Biomaterials

 Content: Machine generated contents note: 1. Overview of Biomaterials --
 1.1 Introduction 1 --
 1.2 Historical developments 2 --
 1.3 Construction materials 2 --
 1.4 Impact of biomaterials 6 --
 1.5 Strength of biological tissues 8 --
 1.6 Performance of implants 8 --
 1.7 Tissue response to implants 8 --
 1.8 Interfacial phenomena 9 --
 1.9 Safety and efficacy testing 11 --
 1.10 Summary 11 --2. Structure and Properties of Materials --
 2.1 Atomic and molecular bonds 12 --
 2.2 Crystal structure of solids 12 --
 2.3 Phase changes 15 --
 2.4 Crystal imperfections 15 --
 2.5 Noncrystalline solids 18 --
 2.6 Surface properties 19 --
 2.7 Mechanical properties of materials 21 --
 2.8 Thermal treatments 23 --
 2.9 Surface improvements 23 --
 2.10 Sterilization 23 --
 2.11 Summary 24 --3. Metals --
 3.1 Introduction 25 --
 3.2 Stainless steels 26 --
 3.3 Cobalt-Chromium alloys 28 --
 3.4 Titanium based alloys 30 --
 3.5 Nitinol 32 --
 3.6 Other metals 33 --
 3.7 Metallic corrosion 33 --
 3.8 Biological tolerance of implant metals 36 --
 3.9 Summary 38 --
 4. Ceramics --
 4.1 Introduction 39 --
 4.2 Carbons 39 --
 4.3 Alumina 41 --
 4.4 Yttria stabilized zirconia 43 --
 4.5 Surface reactive ceramics 44 --
 4.6 Resorbable ceramics 46 --
 4.7 Composites 47 --
 4.8 Analysis of ceramic surfaces 48 --
 4.9 Summary 50 --5. Synthetic Polymers --
 5.1 Introduction 51 --
 5.2 Polymers in biomedical use 56 --
 5.3 Polyethylene and polypropylene 59 --
 5.4 Perfluorinated polymers 60 --
 5.5 Acrylic polymers 61 --
 5.6 Hydrogels 63 --
 5.7 Polyurethanes 64 --
 5.8 Polyamides 65 --
 5.9 Biodegradable synthetic polymers 66 --
 5.10 Silicone rubber 68 --
 5.11 Plasma polymerization 70 --
 5.12 Microorganisms in polymeric implants 70 --
 5.13 Polymer sterilization 70 --
 5.14 Summary 71 --6. Biopolymers --
 6.1 Introduction 72 --
 6.2 Collagens 72 --
 6.3 Elastin 80 --
 6.4 Mucopolysaccharides 81 --
 6.5 Proteoglycans 82 --
 6.6 Cellulose and derivatives 87 --
 6.7 Chitin 89 --
 6.8 Other polysaccharides 90 --
 6.9 Summary 91 --7. Tissues Grafts --
 7.1 Introduction 92 --
 7.2 Blood 93 --
 7.3 Tissue grafts and rejection processes 99 --
 7.4 Skin 102 --
 7.5 Skin grafts 106 --
 7.6 Connective tissue grafts 110 --
 7.7 Summary 111 --8. Soft Tissue Applications --
 8.1 Introduction 112 --
 8.2 Bulk space fillers 112 --
 8.3 Maxillofacial implants 114 --
 8.4 Fluid transfer implants 116 --
 8.5 Functional load-carrying and supporting implants 116 --
 8.6 Percutaneous devices 124 --
 8.7 Biomaterials in urological practice 126 --
 8.8 Microencapsulation of live animal cells 127 --
 8.9 Summary 129 --9. Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Devices --
 9.1 Introduction 130 --
 9.2 Blood clotting 130 --
 9.3 Blood rheology 132 --
 9.4 Blood vessels 133 --
 9.5 The heart 134 --
 9.6 Aorta and valves 135 --
 9.7 Geometry of blood circulation 138 --
 9.8 The lungs 139 --
 9.9 Vascular implants 140 --
 9.10 Cardiac pacemakers 147 --
 9.11 Blood substitutes 150 --
 9.12 Kidney function 150 --
 9.13 Water in human body 151 --
 9.14 Extracorporeal blood circulation devices 152 --
 9.15 Summary 161 --10. Biomaterials in Ophthalmology --
 10.1 Introduction 163 --
 10.2 Anatomy of eye 163 --
 10.3 Viscoelastic solutions 165 --
 10.4 Contact lenses 165 --
 10.5 Optical implants 167 --
 10.6 Drainage tubes in glaucoma 168 --
 10.7 Scleral buckling materials for retinal detachment 168 --
 10.8 Vitreous implants 169 --
 10.9 Acrylate adhesives 169 --
 10.10 Eye shields 169 --
 10.11 Artificial tears 169 --
 10.12 Summary 170 --
 11. Orthopaedic Implants --
 11.1 Introduction 171 --
 11.2 Bone composition and properties 173 --
 11.3 Temporary fixation devices 180 --
 11.4 Fracture healing by electrical and electromagnetic stimulation 182 --
 11.5 Joint replacement 182 --
 11.6 Knee joint repair 186 --
 11.7 Bone regeneration with resorbable material 191 --
 11.8 Summary 193 --12. Dental Materials --
 12.1 Introduction 194 --
 12.2 Teeth composition and mechanical properties 194 --
 12.3 Impression materials 195 --
 12.4 Bases, liners and varnishes for cavities 197 --
 12.5 Fillings and restorative materials 197 --
 12.6 Materials for deep cavities 199 --
 12.7 Metals in dentistry 201 --
 12.8 Oral implants 201 --
 12.9 Use of collagen in dentistry 205 --
 12.10 Summary 205.