Biomarkers of Radiation in the Environment: Robust Tools for Risk Assessment (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology)

Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Techniques for Biomarker Development
	Chapter 1: Reducing Uncertainties in Live Monitoring of Radiation in Wildlife
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Monitoring Radiation Doses to Wildlife
		1.3 Determining Internal Radiation in Wildlife
			1.3.1 Non-lethal, Invasive Sampling for Radiation Determination in Wildlife
			1.3.2 Non-lethal, Non-invasive Gamma Analysis of Radiation in Wildlife
		1.4 Examples of Live-Animal Radioisotope Tracing Studies in the Laboratory
		1.5 Reducing Uncertainties in Live Monitoring of Radiation in Aquatic Organisms
			1.5.1 Animal Rinsing Pre Radioanalysis
			1.5.2 Accounting for Live Animal Movement
				1.5.2.1 Amphibians
				1.5.2.2 Ascidians
				1.5.2.3 Bivalves
				1.5.2.4 Decapod Crustaceans
				1.5.2.5 Fish
				1.5.2.6 Gastropods
				1.5.2.7 Other Factors to Reduce Uncertainty When Radioanalysing Live Aquatic Organisms
			1.5.3 Efficiency Calibration for Live Animal Radioanalysis
				1.5.3.1 Phantoms
				1.5.3.2 Creation of Standard Liquid Geometries
				1.5.3.3 Modelling Software
			1.5.4 Limits of Detection and Calibration for Field Monitoring Purposes
		1.6 Detectors Suitable for Field Applications
		1.7 Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Synchrotron Light Facilities and Applications in Life Sciences
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Synchrotron Light and Sources
		2.3 Experimental Techniques
		2.4 Applications in Life Sciences
		2.5 Summary
		References
	Chapter 3: Elemental Imaging in Biology Using Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 XFM Exploration of Elemental Concentration, Distribution and Translocation in Differentiation and Normal Homeostasis
		3.3 Use of XFM for Examination of Pathological Elemental Misbalance in Disease
		3.4 XFM Analyses of Elemental Content in Cancer
		3.5 XFM Investigation of (Experimental) Elemental Overload
		3.6 XFM Exploration Beyond Mammals: Elemental Concentration, Distribution and Speciation in Bacteria, Eukaryotic Single Cell Organisms and Plants
		3.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Data and Biomaterial Archives in Radioecology and Radiobiology; the Importance of STOREing
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Environmental and Ecological Data
			4.2.1 Environmental Information Data Centre
			4.2.2 The Radioecology Exchange
			4.2.3 Other Dedicated Databases
		4.3 Biological and Inorganic Sample Archives
			4.3.1 Radioecology Exchange Samples Register
			4.3.2 Sample Bank of Fukushima Animals, Japan
		4.4 STORE DB; a Database for Radiobiology, Radioecology and Epidemiology
		4.5 Database and Bioresource Sustainability
		4.6 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Low-Dose Effect Mechanisms
	Chapter 5: Modelling Direct and Indirect Effects of Radiation: Experimental, Clinical and Environmental Implications
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Multiscale Modelling to Study Radiation Effects
			5.2.1 Mathematical Model: Multiscale Approach
			5.2.2 Multiscale Model Implementation
			5.2.3 Applications of Systems Biology Simulations
		5.3 Modelling Cellular Response to Radiotherapy: Simulation and Validation
			5.3.1 Setting the Scene: Modelling Cellular Growth
			5.3.2 Modelling the Cellular Microenvironment
			5.3.3 Treatment Delivery and Response Modelling
			5.3.4 Simulation Validation
		5.4 Modelling Indirect Effects: Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects
		5.5 Conclusions and Overview
		References
	Chapter 6: Immune Networks in the Context of Low Dose Ionizing Radiation
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Irradiated Tissues Respond with a Bona fide Inflammatory Response
		6.3 Danger & Inflammation Build the Bridge to Adaptive Immunity
			6.3.1 The Sting of Radiation
			6.3.2 Radiation-Induced DNA-Damage – A Gift That Keeps on Giving
		6.4 Inflammaging – How Radiation Makes us Immunologically Older
		6.5 Redox, Radiation-Induced Signaling Networks and Immune Engagement
		6.6 Summary
		References
	Chapter 7: Learning from NATO Biomarker Research for Humans
		7.1 Biological Dosimetry for Radiation-Exposure in Humans
		7.2 A Panel of Biomarkers as Novel Tool for Early Detection of Radiation-Exposure (G4815 NATO SPS-Funded Project)
			7.2.1 Introduction
			7.2.2 Experimental Approach
			7.2.3 Preliminary Results
		7.3 Implementation of a Novel Set of Early Biomarkers for Measuring Radiation Dose in Case of Emergency
			7.3.1 Exosomes as Biomarkers
		7.4 What Can Be Transferred from Biomarkers Research on Humans for Dose Assessment in Environmental Radiological Protection?
		References
Part III: Biomarkers for Risk Evaluation
	Chapter 8: Exosomes as Radiation Biomarkers
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Exosome Biogenesis and Release
			8.1.2 Communication Between Donor and Recipient Cells
		8.2 Exosome Isolation and Its Biophysical Characterization
		8.3 Exosomal Cargo as a Diagnostic Biomarker
		8.4 Radiation Treatments and Its Impact on Exosome Biogenesis
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Monitoring Very Low Dose Radiation Damage in DNA Using “Field-Friendly” Biomarkers
		9.1 Ionising Radiation-Induced DNA and Chromosome Damage
		9.2 DNA Damage-Associated Biomarkers of Ionising Radiation Exposure
		9.3 Cytogenetic Markers
			9.3.1 The Dicentric Assay
			9.3.2 The Micronucleus Assay
			9.3.3 The Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) Assay
			9.3.4 Translocation Analysis
		9.4 Markers of DNA Damage
			9.4.1 Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis
			9.4.2 DNA Damage Foci
		9.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: The Development of Bio-assays Based on Non-targeted Effects of Radiation; a Potential Worm-Hole into Ecosystem Level Biomarkers
		10.1 Background and Potential Relevance of NTE
			10.1.1 What Are NTE?
			10.1.2 Environmental Studies and Prevalence in Species
				10.1.2.1 Inter-organism Communication
				10.1.2.2 Relevance for Other Stressors
		10.2 Improving Environmental Biomarkers
			10.2.1 Need for Non-lethal Sampling
			10.2.2 Need for Population and Ecosystem Level Markers
		10.3 Case Studies
			10.3.1 How NTE Markers Relate to Ecosystem
			10.3.2 Fish Case Study
			10.3.3 Worm Case Study
			10.3.4 Frog Case Study
		10.4 Future Needs and Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Biomarkers in Wildlife
	Chapter 11: Birds as Bioindicators of Radioactive Contamination and Its Effects
		11.1 Birds as Bioindicators
		11.2 Birds as Indicators of the Fate of Radioactive Contaminants
		11.3 Birds as Sentinels of Low-Dose Radiation Effects
			11.3.1 Physiological, Genetic and Morphological Effects of Radiation on Birds: A Role for Oxidative Stress
			11.3.2 Sperm Motility as a Sensitive Endpoint in Birds Exposed to Ionizing Radiation
			11.3.3 Interspecific Variation in Susceptibility to Radioactive Contamination
		References
	Chapter 12: Amphibians in Field Radioecology: A Review and Perspective
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Amphibians in Field Radioecology: A Review
			12.2.1 Radionuclide Concentrations in Wild Amphibians
			12.2.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Wild Amphibians
		12.3 Future Research Directions in Field Radioecology with Amphibians
		References
	Chapter 13: Measuring Adaptive Responses Following Chronic and Low Dose Exposure in Amphibians
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Methodology
			13.2.1 The Study Sites
			13.2.2 Micronucleus Assay
				13.2.2.1 In Vitro Experiments (Gamma Irradiations Performed on the Cell Cultures)
				13.2.2.2 In Vivo Experiments (Live Animals Exposed to Gamma Irradiation)
				13.2.2.3 Slide Preparation
			13.2.3 Fatty Acid Composition
			13.2.4 Bystander Effect
		13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 14: Are There Ecosystem-Relevant Endpoints for Measuring Radiation Impacts?
		14.1 Introduction and Terminology
		14.2 Why Can’t We Just Extrapolate from ‘Lower’ Level to Ecosystem-Level Effects?
			14.2.1 Limitations of Biomarkers Themselves
			14.2.2 Extrapolation and Problems Encountered
		14.3 What Can We Measure to Detect Ecosystem-Level and Ecosystem-Relevant Effects from a Scientific Point of View?
			14.3.1 Structural Endpoints
			14.3.2 Functional Endpoints
			14.3.3 Network Metrics and Ecological Network Analysis
		14.4 What Can/Should We Measure to Detect Ecosystem-Level and Ecosystem-Relevant Effects in Risk Assessment?
			14.4.1 Ecosystem-Based Approach to Assessment
			14.4.2 Ecosystem Services
		14.5 Linking Ecosystem Effects to a Stressor of Interest
			14.5.1 Multivariate Methods
			14.5.2 Linear Models
		14.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 15: Biomarkers and Ecological indicators for Environmental Radioactivity in Invertebrates
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Biomarkers for Exposure
			15.2.1 Micronuclei
			15.2.2 Comet Assay
			15.2.3 Cytochrome p450
			15.2.4 Oxidative Stress
		15.3 Ecological Indicators
			15.3.1 Behaviour
		15.4 Considerations
		References
Part V: Biomarker Use and Responses
	Chapter 16: Biomarkers of Radiation and Risk Assessment by Ionizing Radiation, Countermeasures for Radiation Protection of Environment, Workers and Public
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 Challenges for Establishment of Albanian Legislation and Regulations According EU
			16.1.2 Ionizing Radiation Exposures and Determining Risk Health
			16.1.3 General Considerations on Biomarkers for Use in Epidemiological Studies
			16.1.4 Collection and Use of Biological Samples in Epidemiological Studies
		16.2 Material and Methods of Sampling Analysis in IANP
			16.2.1 Epidemiological Liquid and Aqueous Samples Analyses
			16.2.2 Environmental Samples Analysis
			16.2.3 Transuranic Environmental Samples Analysis
		16.3 Results
			16.3.1 Interpretation of Measurements and Content Validity for Risk Assessment
		16.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: Application of the International System of Radiation Protection in Fit-for-Purpose Assessment of Impacts
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Objectives
		17.2 Principles of Radiation Protection
		17.3 Assessment of Exposure over Lifetime of Facilities and Activities
			17.3.1 Preliminary Evaluation
			17.3.2 Detailed Evaluation
			17.3.3 Planning
			17.3.4 Implementation and Verification
			17.3.5 Post-Facility or Activity Management
		17.4 Assessment of Risk and Impacts in Different Exposure Situations
			17.4.1 Definition of Exposure Situations
				17.4.1.1 Planned Exposure Situations
				17.4.1.2 Emergency Exposure Situations
				17.4.1.3 Existing exposure Situations
			17.4.2 Establishment of Criteria
				17.4.2.1 Criteria in a Planned Exposure Situation
				17.4.2.2 Criteria in an Emergency Exposure Situation
				17.4.2.3 Criteria in an Existing Exposure Situation
		17.5 Practical Application of the International System of Radiation Protection
		References
	Chapter 18: Practicalities of Mainstreaming Biomarker Use – A Canadian Perspective
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Environmental Protection in the Canadian Nuclear Sector
		18.3 Emerging Issues for Hazardous Substances in Canada
			18.3.1 Releases of Uranium
			18.3.2 Releases of Molybdenum
			18.3.3 Releases of Selenium
		18.4 Environmental Effects Monitoring in Canada
		18.5 Nuclear Substances
		18.6 Physical Effects at Nuclear Power Plants
		18.7 Conclusions
		References
Index