Biomass Crops: Production, Energy, and the Environment (Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology: Energy Policies, Politics and Prices)

CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
CONVERSION OF WOOD INTO LIQUID FUELS:  A REVIEW OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BEHIND THE FAST PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS......Page 12
1.1. The Current Energy System......Page 13
1.2. Conventional Thermochemical Technologies: Biomass Combustion......Page 14
1.3. Advanced Thermochemical Technologies: Gasification and Pyrolysis......Page 15
2.1.1. Introduction to Lignocellulosic Biomass......Page 19
2.1.2. Polymeric components of lignocellulosic biomass......Page 20
2.1.3.2. Extractives......Page 21
2.1.3.3. Water......Page 22
2.1.4. Thermal Degradation of Biomass Components......Page 23
Thermal degradation of cellulose......Page 24
Thermal degradation of lignin......Page 25
2.3. Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis Processes......Page 26
2.3.1. Fast Pyrolysis Plant Layout......Page 27
3.1.1. Fundamentals in the Design of the Pyrolysis Reactor......Page 29
Heat Requirements......Page 30
3.2. Reactor Designs for Biomass Fast Pyrolysis......Page 31
3.2.2. Non Conventional Fluidized Beds......Page 33
Rotating Cone Reactor......Page 34
Twin Screw Reactor and the Auger Reactor......Page 35
Ablative Reactors......Page 36
Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor......Page 37
3.3.1. Ikerlan-IK4 Pilot Plant......Page 39
3.3.3. Feeding System......Page 40
3.3.5. Char Recovery System......Page 41
3.3.6. Liquid Recovery System......Page 42
4.1.1. Product Yields and Overall Characteristics......Page 43
Pyrolysis Chars......Page 44
4.1.2. Characteristics of Pyrolysis Oil......Page 45
4.1.2.1. Water Content and Oil Miscibility......Page 46
4.1.2.4. Viscosity......Page 48
4.1.2.7. Corrosion and Acidity......Page 49
4.1.2.9. Chemical Composition......Page 50
4.2.2.10. Health And Safety and Environmental Issues with Pyrolysis Bio-Oils......Page 52
4.2. Potential Applications of Pyrolysis Oils......Page 53
4.2.1. Pyrolysis Oils for Energy Applications......Page 54
4.2.1.1. Flame Combustion of Pyrolysis Oils for Heat Generation......Page 55
Co-firing......Page 56
Stationary Diesel Engines......Page 57
4.2.2. Gasification/Steam Reforming for Syngas Generation......Page 58
4.2.4. Other Applications......Page 59
5.1.1. Formation of Bio-Oil Emulsions with Diesel......Page 60
5.2.1. Catalytic Cracking......Page 61
5.2.4. Biorefineries and Biomass Pyrolysis Oils......Page 63
6.1. Historical Evolution of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis......Page 64
6.2.1. Envergent Technologies......Page 71
6.2.3. Dynamotive......Page 72
6.2.4. Bio-Oil Holding NV......Page 74
6.2.5. Metso-UPM-VTT-FORTUM......Page 76
6.2.6. PYTEC......Page 77
6.2.7. RTI......Page 78
6.3. Economic Aspects of Biomass Pyrolysis......Page 79
CONCLUSIONS......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
ABSTRACT......Page 100
Introduction......Page 101
Potential Biomass Production......Page 102
The Holistic Approach......Page 105
Discussion......Page 108
2. PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION......Page 109
3. SUGAR BEET TO BIOETHANOL......Page 114
4. SWEET SORGHUM TO BIOHYDROGEN......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 124
ABSTRACT......Page 132
INTRODUCTION......Page 133
ALFALFA BIOMASS PRODUCTION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS......Page 135
ALFALFA LEAF BIOCHEMISTRY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 143
ABSTRACT......Page 150
INTRODUCTION......Page 151
METHODS AND MATERIALS......Page 153
RESULTS......Page 155
DISCUSSION......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 161
ABSTRACT......Page 164
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 165
2.1. Types of Biomass Feedstocks used in APR......Page 166
2.2. Catalysts in APR......Page 167
2.3.1. Glycerol......Page 168
2.4.1. Glucose and Sorbitol......Page 169
2.4.2. Lignocellulosic Biomass......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 172
ABSTRACT......Page 176
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOFUELS......Page 178
Biodiesel......Page 179
Bioethanol......Page 180
LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS CONVERSION TO ETHANOL......Page 181
CROP RESIDUE PRODUCTION AND THEIR AVAILABILITY FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN INDIA......Page 182
TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION......Page 183
NEEDS FOR FOOD VERSUS FUEL POLICY......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 186
ABSTRACT......Page 190
1.2 Survey of HMs-Contamination Farmlands in Taiwan......Page 191
1.3 Remediation of HMs-Contaminated Soils in Taiwan......Page 192
2.1 Pot ExperimentⅠ......Page 193
2.2. Accumulation of HM by Soybean......Page 194
3. EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF AMENDMENTS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF HM BY SOYBEAN......Page 197
3.2. Effect of BS on the Accumulation of Cd......Page 198
3.3. Bioconcentration Factor of Cd of Soybean......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
ABSTRACT......Page 204
Background......Page 205
Conceptual Model......Page 207
Description of the Study Area......Page 208
Mother-Baby Approach......Page 209
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E)......Page 210
Participatory Rural Appraisal (Pra)......Page 211
Mother-Baby Trials......Page 213
Village Training Workshops......Page 214
Farmer Groups......Page 216
Annual Stakeholders’ Planning Workshops......Page 217
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E)......Page 218
Project Milestones......Page 219
DISCUSSIONS......Page 220
Lessons Learnt......Page 221
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 222
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 223
REFERENCES......Page 224
INDEX......Page 230