Biology: science for life, with physiology

Content: Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Can Science Cure the Common Cold? --
Introduction to the Scientific Method --
1.1. Process of Science --
Nature of Hypotheses --
Scientific Theories --
Logic of Hypothesis Tests --
1.2. Hypothesis Testing --
Experimental Method --
Controlled Experiments --
Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design --
Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses --
1.3. Understanding Statistics --
Overview: What Statistical Tests Can Tell Us --
Closer Look: Statistics --
What Statistical Tests Cannot Tell Us --
1.4. Evaluating Scientific Information --
Primary Sources --
Information from Anecdotes --
Science in the News --
Understanding Science from Secondary Sources --
1.5. Is There a Cure for the Common Cold? --
Chapter Review --
Unit One Chemistry and Cells --
ch. 2 Are We Alone in the Universe? --
Water, Biochemistry, and Cells --
2.1. What Does Life Require? --
Definition of Life --
Properties of Water --
Acids, Bases, and Salts --
Organic Chemistry --
Closer Look: Chemical Bonds --
Structure and Function of Macromolecules --
2.2. Life on Earth --
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells --
Cell Structure --
Tree of Life and Evolutionary Theory --
Chapter Review --
ch. 3 Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better Health? --
Nutrients and Membrane Transport --
3.1. Nutrients --
Macronutrients --
Micronutrients --
Antioxidants --
3.2. Transport Across Membranes --
Overview: Membrane Transport --
Closer Look: Membrane Transport --
You Are What You Eat --
Chapter Review --
ch. 4 Fat: How Much Is Right for You? --
Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration --
4.1. Enzymes and Metabolism --
Enzymes --
Calories and Metabolic Rate --
4.2. Cellular Respiration --
Structure and Function of ATP --
Overview: Cellular Respiration --
Closer Look: Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis --
Metabolism of Other Nutrients --
Metabolism Without Oxygen: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation --
4.3. Body Fat and Health --
Evaluating How Much Body Fat Is Healthful --
Obesity --
Anorexia and Bulimia --
Achieving Ideal Weight --
Chapter Review --
ch. 5 Life in the Greenhouse --
Photosynthesis and Global Warming --
5.1. Greenhouse Effect --
Water, Heat, and Temperature --
5.2. Flow of Carbon --
5.3. Can Photosynthesis Reduce the Risk of Global Warming? --
Chloroplasts: The Site of Photosynthesis --
Overview: Photosynthesis --
Closer Look: The Two Steps of Photosynthesis --
5.4. How Global Warming Might Reduce Photosynthesis --
5.5. Decreasing the Effects of Global Warming --
Chapter Review --
Unit Two Genetics --
ch. 6 Cancer DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis --
6.1. What Is Cancer? --
Tumors Can Be Cancerous --
Risk Factors for Cancer --
6.2. Passing Genes and Chromosomes to Daughter Cells --
Genes and Chromosomes --
DNA Replication --
6.3. Cell Cycle and Mitosis --
Interphase --
Mitosis --
Cytokinesis --
6.4. Cell-Cycle Control and Mutation --
Overview: Controls in the Cell Cycle --
Closer Look: At Mutations to Cell-Cycle Control Genes --
Cancer Development Requires Many Mutations --
6.5. Cancer Detection and Treatment --
Detection Methods: Biopsy --
Treatment Methods: Chemotherapy and Radiation --
6.6. Meiosis --
Interphase --
Meiosis I --
Meiosis II --
Crossing Over and Random Alignment --
Mistakes in Meiosis --
Chapter Review --
ch. 7 Are You Only as Smart as Your Genes? --
Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics --
7.1. Inheritance of Traits --
Genes and Chromosomes --
Producing Diversity in Offspring --
7.2. Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear --
Genotype and Phenotype --
Genetic Diseases in Humans --
Using Punnett Squares to Predict Offspring Genotypes --
7.3. Quantitative Genetics: When Genes and Environment Interact --
Overview: Why Traits Are Quantitative --
Closer Look: Using Correlations to Calculate the Heritability of Intelligence --
7.4. Genes, Environment, and the Individual --
Use and Misuse of Heritability --
How Do Genes Matter? --
Chapter Review --
ch. 8 DNA Detective --
Complex Patterns of Inheritance and DNA Fingerprinting --
8.1. Extensions of Mendelian Genetics --
8.2. Sex Determination and Sex Linkage --
Chromosomes and Sex Determination --
Sex Linkage --
8.3. Pedigrees --
8.4. DNA Fingerprinting --
Overview: DNA Fingerprinting --
Closer Look: DNA Fingerprinting --
DNA Fingerprinting Evidence Helped --
Solve the Romanov Mystery --
Chapter Review --
ch. 9 Genetically Modified Organisms --
Gene Expression, Mutation, and Cloning --
9.1. Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression --
From Gene to Protein --
Transcription --
Translation --
Mutations --
Overview: Gene Expression --
Closer Look: Regulating Gene Expression --
9.2. Producing Recombinant Proteins --
Cloning a Gene Using Bacteria --
9.3. Genetically Modified Foods --
Why Genetically Modify Crop Plants? --
Modifying Crop Plants with the Ti Plasmid and Gene Gun --
Effect of GMOs on Health --
GM Crops and the Environment --
9.4. Genetically Modified Humans --
Stem Cells --
Human Genome Project --
Gene Therapy --
Cloning Humans --
Chapter Review --
Unit Three Evolution --
ch. 10 Where Did We Come From? --
Evidence for Evolution --
10.1. What Is Evolution? --
Process of Evolution --
Theory of Evolution --
10.2. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution --
Early Views of Evolution --
Voyage of the Beagle --
Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent --
Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationships among Organisms --
10.3. Examining the Evidence for Common Descent --
Linnaean Classification --
Anatomical Homology --
Developmental Homologies --
Molecular Homology --
Biogeography --
Fossil Record --
Overview: Radiometric Dating --
Closer Look: Radiometric Dating and the Human Pedigree --
10.4. Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid? --
Weighing the Alternatives --
Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of Life --
Chapter Review --
ch. 11 Evolving Enemy --
Natural Selection --
11.1. Return of a Killer --
What Is Tuberculosis? --
Treatment --
and Treatment Failure --
11.2. Natural Selection Causes Evolution --
Four Observations and an Inference --
Darwin's Inference: Natural Selection Causes Evolution --
Testing Natural Selection --
11.3. Natural Selection Since Darwin --
Modern Synthesis --
Overview: The Subtleties of Natural Selection --
Closer Look: Subtleties of Natural Selection --
Patterns of Selection --
11.4. Natural Selection and Human Health --
Tuberculosis Fits Darwin's Observations --
Selecting for Drug Resistance --
Stopping Drug Resistance --
Can Natural Selection Save Us from Superbugs? --
Chapter Review --
ch. 12 Who Am I? --
Species and Races --
12.1. What Is a Species? --
Biological Species Concept --
Overview: Speciation --
Closer Look: Speciation --
12.2. Are Human Races Biological? --
History of Human Races --
Morphological Species Concept --
Modern Humans: A History --
Genetic Evidence of Divergence --
Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem to Calculate Allele Frequencies --
Human Races Are Not Isolated Biological Groups --
Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated --
12.3. Why Human Groups Differ --
Natural Selection --
Convergent Evolution --
Genetic Drift --
Sexual Selection --
Assortative Mating --
Chapter Review --
ch. 13 Prospecting for Biological Gold --
Biodiversity and Classification --
13.1. Biological Classification --
How Many Species Exist? --
Overview: Kingdoms and Domains --
Closer Look: Kingdoms and Domains --
13.2. Diversity of Life --
Domains Bacteria and Archaea --
Origin of the Domain Eukarya --
Kingdom Protista --
Kingdom Animalia --
Kingdom Fungi --
Kingdom Plantae --
Not Quite Living: Viruses --
13.3. Learning About Species --
Fishing for Useful Products --
Understanding Ecology --
Reconstructing Evolutionary History --
Learning from the Shamans --
Chapter Review --
Unit Four Ecology --
ch. 14 Is the Human Population Too Large? --
Population Ecology --
14.1. Growing Human Population --
Population Structure --
Overview: Exponential Population Growth --
Closer Look: Exponential Population Growth --
Demographic Transition --
14.2. Limits to Population Growth --
Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth --
Earth's Carrying Capacity for Humans --
14.3. Future of the Human Population --
Possible Population Crash? --
Avoiding Disaster --
Chapter Review --
ch. 15 Conserving Biodiversity --
Community and Ecosystem Ecology --
15.1. Sixth Extinction --
Measuring Extinction Rates --
Causes of Extinction --
15.2. Consequences of Extinction --
Loss of Resources --
Predation, Mutualism, and Competition Derailed --
Disrupted Energy and Chemical Flows --
Psychological Effects --
15.3. Saving Species --
Protecting Habitat --
Small Populations Are Vulnerable to Environmental Disasters --
Overview: Conservation Genetics --
Closer Look: Conservation Genetics --
15.4. Protecting Biodiversity versus Meeting Human Needs --
Chapter Review --
ch. 16 Where Do You Live? --
Climate and Biomes --
16.1. Global and Regional Climate --
Overview: Global Temperature and Precipitation Patterns --
Closer Look: Regional Seasons and Local Climate --
16.2. Terrestrial Biomes --
Forests and Shrublands --
Grasslands --
Desert --
Tundra --
16.3. Aquatic Biomes --
Freshwater --
Saltwater --
16.4. Human Habitats --
Energy and Natural Resources --
Waste Production --
Chapter Review Note continued: Unit Five Animal Structure and Function --
ch. 17 Organ Donation --
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems --
17.1. Tissues --
Epithelial Tissue --
Connective Tissue --
Muscle Tissue --
Nervous Tissue --
Tissue Donation --
17.2. Organs and Organ Systems --
Organs: The Liver as a Model Organ --
Organ Systems: The Digestive System --
Focus on Evolution: The Digestive System --
17.3. Regulating the Internal Environment --
Negative Feedback --
Positive Feedback --
Organ Donation --
Chapter Review --
ch. 18 Clearing the Air --
Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Urinary Systems --
18.1. Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System --
What Happens When You Take a Breath? --
Gas Exchange --
Smoke Particles and Lung Function --
18.2. Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The Cardiovascular System --
Structure of the Cardiovascular System --
Movement of Materials through the Cardiovascular System --
Smoke and Cardiovascular Disease --
Focus on Evolution: The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems --
18.3. Removing Toxins from the Body: The Urinary System --
Kidney Structure and Function --
Smoking and the Urinary System --
Chapter Review --
ch. 19 Vaccinations: Protection and Prevention or Peril? --
Immune System, Bacteria, Viruses, and Other Pathogens --
19.1. Infectious Agents --
Bacteria --
Viruses --
Eukaryotic Pathogens --
19.2. Body's Response to Infection: The Immune System --
First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes --
Second Line of Defense: Phagocytes and Macrophages, Inflammation, Defensive Proteins, and Fever --
Third Line of Defense: Lymphocytes --
Anticipating Infection --
Antibody-Mediated and Cell-Mediated Immunity --
AIDS Weakens the Immune System --
Focus on Evolution: HIV, Evolution, and the Immune system --
Chapter Review --
ch. 20 Sex Differences and Athleticism --
Endocrine, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems --
20.1. Endocrine System --
Hormones --
Endocrine Glands --
20.2. Skeletal System --
Human Skeleton --
Bone Structure and Remodeling --
Focus on Evolution: The Skeletal System --
20.3. Muscular System --
Muscle Structure and Contraction --
Muscle Interaction with Bones --
20.4. Other Sex Differences that Influence Athleticism --
Body Fat Differences --
Cardiovascular Differences --
Group Differences and Individual Differences --
Chapter Review --
ch. 21 Is There Something in the Water? --
Reproductive and Developmental Biology --
21.1. Principles of Animal Reproduction --
Asexual Reproduction --
Sexual Reproduction --
Environmental Contaminants and Sexual Reproduction --
Focus on Evolution: The Development of Two Different-Sized Gametes --
21.2. Human Reproduction --
Human Reproductive Systems --
Gametogenesis --
Menstrual Cycle --
21.3. Human Development --
Fertilization --
Human Embryonic Development --
Pregnancy --
Childbirth --
21.4. Is the Water Safe to Drink? --
Chapter Review --
ch. 22 Attention Deficit Disorder --
Brain Structure and Function --
22.1. Nervous System --
22.2. Human Brain --
Focus on Evolution: The Nervous System --
Cerebrun --
Thalamus and Hypothalamus --
Cerebellum --
Brain Stem --
ADD and Brain Structure and Function --
22.3. Neurons --
Neuron Structure --
Neuron Function --
Neurotransmission, Alzheimer's, Depression, Parkinson's, and ADD --
Chapter Review --
Unit Six Plant Biology --
ch. 23 Feeding the World --
Plant Structure and Growth --
23.1. Plants as Food --
Evolution of Agriculture: Food Plant Diversity --
Plant Structure --
Plant Reproduction --
Focus on Evolution: Plant Reproduction --
23.2. Plant Growth Requirements --
How Plants Grow --
Maximizing Plant Growth: Water, Nutrients, and Pest Control --
Designing Better Plants: Hybrids and Genetic Engineering --
23.3. Future of Agriculture --
Modern Agriculture Causes Environmental Damage --
How to Reduce the Damage --
Chapter Review --
ch. 24 Growing a Green Thumb --
Plant Physiology --
24.1. Right Plant for the Place: Water Relations --
Transpiration --
Adaptations That Affect Transpiration --
Overwatering --
Focus on Evolution: Plants on Land --
Water Inside Plant Cells --
24.2. Beautiful Garden: Sap Translocation, Photoperiodism, and Flower and Fruit Production --
Translocation of Sugars and Nutrients --
Managing Translocation --
Photoperiodism --
24.3. Pleasing Forms: Tropisms and Hormones --
Tropisms --
Hormones --
Chapter Review.