Biology of Fishery Resources

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction
	1.1 Basic Concepts and Characteristics of Fisheries Resources
		1.1.1 Concept of Fisheries Resources
		1.1.2 Concept of Fisheries Resource Science
		1.1.3 Basic Characteristics of Fisheries Resources
	1.2 Concept of Fishery Resources Biology and Its Study
		1.2.1 Basic Concepts of Fishery Resources Biology
		1.2.2 Disciplinary Status of Fishery Resources Biology
		1.2.3 Basic Research on the Biology of Fisheries Resources
		1.2.4 Fishery Resources Biology in Relation to Other Disciplines
	1.3 Significance of Research on Fishery Resources Biology
	References
2: Fish Stocks and Discriminant Methods
	2.1 Population
		2.1.1 Basic Concept of Population and Its Formation
		2.1.2 Causes of Population Differentiation
	2.2 Population Structure and Patterns of Change
		2.2.1 Basic Meaning of Population Structure
		2.2.2 Age Structure and Its Evolution
		2.2.3 Concept of Individual (Length/Weight) Composition and Its Meaning
		2.2.4 Sex Ratio, Sexual Maturity Composition, and Their Variation
	2.3 Methods of Stock Identification
		2.3.1 Methodology for Stock Identification
		2.3.2 Morphological Approach
		2.3.3 Ecological Approach
		2.3.4 Molecular Biology Approach
		2.3.5 Catch Statistics Method
		2.3.6 Considerations for Stock Identification and Biological Sampling
	2.4 Overview of Molecular Phylogeography
		2.4.1 Establishment and Development of Molecular Phylogeography
		2.4.2 Case Study: Molecular Phylogeography of Jumbo Flying Squid in the Eastern Pacific
	2.5 Population Growth and Regulation Process
		2.5.1 Fish Population Growth Processes
		2.5.2 Population Growth Model
		2.5.3 Basic Characteristics of the Dynamics of Natural Fish Population Sizes Under Limited Environmental Conditions
		2.5.4 Exploitation of Fish Stocks and Stock Balance
	2.6 Case Studies of Stock Identification
		2.6.1 Geographical Stock Division of Large Yellow Croaker Offshore Chinese
		2.6.2 Stock Identification of Jumbo Flying Squid in the Southeastern Pacific Based on Landmark Point Analysis
	References
3: Life History and Early Development of Fishes
	3.1 Life History of Fish and Their Life Spans
		3.1.1 Life History and Division of Developmental Stages
		3.1.2 Types of Fish Life Histories
		3.1.3 Longevity
	3.2 Early Development of Fish
		3.2.1 General Characteristics and Processes of Early Fish Development
		3.2.2 Implications for Research on Early Development in Fish
	3.3 Morphology and Identification of Eggs and Juvenile Fish
		3.3.1 Morphological Structure and Identification Points of Fish Eggs
		3.3.2 Young and Juvenile Fish and Their Identification Points
	3.4 Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting the Survival of Juvenile Fish
	References
4: Age and Growth of Fish
	4.1 Significance of Studying Fish Age and Growth
	4.2 General Principles of Annulus Formation and Its Determination Materials
		4.2.1 General Principles of Annulus Formation
		4.2.2 Materials for Determining the Age of Fish
		4.2.3 Expression of Age Groups and Basic Concepts
		4.2.4 Comparison of Fish Age Determination Using Scale and Otolith
	4.3 Scale Structure and Fish Age Determination
		4.3.1 Structure of Fish Scales
		4.3.2 Types of Fish Scales
		4.3.3 Characteristics of Fish Scales Annuli
		4.3.4 Additional, Reproductive Checks and Regenerating Scales of Fish
		4.3.5 Collection of Fish Scales
	4.4 Fish Otoliths and Age Determination
		4.4.1 Discovery of the Otolith Daily Increment of Fish, Progress in Its Study, and Its Significance
		4.4.2 Morphological Characteristics of Daily Increments in Fish Otolith
		4.4.3 Daily-Increment Growth Pattern of Fish Otoliths
		4.4.4 Methods for Fish Otoliths Daily-Age Determination
	4.5 Lipofuscin and Age Determination of Crustaceans
		4.5.1 Composition of Lipofuscin and Its Properties
		4.5.2 Age Determination Using Lipofuscin
	4.6 Cephalopod Beaks and Its Age Determination
		4.6.1 Structure of the Beak
		4.6.2 Growth Increment in Beak
		4.6.3 Preparation of Beaks and Daily-Age Determination
			4.6.3.1 Extraction of Beaks
			4.6.3.2 Preservation of Beaks
			4.6.3.3 Preparation of Beaks
			4.6.3.4 Observation of Beak Sections
	4.7 Alternative Methods for Age Determination of Fish
		4.7.1 Feeding Method
		4.7.2 Mark-Release Method
		4.7.3 Length Frequency Method
		4.7.4 Relative Margin Dating
		4.7.5 Isotope Calibration Method
	4.8 Fish Growth and Measurement Methods
		4.8.1 Patterns of Fish Growth and Their General Characteristics
		4.8.2 Main Factors Affecting Fish Growth
		4.8.3 Methods for Measuring Fish Growth
			4.8.3.1 Direct Measurement Method
			4.8.3.2 Back-Calculation of Length
			4.8.3.3 Calculation of Fish Growth Rate Types and Growth Indices
			4.8.3.4 Relationship Between Fish Length and Body Weight
			4.8.3.5 Fish Growth Equation
	4.9 Case Study: Age and Growth of Cephalopod Based on Statolith Microstructure
		4.9.1 Materials and Methods
			4.9.1.1 Sample Collection
			4.9.1.2 Biological Measurements and Statolith Extraction
			4.9.1.3 Statolith Preparation and Age Determination
			4.9.1.4 Growth Model Selection
			4.9.1.5 Growth Rate Estimation
		4.9.2 Individual Composition of the I. argentinus
			4.9.2.1 Compositions of Mantle Length and Weight
			4.9.2.2 Age Composition
		4.9.3 Extrapolation of the Spawning Period and Population Delimitation of I. argentinus in the High Seas
		4.9.4 Growth of I. argentinus
			4.9.4.1 Growth Equation
			4.9.4.2 Relationship Between Age and Weight
			4.9.4.3 Growth Rate Analysis
	References
5: Sexual Maturation, Reproductive Habits, and Fecundity of Fish
	5.1 Sexual Characteristics of Fish and Their Sexual Maturation
		5.1.1 Difference Between Male and Female Fish
		5.1.2 Sexual Maturation Process and Biological Minimum Size
			5.1.2.1 Sexual Maturation
			5.1.2.2 Size at Maturity in Fish
			5.1.2.3 Sexual Maturity and the External Environment
			5.1.2.4 Sex Ratio
		5.1.3 Methodologies for Studying Gonadal Maturity
			5.1.3.1 Visual Grade Method
			5.1.3.2 Sexual Maturity Factor
			5.1.3.3 Gonadal Index
	5.2 Reproductive Habits
		5.2.1 Fish Breeding Period
		5.2.2 Reproductive Patterns
		5.2.3 Types of Spawning
		5.2.4 Types of Spawning Communities
	5.3 Fecundity Definition and Fertility Measurement Methods
		5.3.1 Definition of Individual Fecundity
		5.3.2 Patterns of Variation in Individual Fish Fecundity
		5.3.3 Mechanisms Regulating Individual Fecundity in Fish
		5.3.4 Methods for Measuring Individual Fish Fecundity
		5.3.5 Fertility of Fish Stocks and Methods for Its Estimation
	5.4 Reproductive Strategies for Fish
		5.4.1 Reproductive Strategies
		5.4.2 Types of Reproductive Strategies for Fish
	5.5 Case Study: Sexual Maturation and Reproductive Habits of Cephalopods
		5.5.1 Growth and Sexual Maturity
		5.5.2 Fertility Characteristics
		5.5.3 Reproductive Strategies
			5.5.3.1 Migratory Spawning
			5.5.3.2 Spawning Season
			5.5.3.3 Spawning Habits
			5.5.3.4 Spawning Strategies
		5.5.4 Description of Eggs and Their Maturation
			5.5.4.1 Description of Eggs
			5.5.4.2 Egg Maturation
	References
6: Fish Prey, Food Habits, and Interspecific Relationships
	6.1 Feeding Relationships and Food Chains Among Fish
		6.1.1 Composition of Fish Feeding
		6.1.2 Food Chains, Food Webs, and Their Ecoefficiency
			6.1.2.1 Food Chains and Food Webs
			6.1.2.2 Ecoefficiency
	6.2 Types of Fish Feeding
		6.2.1 Classification According to the Type of the Food Consumed by a Fish
			6.2.1.1 Herbivores
			6.2.1.2 Carnivores
			6.2.1.3 Omnivores
		6.2.2 Classification Based on the Ecological Type of Food Consumed by a Fish
		6.2.3 Classification Based on the Number of Prey Species Consumed
		6.2.4 Classification Based on the Nature of Fish Predation
		6.2.5 Classification Based on the Way Fish Feed
	6.3 Characteristics of Fish Feeding
		6.3.1 Different Feeding Habits at Different Developmental Stages
		6.3.2 Changes in the Composition of Fish Food Across Life Stages
		6.3.3 Changes in the Composition of Fish Food in Different Waters
		6.3.4 Diurnal Variation in Feeding Habits
		6.3.5 Fish Prey Selectivity
	6.4 Food Security for Fish
		6.4.1 Fish Food Security
		6.4.2 Adaptation of Fish to Food Security
		6.4.3 Impact of the Physical and Chemical Environments of a Watershed on Food Security
	6.5 Methods of Studying Fish Feeding
		6.5.1 Sample Collection and Processing
			6.5.1.1 Sample Collection
			6.5.1.2 Treatment of Stomach Contents
		6.5.2 Field Observations of Fish Feeding
		6.5.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Versus Analytical Methods
			6.5.3.1 Qualitative Analysis Methods
			6.5.3.2 Quantitative Analysis Methods
				Counting Method
				Weight Method
				Volume Method
				Frequency of Occurrence Method
				Integrated Graphical Method
				Stable Isotope Tracing
				Characteristic Fatty Acid Labeling Technology
				DNA Molecular Technology
		6.5.4 Main Factors Affecting Fish Feeding
			6.5.4.1 Morphological Characteristics of Feeding Organs in Relation to Fish Feeding
			6.5.4.2 Food Security in Relation to Fish Feeding
	6.6 Fullness and Fat Content
		6.6.1 Fish Fullness
		6.6.2 Fat Content
	References
7: Fish Schooling and Migration
	7.1 Schools of Fish
		7.1.1 Fish Schooling and School Types
		7.1.2 General Patterns of Fish Schooling
		7.1.3 Role of Fish Schools
		7.1.4 Behavioral Mechanisms of Fish Schools and Their Structures
			7.1.4.1 Behavioral Mechanisms of Fish Schools
			7.1.4.2 Types of Fish School Structures
	7.2 Migration of Fish
		7.2.1 Description and Types of Fish Migration
			7.2.1.1 Description of Fish Migration and Its Role
			7.2.1.2 Types of Fish Migration
		7.2.2 Mechanisms and Biological Significance of Fish Migration
			7.2.2.1 Factors Affecting the Migration Process of Fish
			7.2.2.2 Orientation Mechanisms During Fish Migration
			7.2.2.3 Biological Significance of Fish Migrations
	7.3 Methodologies for Studying Fish Migration
		7.3.1 Statistical Analysis of Catches
		7.3.2 Tagging
			7.3.2.1 Concept of Mark-Release Method
			7.3.2.2 Significance of the Mark-Release Method
			7.3.2.3 Mark-Release Approaches
			7.3.2.4 Separate Satellite Sign
		7.3.3 Trace Element Analysis Method
	References