Biology: Science for Life with Physiology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Can Science Cure the Common Cold?
	Introduction to the Scientific Method
	1.1 The Process of Science
		The Nature of Hypotheses
		Scientific Theories
		The logic of Hypothesis Tests
	1.2 Hypothesis Testing
		The Experimental Method
		Controlled Experiments
		Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design
		Using Correlation to test Hypotheses
	1.3 Understanding Statistics
		What Statistical Tests Can Tell Us
		What Statistical Tests Cannot Tell Us
	1.4 Evaluating Scientific Information
		Primary Sources
		Information from Anecdotes
		Science in the News
		Understanding Science from Secondary Sources
	1.5 Is There a Cure for the Common Cold?
	Savvy Reader A toolkit for Evaluating Science in the News
	Sounds Right, But Is It?
	Chapter Review
UNIT ONE Chemistry and Cells
	CHAPTER 2 Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Pseudoscience
		Water, Biochemistry, and Cells
		2.1 A Definition of Life
		2.2 The Properties of Water
			The Structure of water
			Water Is a good Solvent
			Water Facilitates Chemical Reactions
			Water Is Cohesive
			Water Moderates temperature
		2.3 Chemistry for Biology Students
			Chemical Bonds
		2.4 Biological Macromolecules
			Carbohydrates
			Proteins
			Lipids
			Nucleic Acids
		2.5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory
		Savvy Reader Ionized water
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 3 Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better Performance and Health?
		Nutrients and Membrane Transport
		3.1 Nutrients
			Macronutrients
			Micronutrients
			Antioxidants
		3.2 Cell Structure
			Plasma Membrane
			Subcellular Structures
		3.3 Transport across Membranes
			Membrane transport
		Savvy Reader Probiotics
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 4 Body Weight and Health
		Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration
		4.1 Enzymes and Metabolism
			Enzymes
			Metabolism
		4.2 Cellular Respiration
			Structure and Function of ATP
			Cellular Respiration
			Metabolism of Other Nutrients
			Metabolism without Oxygen: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
		4.3 Body Weight and Health
			Body Mass Index
			Overweight and Underweight Are Both Unhealthy
		Savvy Reader Hoodia for Weight Loss
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 5 Life in the Greenhouse
		Photosynthesis and Climate Change
		5.1 The Greenhouse Effect
			Water, Heat, and Temperature
		5.2 The Flow of Carbon
		5.3 Can Photosynthesis Slow Down Global Climate Change?
			Chloroplasts: The Site of Photosynthesis
			The Process of Photosynthesis
		5.4 How High Temperatures Might Reduce Photosynthesis
		5.5 Decreasing the Effects of Climate Change
		Savvy Reader Is Climate Change More Good Than Bad?
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
UNIT TWO Genetics
	CHAPTER 6 Cancer
		DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis
		6.1 What Is Cancer?
			Tumors Can Be Cancerous
			Risk Factors for Cancer
		6.2 Passing Genes and Chromosomes to Daughter Cells
			Genes and Chromosomes
			DNA Replication
		6.3 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
			Interphase
			Mitosis
			Cytokinesis
		6.4 Cell Cycle Control
			Tumor Suppressors Prevent Uncontrolled Cell Division
		6.5 Cancer Detection and Treatment
			Detection Methods: Biopsy
			Treatment Methods: Chemotherapy and Radiation
		6.6 Meiosis
			Interphase
			Meiosis I
			Meiosis II
			Crossing Over and Random Alignment
		Savvy Reader Alternative Cancer Treatments
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 7 Are You Only as Smart as Your Genes?
		Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics
		7.1 The Inheritance of Traits
			Genes and Chromosomes
			Producing Diversity in offspring
		7.2 Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear
			Genotype and Phenotype
			Genetic Diseases in Humans
			Using Punnett Squares to Predict offspring genotypes
		7.3 Quantitative Genetics: When Genes and Environment Interact
			Why Traits Are Quantitative
			Calculating Heritability
		7.4 Genes, Environment, and the Individual
			The Use and Misuse of Heritability
			How Do Genes Matter?
		Savvy Reader Can Your Genes Be Bullied?
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 8 DNA Detective
		Complex Patterns of Inheritance and DNA Profiling
		8.1 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
			Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Multiple Alleles, and Pleiotropy
		8.2 Sex Determination and Sex Linkage
			Chromosomal Sex Determination
			Sex linkage
		8.3 Pedigrees
		8.4 DNA Profiling
			DNA Profiling
			Mystery Solved
		Savvy Reader Choosing the Sex of Your Child
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 9 Genetically Modified Organisms
		Gene Expression, Mutation, Stem Cells, and Cloning
		9.1 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
			From Gene to Protein
			Transcription
			Translation
			Mutations
			Gene Expression
		9.2 Producing Recombinant Proteins
			Cloning a gene Using Bacteria
		9.3 Genetically Modified Plants and Animals
			Modifying Crop Plants
			Modifying Fish for Human Consumption
			Pharming
		9.4 Genetically Modified Humans
			Stem Cells
			Gene Therapy
			Cloning Humans
		Savvy Reader Labeling GMOs
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
UNIT THREE Evolution
	CHAPTER 10 Where Did We Come From?
		The Evidence for Evolution
		10.1 What Is Evolution?
			The Process of Evolution
			The Theory of Evolution
		10.2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
			Early Views of Evolution
			The Voyage of the Beagle
			Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent
			Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationships among Organisms
		10.3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent
			Linnaean Classification
			Anatomical Homology
			Developmental Homologies
			Molecular Homology
			Biogeography
			The Fossil Record
			The Record of our Ancestors
		10.4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid?
			Weighing the Alternatives
			The Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of life
		Savvy Reader Is there Still Scientific Debate about Evolution?
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 11 An Evolving Enemy
		Natural Selection
		11.1 Return of a Killer
			What Is tuberculosis?
			Treatment—and treatment Failure
		11.2 Natural Selection Causes Evolution
			Darwin’s observations
			Darwin’s Inference: Natural Selection Causes Evolution
			Testing natural Selection
		11.3 Natural Selection Since Darwin
			The Modern Synthesis
			The Subtleties of Natural Selection
			Patterns of Selection
		11.4 Natural Selection and Human Health
			Tuberculosis Fits Darwin’s Observations
			Selecting for Drug Resistance
			Stopping Drug Resistance
			Can Natural Selection Save Us from Superbugs?
		Savvy Reader Blogging the TB Story
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 12 Who Am I?
		Species and Races
		12.1 What Is a Species?
			The Biological Species Concept
			Speciation
			Isolation and Divergence of gene Pools
			The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation
		12.2 Are Human Races Biological?
			The History of Human Races
			The Morphological Species Concept
			Modern Humans: A History
			Genetic Evidence of Divergence
			Calculating Allele Frequencies
			Human Races Are not Isolated Biological groups
			Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated
		12.3 Why Human Groups Differ
			Natural Selection
			Convergent Evolution
			Genetic Drift
			Sexual Selection
			Assortative Mating
		Savvy Reader Race and Health guidelines
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 13 The Greatest Species on Earth?
		Biodiversity and Classification
		13.1 Biological Classification
			How Many Species Exist?
			Kingdoms and Domains
		13.2 The Diversity of Life
			The Domains Bacteria and Archaea
			The Origin of the Domain Eukarya
			Kingdom Protista
			Kingdom Animalia
			Kingdom Fungi
			Kingdom Plantae
			Not Quite Living: Viruses
		13.3 Learning about Species
			Reconstructing Evolutionary History
			The Greatest Species on Earth
		Savvy Reader Are Middle-Aged Humans Evolution’s Greatest Accomplishment?
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
UNIT FOUR Ecology
	CHAPTER 14 Is the Human Population Too Large?
		Population Ecology
		14.1 Population Growth
			Population Structure
			Exponential Population Growth
			The Demographic Transition
		14.2 Limits to Population Growth
			Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth
			Earth’s Carrying Capacity for Humans
		14.3 The Future of the Human Population
			A Possible Population Crash?
			Avoiding Disaster
		Savvy Reader Using Science to Urge Action
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 15 Conserving Biodiversity
		Community and Ecosystem Ecology
		15.1 The Sixth Extinction
			Measuring Extinction Rates
			Causes of Extinction
		15.2 The Consequences of Extinction
			Loss of Resources
			Predation, Mutualism, and Competition
			Energy and Chemical Flows
			Psychological Effects
		15.3 Saving Species
			Protecting Habitat
			Small Populations Are Vulnerable
			Conservation Genetics
			Protecting Biodiversity versus Meeting Human Needs
		Savvy Reader What Happens When a Species Recovers
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 16 Where Do You Live?
		Climate and Biomes
		16.1 Global and Regional Climate
			Global Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
		16.2 Terrestrial Biomes
			Forests and Shrublands
			Grasslands
			Desert
			Tundra
		16.3 Aquatic Biomes
			Freshwater
			Saltwater
		16.4 The Human Impact
			Energy and Natural Resources
			Waste Production
		Savvy Reader Greenwashing
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
UNIT FIVE Animal Structure and Function
	CHAPTER 17 Organ Donation
		Tissues and Organs
		17.1 Tissues
			Epithelial Tissue
			Connective Tissue
			Muscle Tissue
			Nervous Tissue
			Tissue Donation
		17.2 Organs and Organ Systems
			Organs: The Liver as a Model Organ
		17.3 Regulating the Internal Environment
			Negative Feedback
			Positive Feedback
			Growing Replacement organs
			Organ Donation
		Savvy Reader Trafficking in Kidneys
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 18 Binge Drinking
		The Digestive and Urinary Systems
		18.1 The Digestive System
			Mechanical and Chemical Breakdown of Food
			Absorption of Digested Foods
			Regulation of Digestive Secretions
		18.2 Removing Toxins from the Body: The Urinary System
			Kidney Structure and Function
			Engaging Safely with Alcohol
		Savvy Reader Sexual Assault on College Campuses
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 19 Clearing the Air
		Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
		19.1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System
			What Happens When You Take a Breath?
			Gas Exchange
			The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Exchange
			Smoke Particles and Lung Function
		19.2 Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The Cardiovascular System
			Structure of the Cardiovascular System
			Movement of Materials through the Cardiovascular System
			Smoke and Cardiovascular Disease
		Savvy Reader Opinion Polling
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 20 Vaccination: Protection and Prevention or Peril?
		Immune System, Bacteria, Viruses, and Other Pathogens
		20.1 Infectious Agents
			Bacteria
			Viruses
			Eukaryotic Pathogens
		20.2 The Body’s Response to Infection: The Immune System
			First line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes
			Second line of Defense: Phagocytes and Macrophages, Inflammation, Defensive Proteins, and Fever
			Third line of Defense: Lymphocytes
			Cell-Mediated and Antibody-Mediated Immunity
		Savvy Reader HIV and AIDS
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 21 Human Sex Differences
		Endocrine, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
		21.1 The Endocrine System
			Hormones
			Endocrine Glands
		21.2 The Skeletal System
			Bone Structure and Remodeling
		21.3 The Muscular System
			Muscle Structure and Contraction
			Muscle Interaction with Bones
			Sex Differences in Muscle
		21.4 Other Biology-Based Sex Differences
		Savvy Reader Anabolic Steroids Use
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 22 Is There Something in the Water?
		Reproductive and Developmental Biology
		22.1 Principles of Animal Reproduction
			Asexual Reproduction
			Sexual Reproduction
		22.2 Human Reproduction
			Reproductive Systems
			Gametogenesis
			The Menstrual Cycle
		22.3 Human Development
			Fertilization
			Embryonic Development
			Pregnancy
			Childbirth
		Savvy Reader Endocrine Disruption and Early Puberty
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 23 Study Drugs: Brain Boost or Brain Drain?
		Brain Structure and Function
		23.1 The Nervous System
			Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
			The Senses
			Amphetamines Act on the Nervous System
		23.2 The Human Brain
			Cerebrum
			Thalamus and Hypothalamus
			Cerebellum and Brain Stem
		23.3 Neurons
			Neuron Structure and Function
			Nonmedical Use of ADD Medications
		Savvy Reader Prescription Drug Abuse
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
UNIT SIX Plant Biology
	CHAPTER 24 Feeding the World
		Plant Structure and Growth
		24.1 Plants as Food
			The Evolution of Agriculture: Food Plant Diversity
			Plant Structure
			Plant Reproduction
		24.2 Plant Growth Requirements
			How Plants Grow
			Maximizing Plant Growth: Water, Nutrients, and Pest Control
			Designing Better Plants: Hybrids and Genetic Engineering
		24.3 The Future of Agriculture
			Modern Agriculture Causes Environmental Damage
			How to Reduce the Damage
		Savvy Reader Is There a Health Benefit to Organic Foods?
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
	CHAPTER 25 Growing a Green Thumb
		Plant Physiology
		25.1 The Right Plant for the Place: Water Relations
			Transpiration
			Adaptations That Affect Transpiration
			Water Inside Plant Cells
		25.2 A Beautiful Garden: Sap Translocation, Photoperiodism, and Flower and Fruit Production
			Translocation of Sugars and Nutrients
			Managing Translocation
			Photoperiodism
		25.3 Pleasing Forms: Tropisms and Hormones
			Tropisms
			Hormones
		Savvy Reader The Benefits of Gardening
		Sounds Right, But Is It?
		Chapter Review
Appendix: Metric System Conversions
Answers
Glossary
Credits
Index
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