Biology of sleep substances

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
The Author......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 8
 I. What is an Endogenous Sleep Substance?......Page 14
  A. Ancient Theories......Page 15
  B. Early Experimental Attempts......Page 16
  A. Sleep Substances from Sleeping Animals ......Page 21
   1. Total Sleep Deprivation ......Page 23
   2. Urinary Factor S......Page 25
  E. Sleep-Suppressive Substances......Page 26
  B. The Roles of Sleep Substances in Sleep Regulation......Page 27
   2. Analyses by Modeling Sleep-Regulatory Mechanisms......Page 28
   7. Other Related Theories and New Prospects......Page 29
 References......Page 31
 I. Sites of Presence ......Page 38
  A. DSIP from Rabbit Venous Blood......Page 39
  C. SPS from Rat Brainstems......Page 41
  D. Factor S from Human Urine......Page 44
   1. 90-min Delta-Sleep Assay for DSIP in Rabbits......Page 45
   2. 7 1/2-h SWS Assay for Factor S in Rabbits......Page 47
   3. 8-h Sleep Assay for Endogenous Peptides in Rats......Page 48
   4. 6-h Sleep Assay for Adenosine in Rats......Page 49
   1. 4-d Assay for SPS in Rats......Page 50
   2. 11-d Assay for Gastrointestinal Hormones in Rats......Page 52
   3. 2-d Assay for Neuropeptides in Rats......Page 53
 References......Page 54
   3. Experiments in Rats......Page 58
   5. Experiments in Healthy Humans......Page 60
  C. No Somnogenic Activity or Enhancement of Wakefulness......Page 62
  D. Circadian Variations in Effectiveness......Page 64
  A. Conformation of DSIP and Its Synthetic Analogs......Page 65
  B. Other Active Analogs......Page 66
  D. Degradation......Page 67
  E. Receptors......Page 68
  A. Brain and Peripheral Organs......Page 69
  B. Body Fluids......Page 70
  D. Blood-Brain Barrier......Page 71
  B. Effects on Temperature......Page 72
  D. Neuronal Firing Activity......Page 73
  C. Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Hormones......Page 74
 VI. Clinical Applications......Page 75
 References......Page 77
  A. Natural Occurrence and Pharmacology......Page 84
  B. Nocturnal i.c.v. Infusion......Page 86
  C. Diurnal i.c.v. Infusion......Page 89
   2. Experiments in Mice......Page 91
  B. Temperature......Page 92
   1. Rat Hypothalamus......Page 93
   2. Crayfish Abdominal Ganglion......Page 94
  A. Pyrimidines and Related Compounds......Page 96
  B. N3-Benzyluridine......Page 97
  C. Adenosine and Related Substances......Page 101
 Reference ......Page 102
  B. Muramyl Tri- and Tetrapeptides as Factor S......Page 108
  C. Muramyl Dipeptide......Page 111
  A. Interleukin-1 (IL1)......Page 114
  D. Tumor Necrosis Factor......Page 117
 III. Interactions of MPs with Other Sleep Factors......Page 118
  C. Unknown Somnogenic Material......Page 119
 References ......Page 120
  B. Central Nervous System and PGs......Page 124
  C. PGD2 and Hypothalamic Neuronal Firing Activity......Page 126
  A. Experiments in Restrained Rats......Page 127
   1. Nocturnal Infusion......Page 128
  C. Experiments in Rabbits......Page 129
  D. Experiments in Monkeys......Page 130
  A. Experiments in Semirestrained Rats......Page 132
  C. Experiments in Monkeys......Page 133
   3. I.v. Infusion......Page 134
  D. Possible Mechanisms......Page 135
  C. Interactions with Other Sleep Substances......Page 139
  A. Depression and PGD2......Page 138
 References......Page 140
   3. Analogs of ϒ-Br......Page 144
  B. Unidentified PS Factors......Page 146
  A. Growth Hormone......Page 147
  B. Somatostatin......Page 148
  D. Prolactin and Pituitary Extracts......Page 149
  E. Arginine Vasotocin......Page 150
  A. PS-Suppressive Substances......Page 151
 References......Page 152
  B. Experiments in Cats......Page 156
  C. Experiments in Rats......Page 157
  B. Insulin and SWS......Page 158
  A. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide......Page 160
  B. Cholecystokinin......Page 161
  C. Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor......Page 162
  F. Neuropeptide Y......Page 163
  H. Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone......Page 164
  A. ACTH and Its Derivatives......Page 165
  A. Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists......Page 166
  B. Melatonin......Page 167
  C. Steroid Hormones......Page 169
  B. Neurohormones, Hormones, and Putative Sleep Substances......Page 170
 References......Page 171
  B. Differential Somnogenic Properties of Different Sleep Substances......Page 178
  B. DSIP-MDP Combination......Page 179
  C. DSIP-Uridine Combination......Page 180
  D. MDP-Uridine Combination......Page 181
  E. DSIP-MDP-Uridine Combination......Page 182
  F. Possible Mechanisms......Page 183
  A. Serial Administration of Two Sleep Substances......Page 186
  C. MDP Pretreatment and The Somnogenic Effect of Uridine......Page 187
  D. Sequence-Dependent Interactions......Page 188
 IV. Sleep Regulation by Multiple Sleep Factors......Page 189
 References......Page 190
  A. Evolutionary Point of View......Page 192
  A. Sleep Substances and Neural Activity in Invertebrates......Page 193
  B. Uridine and Locomotor Activity in Insects......Page 194
  C. Sleep Substances and Swimming Activity in Fish......Page 196
  A. Circadian Phase-Shifting Activity of Sleep Substances......Page 197
  B. Sleep Substances and Hibernation-Inducing Substances......Page 198
 IV. A Brief Review......Page 200
 References ......Page 201
Index......Page 204