Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology , Third Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents in Brief......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 18
1 Invitation to Biology......Page 25
1.1 Impacts/Issues: The Secret Life of Earth......Page 26
1.2 Life's Levels of Organization......Page 27
Organisms Sense and Respond to Change......Page 28
Organisms Grow and Reproduce......Page 29
1.4 Introduction to Life's Diversity......Page 30
The Scope—and the Limits—of Science......Page 31
Theories and Laws......Page 32
Butterflies and Birds......Page 34
Probability......Page 36
1.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 37
2 Molecules of Life......Page 40
2.1 Impacts/Issues: Fear of Frying......Page 42
2.2 Start With Atoms......Page 43
Why Electrons Matter......Page 44
Ions......Page 45
Covalent Bonds......Page 46
Hydrogen Bonds......Page 47
2.4 Water......Page 48
2.5 Acids and Bases......Page 49
2.6 Organic Molecules......Page 51
2.7 Carbohydrates......Page 52
2.8 Lipids......Page 54
2.9 Proteins......Page 55
The Importance of Protein Structure......Page 57
2.11 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 59
3 Cell Structure......Page 63
3.1 Impacts/Issues: Food for Thought......Page 64
3.2 What, Exactly, Is a Cell?......Page 65
The Cell Theory......Page 66
Animalcules and Beasties......Page 67
Modern Microscopes......Page 69
Membrane Proteins......Page 70
3.5 Introducing Prokaryotic Cells......Page 71
Biofilms......Page 73
The Nucleus......Page 74
Mitochondria......Page 75
The Cytoskeleton......Page 76
Cilia, Flagella, and False Feet......Page 77
3.7 Cell Surface Specializations......Page 78
3.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 79
4 Energy and Metabolism......Page 83
4.1 Impacts/Issues: A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase......Page 84
4.2 Life Runs on Energy......Page 85
4.3 Energy in the Molecules of Life......Page 86
ATP—The Cell's Energy Currency......Page 87
Organized, Enzyme-Mediated Reactions......Page 88
Electron Transfers......Page 90
Diffusion......Page 91
Osmosis and Tonicity......Page 92
4.6 Membrane-Crossing Mechanisms......Page 93
Active Transport......Page 94
Membrane Trafficking......Page 96
4.7 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 97
5 Capturing and Releasing Energy......Page 100
5.1 Impacts/Issues: Green Energy......Page 102
5.2 Capturing Rainbows......Page 103
5.3 Storing Energy in Carbohydrates......Page 105
5.4 The Light-Dependent Reactions......Page 106
Rascally Rubisco......Page 108
Extracting Energy From Carbohydrates......Page 110
Aerobic Respiration Continues......Page 111
The Big Energy Payoff: Aerobic Respiration Ends......Page 112
Lactate Fermentation......Page 114
Energy From Fats......Page 116
Energy From Proteins......Page 117
5.9 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 118
6 DNA Structure and Function......Page 123
6.1 Impacts/Issues: Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty......Page 124
6.2 Chromosomes......Page 125
Types of Chromosomes......Page 126
6.3 Fame and Glory......Page 127
The Double Helix......Page 129
6.4 DNA Replication and Repair......Page 130
Checking for Mistakes......Page 131
6.5 Cloning Adult Animals......Page 132
6.6 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 133
7 Gene Expression and Control......Page 137
7.1 Impacts/Issues: Ricin and Your Ribosomes......Page 138
7.2 The Nature of Genetic Information......Page 139
7.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA......Page 140
The Process of Transcription......Page 141
rRNA and tRNA—The Translators......Page 142
7.5 Translating the Code: RNA to Protein......Page 144
7.6 Mutated Genes and Their Products......Page 146
What Causes Mutations?......Page 148
7.7 Eukaryotic Gene Controls......Page 149
Homeotic Genes......Page 150
Sex Chromosome Genes......Page 151
Cancer: Gene Expression Out of Control......Page 152
7.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 153
8 How Cells Reproduce......Page 157
8.1 Impacts/Issues: Henrietta's Immortal Cells......Page 158
8.2 Multiplication by Division......Page 159
8.3 The Life of a Cell......Page 160
Chromosomes During the Cell Cycle......Page 161
8.4 Mitosis......Page 162
8.5 Cytoplasmic Division Mechanisms......Page 164
Introducing Alleles......Page 165
Meiosis Halves the Chromosome Number......Page 166
8.7 Meiosis......Page 168
Crossing Over......Page 169
8.8 From Gametes to Offspring......Page 170
Checkpoint Genes and Tumors......Page 171
Cancer......Page 172
8.10 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 173
9 Patterns of Inheritance......Page 176
9.1 Impacts/Issues: Menacing Mucus......Page 178
Alleles and Phenotype......Page 179
Mendelian Inheritance Patterns......Page 180
A Human Example: Skin Color......Page 183
Incomplete Dominance......Page 185
Pleiotropy......Page 186
Continuous Variation......Page 187
Environmental Effects on Phenotype......Page 188
9.5 Human Genetic Analysis......Page 189
Autosomal Dominant Disorders......Page 190
Autosomal Recessive Disorders......Page 191
X-Linked Recessive Disorders......Page 192
9.7 Changes in Chromosome Number......Page 193
Female Sex Chromosome Abnormalities......Page 194
Genetic Counseling......Page 195
Phenotypic Treatments......Page 196
9.9 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 197
10 Biotechnology......Page 200
10.1 Impacts/Issues: Golden Rice or Frankenfood?......Page 202
Cut and Paste......Page 203
PCR......Page 204
DNA Fingerprinting......Page 206
The Human Genome Project......Page 207
10.4 Genetic Engineering......Page 208
Designer Plants......Page 209
Biotech Barnyards......Page 210
Knockout Cells and Organ Factories......Page 211
Getting Perfect......Page 212
10.6 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 213
11 Evidence of Evolution......Page 216
11.1 Impacts/Issues: Reflections of a Distant Past......Page 218
11.2 Early Beliefs, Confusing Discoveries......Page 219
Squeezing New Evidence Into Old Beliefs......Page 220
Voyage of the Beagle......Page 221
Natural Selection......Page 222
Great Minds Think Alike......Page 223
The Fossil Record......Page 224
Radiometric Dating......Page 225
11.5 Putting Time Into Perspective......Page 226
Drifting Continents, Changing Seas......Page 228
Morphological Divergence......Page 230
Comparative Embryology......Page 231
11.7 Biochemical Similarities......Page 232
11.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 233
12 Processes of Evolution......Page 237
12.1 Impacts/Issues: Rise of the Super Rats......Page 238
Mutation Revisited......Page 239
Allele Frequencies......Page 240
Directional Selection......Page 241
Stabilizing Selection......Page 243
Nonrandom Mating......Page 244
Balanced Polymorphism......Page 246
Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect......Page 247
Gene Flow......Page 248
Reproductive Isolation......Page 249
Sympatric Speciation......Page 251
Extinction......Page 253
Evolutionary Theory......Page 254
A Rose by Any Other Name . . .......Page 255
Ranking Versus Grouping......Page 256
12.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 257
13 Early Life Forms and the Viruses......Page 260
13.1 Impacts/Issues: Microbial Menaces......Page 262
Origin of the Building Blocks of Life......Page 263
Origin of Genetic Material......Page 264
Formation of Protocells......Page 265
Origin of Eukaryotes and Their Organelles......Page 266
Eukaryotic Diversification......Page 267
Prokaryotic Structure and Function......Page 270
Phylogeny and Classification......Page 271
Bacterial Traits and Ecology......Page 272
Disease-Causing Bacteria......Page 273
Flagellated Protozoans......Page 274
Foraminiferans......Page 275
Dinoflagellates......Page 276
Water Molds, Diatoms, and Brown Algae......Page 277
Red Algae and Green Algae......Page 278
Amoebozoans......Page 279
Viral Characteristics and Diversity......Page 281
Viral Multiplication Cycles......Page 282
Viral Origins and Ecology......Page 283
The Nature of Disease......Page 284
From the Pathogen's Perspective......Page 285
The Threat of Drug Resistance......Page 286
13.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 287
14 Plants and Fungi......Page 291
14.1 Impacts/Issues: Speaking for the Trees......Page 292
Reproduction and Dispersal......Page 293
14.3 Bryophytes......Page 295
Ferns......Page 296
Club Mosses, Horsetails, and the Coal Forests......Page 298
14.5 Rise of the Seed Plants......Page 299
Conifers......Page 300
A Sample of Gymnosperm Diversity......Page 301
A Flowering Plant Life Cycle......Page 302
Ecology and Human Uses of Angiosperms......Page 304
Yeasts, Molds, and Mushrooms......Page 305
Human Uses of Fungi......Page 306
Fungi as Decomposers and Pathogens......Page 308
14.10 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 309
15 Animal Evolution......Page 313
15.1 Impacts/Issues: Windows on the Past......Page 314
Animal Origins and Early Evolution......Page 315
Major Animal Groups and Evolutionary Trends......Page 316
Cnidarians......Page 318
Flatworms......Page 319
Mollusks......Page 320
Roundworms......Page 322
Arthropod Traits......Page 323
Arthropod Diversity and Ecology......Page 324
Echinoderms......Page 326
The Invertebrate Chordates......Page 327
Vertebrate Traits and Trends......Page 328
Jawed Fishes......Page 329
Modern Amphibians......Page 331
Reptile Diversity......Page 332
Mammals......Page 334
Primate Groups and Trends......Page 335
Emergence of Early Humans......Page 336
Where Did Modern Humans Originate?......Page 338
15.8 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 339
16 Population Ecology......Page 342
16.1 Impacts/Issues: A Honkin' Mess......Page 344
Overview of the Demographics......Page 345
Exponential Growth......Page 346
Biotic Potential and Limiting Factors......Page 347
Factors That Limit Population Growth......Page 348
Reproductive Strategies......Page 350
Evolving Life History Traits......Page 351
Population Size and Growth Rate......Page 353
Fertility Rates and Future Growth......Page 355
Economics and Population Growth......Page 356
16.6 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 357
17 Communities and Ecosystems......Page 360
17.1 Impacts/Issues: Fighting the Foreign Fire Ants......Page 362
Biological Factors......Page 363
Commensalism and Mutualism......Page 364
Competitive Interactions......Page 365
Predator–Prey Interactions......Page 366
Parasites and Parasitoids......Page 368
Ecological Succession......Page 369
Exotic Invaders......Page 370
Food Chains and Webs......Page 372
Primary Production and Inefficient Energy Transfers......Page 374
The Phosphorus Cycle......Page 375
The Nitrogen Cycle......Page 376
The Carbon Cycle......Page 377
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change......Page 378
17.7 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 379
18 The Biosphere and Human Effects......Page 383
18.1 Impacts/Issues: A Long Reach......Page 384
Ocean Currents......Page 385
Grasslands and Chaparral......Page 387
Coniferous Forests......Page 388
Freshwater Ecosystems......Page 389
Marine Ecosystems......Page 390
Increased Species Extinctions......Page 392
Deforestation......Page 394
Other Sources of Water Pollution......Page 395
The Trouble With Trash......Page 396
Air Quality......Page 397
The Ozone Hole......Page 398
Global Climate Change......Page 399
Effects of Climate Change......Page 400
The Value of Biodiversity......Page 401
Conservation Biology......Page 402
Ecological Restoration......Page 403
Living Sustainably......Page 404
18.7 Impacts/Issues Revisited......Page 405
Appendix I Answers to Self-Quizzes......Page 408
Appendix II Answers to Genetics Problems......Page 410
Appendix III Annotations to A Journal Article......Page 411
Appendix IV A Plain English Map of the Human Chromosomes......Page 419
Appendix V Units of Measure......Page 420
Appendix VI Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 421
Glossary......Page 422
Art Credits & Acknowledgments......Page 431
Index......Page 435