless mouse ear......Page 54
References......Page 55
1. Introduction......Page 57
2. Operational Implementation and Development of the Dual Compartment Parallel Conduction Model......Page 59
3.1. The volumetric component: ΔZvol(t)......Page 61
3.2. The blood velocity-induced “resistivity” component: ΔZv(t)......Page 62
4.1. Nyboer equation: Foundation and rationale for the plethysmographic hypothesis in impedance cardiography......Page 63
4.2. Kubicek equation......Page 65
4.4. Sramek-Bernstein equation......Page 70
4.5. Validity of the plethysmographic techniques......Page 71
5.1. Analytical methods......Page 72
5.2.1. Resolution of origin by anatomic domain......Page 73
5.2.2. Resolution of origin by differential time domain analysis......Page 74
5.2.3. Resolution of origin by comparative time domain analysis: time-to-peak (TTP) of dZ/dtmax......Page 75
5.2.4. Hemodynamic and biomechanical origins of ΔZ(t) and dZ/dtmax: Analysis by means of a dierentiable cylindrical model of ascending aortic blood flow......Page 78
6.1. Peak aortic reduced average blood acceleration (PARABA): Hemodynamic analog of dZ/dtmax/Z0......Page 80
7.1. The volume conductor......Page 85
7.2. Index of transthoracic aberrant conduction ζ (zeta): Genesis of the three-compartment parallel conduction model......Page 87
8. Proof of Hypothesis: The New Equation versus the Kubicek, Sramek, and Sramek-Bernstein Equations using Thermodilution as the Standard Reference Technique......Page 89
9. Conclusions......Page 91
References......Page 92
1. Introduction......Page 97
3. Indicator Dilution Modeling......Page 98
3.1. Overview of the indicator dilution models......Page 99
3.2. The local density random walk model......Page 103
3.3. The First Passage Time model......Page 106
4.1. Cardiac output......Page 109
4.2. Mean transit time and blood volumes......Page 110
4.3. Ejection fraction......Page 115
4.4. Myocardial perfusion......Page 118
5.1.1. Fick method......Page 119
5.1.2. Thermodilution......Page 120
5.1.3. Dye dilution......Page 122
5.2.1. Echocardiography......Page 123
5.2.2. X-ray angiography......Page 140
5.2.3. Nuclear imaging......Page 142
5.2.4. Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 143
6. Conclusions and Outlook......Page 153
References......Page 154
1. Introduction......Page 165
2.1. The biomechanics of the healthy heart......Page 167
2.2.1.1. The first heart sound......Page 169
2.2.1.2. The second heart sound......Page 171
2.3.1. Cardiac arrhythmias......Page 172
2.3.4. Heart defect......Page 174
2.3.5. Heart valve diseases......Page 175
2.3.5.1. Aortic valve stenosis......Page 176
2.3.5.2. Aortic valve insufficiency......Page 177
2.3.5.3. Mitral valve insufficiency......Page 178
2.3.5.5. Pulmonary valve insufficiency......Page 179
2.3.6.1. Replacement of the heart valves......Page 180
2.3.6.2. Replacement systems for cardiac arrhythmia......Page 181
3.2. Ultrasound — echocardiography......Page 182
4.1.1. State of the art......Page 183
4.2. Heart sound analysis for detection of biomechanical disorders of the heart valves......Page 185
4.2.1. State of the art......Page 186
4.2.2.1. Signal recording and preliminary processing......Page 187
4.2.2.2. Parameter extraction......Page 191
4.2.2.3. Using the methods for analysis of heart sounds in patients with heart valve disease......Page 197
4.2.2.4. Discussion......Page 204
4.3. Heart sound analysis for risk stratification in patients with heart failure......Page 207
5. Discussion......Page 211
References......Page 212
1. Introduction......Page 215
2.1. Fluid dynamic equations......Page 216
2.1.1. One-dimensional flow......Page 217
2.2. Vessel wall equations......Page 218
2.2.1. Two-dimensional deformation......Page 219
2.2.2. One-dimensional deformation......Page 220
2.2.3. Existing pressure-area relationships......Page 226
2.3. Coupled form of equations......Page 227
3.1. Steady state behavior......Page 229
3.2. Wave behavior......Page 230
4. Discussion......Page 238
5. Conclusions......Page 239
References......Page 240
1. Introduction......Page 241
2. Medical Imaging Techniques......Page 243
2.1.1. Operating principles......Page 244
2.2. Computerized tomography......Page 246
2.2.1. Operating principles......Page 247
2.3.1. Operating principle......Page 248
2.4. Angiography......Page 249
3.1. Digital image processing......Page 250
3.1.1. Process application......Page 251
3.1.2. Velocity profile processing......Page 252
3.2. Rapid prototyping......Page 253
3.2.1. Application......Page 254
3.3.1. Application......Page 255
4.1. Computational fluid dynamics......Page 257
4.1.1. Application......Page 258
4.2. Finite element analysis......Page 259
5. Experimental Investigations......Page 261
5.1. Physiological flow modeling......Page 262
5.2. Laser Doppler anemometry......Page 263
5.3. Particle image velocimetry......Page 265
5.4. Video extensometry......Page 267
5.6. Photoelasticity......Page 268
6.1. Vascular grafts for abdominal aortic aneurysms......Page 270
6.2. Vascular grafts for femoral bypass procedures......Page 272
References......Page 274