Biology for the informed citizen: with physiology

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents in Brief......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 21
Half Title Page......Page 37
 CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Biology and Evolution: Why Does Biology Matter to You?......Page 39
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 38
  case study: The “Infidelity Gene”......Page 40
  1.1. How Does Biology Affect Your Life?......Page 41
  1.2. What Are the Features of Life?......Page 44
   Atoms, Chemical Bonding, and Molecules......Page 45
   Macromolecules......Page 46
   Cells......Page 47
   Energy Extraction and Use......Page 50
   Inheritance......Page 51
   Reproduction......Page 52
   Darwin’s Theory......Page 56
   Extending Darwin’s Theory Through Time......Page 57
   Evolution Is the Unifying Theme of Biology......Page 58
   Evolutionary Diversification Leads to Degrees of Relatedness......Page 60
   Organizing Hierarchies in the Diversity of Life......Page 62
  Chapter Summary......Page 64
   Technology Connection: Identifying the “Infidelity Gene”......Page 42
   Scientist Spotlight: Carol W. Greider (1961–)......Page 49
   Life Application: Determining When Life Has Ended......Page 54
   How Do We Know? Spontaneous Generation......Page 55
  Key Terms......Page 65
  Review Questions......Page 66
 CHAPTER 2: The Nature of Science: How Do We Know How the World Works?......Page 69
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 68
  case study: The Mysterious Case of Childbed Fever......Page 70
   Possible Causes......Page 72
   “Cadaverous Particles”......Page 73
   Observations and Facts......Page 76
   Testing......Page 78
   Evaluation and Interpretation of Results......Page 79
   Scientific Theories......Page 81
   Cause and Effect......Page 82
   Materialism......Page 83
   Empirical Evidence......Page 84
   Generality......Page 85
  2.5. How Does Science Differ from Other Ways of Knowing?......Page 87
  2.6. How Does Science Differ from Pseudoscience and Quackery?......Page 88
  Chapter Summary......Page 90
   Life Application: Childbed Fever......Page 75
   Scientist Spotlight: Robert Koch (1843–1910)......Page 77
   How Do We Know? Hypothesis Testing and Scientific Proof......Page 80
   Technology Connection: Throat Cultures......Page 86
  Key Terms......Page 91
  Review Questions......Page 92
 CHAPTER 3: Human Development: How Do Cells Make a Person?......Page 95
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 94
  case study: Unusually Close Sisters......Page 96
  3.1. What Are the Units of Life?......Page 98
   Scientist Spotlight: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)......Page 99
   Nucleus......Page 100
   Cytoskeleton......Page 101
   Meiosis I: The First Round of Cell Division......Page 102
   Meiosis II: The Second Round of Cell Division......Page 105
  3.4. What Happens in Fertilization?......Page 106
   How Do We Know? Eggs and Sperm Are Both Needed for Fertilization......Page 107
   Gastrulation and Organ Formation......Page 109
   Differentiation......Page 110
   Gene Expression......Page 112
   Fetal Development: Three Months to Nine Months......Page 113
   Life Application: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 116
  3.8. How Do Twins Form?......Page 118
   Explanations for Conjoining......Page 119
   What Conjoining May Tell Us About Ourselves......Page 120
  Chapter Summary......Page 122
   Technology Connection: Ultrasound......Page 115
  Review Questions......Page 124
 CHAPTER 4: Inheritance, Genes, and Physical Characteristics: Does Disease Have a Genetic Basis?......Page 127
  case study: Sickle Cell Disease, Malaria, and Human Evolution......Page 128
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 126
   How Sickling Happens......Page 131
   Sickle Cell Disease and Inheritance......Page 132
  4.2. Could Molecular Medicine Prevent Sickle Cell Disease?......Page 133
  4.3. Where Is Our Genetic Information Stored?......Page 135
   Mendel’s Experiments......Page 137
   Gametes and Monohybrids......Page 139
   Mendel’s Rules......Page 140
   Alleles Can Interact, and So Can Genes......Page 141
   Gene Expression Depends on the Environment......Page 142
   How Do We Know? Pedigree Analysis......Page 143
   Transformation......Page 145
  4.8. What Processes Must DNA Accomplish?......Page 147
   Replication......Page 148
   Mutation......Page 149
   Protein Production......Page 151
  4.9. Why Is Protein Structure So Important?......Page 155
  Biology in Perspective......Page 157
   Technology Connection: Electrophoresis......Page 134
   Scientist Spotlight: Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)......Page 146
   Life Application: The Effectiveness of Genetic Screening......Page 156
  Chapter Summary......Page 158
  Key Terms......Page 159
  Review Questions......Page 160
 CHAPTER 5: Cancer: How Can It Be Prevented, Diagnosed, and Treated?......Page 163
  case study: Xeroderma pigmentosum......Page 164
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 162
  5.1. How Does Cancer Make You Sick?......Page 166
  5.2. How Do Cancer Cells Differ from Normal Cells?......Page 167
   The Molecules That Regulate Cell Division......Page 168
   The Cell Cycle......Page 169
   Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes......Page 171
   Chromosomal Abnormalities......Page 172
   Smoking......Page 174
   Diet and Exercise......Page 175
   Radiation......Page 176
   Infection......Page 177
   Scientist Spotlight: Peyton Rous (1879–1970)......Page 178
   Age......Page 180
  5.6. How Is Cancer Diagnosed?......Page 181
   Technology Connection: Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans......Page 183
   Why Cancer Treatments Sometimes Fail......Page 184
  5.8. How Can Cancer Be Prevented?......Page 185
   Life Application: Chemoprevention......Page 186
   How Do We Know? Cancer-Causing Genes from Malfunctioning Normal Genes......Page 173
  Chapter Summary......Page 187
  Review Questions......Page 188
 CHAPTER 6: Reproduction: What Kind of Baby Is It?......Page 191
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 190
  case study: The Fastest Woman on Earth......Page 192
   The Stages of Sex Determination......Page 194
   Chromosome Instructions......Page 195
   Hormone Instructions......Page 196
   Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome......Page 197
   The Testes......Page 199
   Sperm and Semen......Page 200
   Hormones and Sperm Production......Page 201
   The Ovaries......Page 202
   The Ovarian Cycle......Page 203
   The Uterine Cycle......Page 204
   Hormones and Pregnancy......Page 205
  6.5. How Can Pregnancy Be Prevented?......Page 206
   How Do We Know? The Female Reproductive Tract Helps Sperm Find an Egg......Page 207
   Causes of Infertility......Page 208
   Infertility Treatments......Page 210
   Blood and Urine Tests......Page 211
   Technology Connection: Home Pregnancy Tests......Page 212
   Newborn Tests......Page 213
  Biology in Perspective......Page 215
   Life Application: Gender Testing in Sports......Page 198
   Scientist Spotlight: Virginia Apgar (1909–1974)......Page 214
  Chapter Summary......Page 216
  Key Terms......Page 217
  Review Questions......Page 218
 CHAPTER 7: Plants, Agriculture, and Genetic Engineering: Can We Create Better Plants and Animals?......Page 221
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 220
  case study: Golden Rice......Page 222
   Roots......Page 224
   Stems......Page 225
   Leaves......Page 226
   Flowers......Page 227
   Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle......Page 230
   The Role of Leaves in Photosynthesis......Page 232
   Pesticide Production......Page 233
   Increased Nutritional Value......Page 234
   Define the Problem......Page 235
   Package the Genes......Page 236
   Confirm the Strain......Page 238
   Life Application: From Teosinte to Maize......Page 240
   Industry......Page 241
   Construction of an Organism’s Genome......Page 242
  7.6. What Are the Risks of Genetic Engineering?......Page 243
   Safety......Page 244
   Effectiveness......Page 246
   Genetic Engineering and Human Life......Page 247
  Chapter Summary......Page 248
   Scientist Spotlight: Kary Mullis (1944–)......Page 237
   Technology Connection: How to Transform Cells......Page 239
   How Do We Know? Evaluating the Safety of Genetically Engineered Products......Page 245
  Key Terms......Page 249
  Review Questions......Page 250
 CHAPTER 8: Health Care and the Human Genome: How Will We Use Our New Medical and Genetic Skills?......Page 253
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 252
  case study: Carrie Buck and the American Eugenics Movement......Page 254
   Genetic Determinism......Page 256
   Defining Normal......Page 257
  8.2. What Is Gene Therapy?......Page 258
   Scientist Spotlight: Nancy Wexler (1945–)......Page 259
   Germ-Line Gene Therapy......Page 260
   Somatic Gene Therapy......Page 262
   Germ-Line Gene Therapy......Page 263
  8.4. How Can Stem Cells and Cloning Be Used to Alter People?......Page 266
   Stem Cells......Page 267
   Cloning......Page 271
   Risks......Page 272
   Privacy......Page 273
   Danger of a New Eugenics Movement......Page 275
  Biology in Perspective......Page 276
   Life Application: Sex Selection......Page 265
   How Do We Know? How Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Be Directed to Form Specialized Cells......Page 269
   Technology Connection: Who’s the Daddy?......Page 274
  Chapter Summary......Page 277
  Review Questions......Page 278
 CHAPTER 9: Evolution: How Do Species Arise and Adapt?......Page 281
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 280
  case study: Lactose Intolerance and the Geographic Variation of Human Traits......Page 282
   Human (and Mammalian) Testes Hang Loose......Page 284
   You Can Get Scurvy, but Your Pet Can’t (Unless You Have Guinea Pigs)......Page 285
   Your Eye Is Organized Backward......Page 286
  9.2. What Convinced Darwin of the Fact of Evolution?......Page 287
   The Voyage of the Beagle......Page 288
   Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection......Page 290
   The Modern Synthesis......Page 292
   Scientist Spotlight: Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962)......Page 293
   Lactase Persistence......Page 294
  9.4. How Does Natural Selection Produce Adaptations?......Page 295
   The Grants’ 40-Year Study of Natural Selection......Page 296
   Fitness and Natural Selection......Page 299
  9.5. What Are Random Events in Evolution?......Page 300
   Biological Species Concept......Page 303
   Evidence for Speciation......Page 304
   Genetic Isolation......Page 308
   Genetic Divergence......Page 309
   Secondary Contact......Page 310
  9.8. Why Is It So Difficult for the Public to Accept Evolution?......Page 311
  Biology in Perspective......Page 313
   How Do We Know? Constructing Evolutionary Trees......Page 305
   Technology Connection: Genbank......Page 307
   Life Application: Public Acceptance of Evolution......Page 312
  Chapter Summary......Page 314
  Review Questions......Page 315
 CHAPTER 10: The Evolution of Disease: Why Do We Get Sick?......Page 319
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 318
  case study: Deadly Malaria......Page 320
   The Many Species That Live and Evolve in Your Body......Page 322
   The Ecology of Our Resident Species......Page 324
   Species That Cause Disease......Page 325
   How Resistance Evolves......Page 326
   Where Resistant Bacteria Come From......Page 328
   Why Not All Bacteria Are Resistant to Antibiotics......Page 329
   Antibiotics in the Environment......Page 330
   Scientist Spotlight: Paul W. Ewald (1953–)......Page 331
   The Trade-Off Hypothesis of Reproduction Versus Transmission......Page 332
   Sources of New Diseases......Page 336
   Stages of a New Disease......Page 337
   HIV/AIDS......Page 339
   Vaccinations......Page 341
   Controlling the Spread of Disease to Select for Milder Forms......Page 343
  Chapter Summary......Page 344
   How Do We Know? The Many Species That Live on You......Page 323
   Life Application: Malaria and DDT......Page 327
   Technology Connection: How Vaccines Are Made......Page 342
  Review Questions......Page 345
 CHAPTER 11: Homeostasis: Why Is It Important That the Body Maintain Its Internal Balance?......Page 349
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 348
  case study: Max Gilpin......Page 350
  11.1. What Is Homeostasis?......Page 351
  11.2. How Do Homeostatic Systems Work?......Page 352
   Homeostasis Is Achieved Through Negative Feedback......Page 353
   Core Temperature Sensors......Page 354
   The Metabolic Furnace......Page 355
   Effectors That Cool the Body......Page 356
   Life Application: How to Avoid Dehydration......Page 357
  11.5. How Does Your Body Maintain a Constant Temperature?......Page 359
   Fever......Page 361
   Conscious Behavior......Page 362
  11.6. How Does Your Body Regulate Its Fluids?......Page 363
   Diffusion......Page 364
  11.7. What Does the Kidney Do?......Page 365
   Scientist Spotlight: Homer William Smith (1895–1962)......Page 366
   The Function of the Kidney......Page 367
   How the Kidney Makes Urine......Page 368
   How Water Enters and Leaves the Body......Page 371
   The Water Balance Effector......Page 372
   Disrupting the Water Balance......Page 373
  Chapter Summary......Page 374
   How Do We Know? Hypothalamic Control of Temperature......Page 360
   Technology Connection: Dialysis......Page 370
  Key Terms......Page 375
  Review Questions......Page 376
 CHAPTER 12: Circulation and Respiration: What If Your Body Doesn’t Get the Oxygen It Needs?......Page 379
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 378
  case study: Blood Doping at the Tour de France......Page 380
  12.1. How Much Oxygen Do You Need?......Page 381
  12.2. How Is the Circulatory System Structured?......Page 383
   The Heart......Page 384
   Capillary Beds......Page 386
   Veins......Page 388
  12.3. How Is the Respiratory System Structured?......Page 389
   Lungs......Page 390
   The Respiratory Pump......Page 391
   Nose and Mouth......Page 392
   Transporting Oxygen......Page 393
   The Chemistry of Gas Exchange......Page 394
   How Do We Know? Measuring Blood Pressure......Page 396
   Control of Respiration......Page 399
   Control of Heart Rate......Page 400
   Atherosclerosis......Page 403
   Asthma......Page 405
  Biology in Perspective......Page 407
   Life Application: How Erections Are Produced......Page 387
   Scientist Spotlight: Michael Ellis DeBakey (1908–2008)......Page 404
   Technology Connection: Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine......Page 406
  Chapter Summary......Page 408
  Key Terms......Page 409
  Review Questions......Page 410
 CHAPTER 13: The Nervous System: Does Your Brain Determine Who You Are?......Page 413
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 412
  case study: “The Only Living Man with a Hole in His Head”......Page 414
   Hindbrain......Page 416
   Forebrain......Page 417
   Technology Connection: Measuring Brain Activity......Page 420
   Overview of Organization......Page 422
   The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 423
   Putting It All Together......Page 426
   Neurons Are the Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System......Page 428
   How Neurons Talk to Each Other . . .......Page 429
   Injury......Page 432
   Neurodegenerative Diseases......Page 434
  13.6. Can Mental Health Be Separated from Physical Health?......Page 435
   Drug Use and Abuse......Page 436
   Regeneration and Stem Cells......Page 439
   How Do We Know? The Pleasure Centers of the Brain......Page 440
  Biology in Perspective......Page 441
   Scientist Spotlight: Linda B. Buck (1947–)......Page 427
   Life Application: Concussion......Page 433
  Chapter Summary......Page 442
  Key Terms......Page 443
  Review Questions......Page 444
 CHAPTER 14: Infectious Disease and the Immune System: How Are Invaders Repelled, Evaded, or Killed?......Page 447
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 446
  case study: The Summer of Sorrow......Page 448
  14.1. What Causes Cholera?......Page 450
   John Snow’s Explanation for How Cholera Spreads......Page 451
   How Cholera Affects the Body......Page 452
   How Vibrio Bacteria Survive and Spread Cholera......Page 453
   Protozoa and Other Eukaryotes......Page 455
   Viruses and Prions......Page 456
   The First Line of Defense: Don’t Let the Pathogens Get In......Page 457
   The Second Line of Defense: Don’t Let the Pathogens Make a Home......Page 458
   The Third Line of Defense: Know Your Enemy......Page 459
   When the Immune System Fails......Page 462
   Vaccination......Page 464
   Passive Immunity......Page 465
   Antibiotics......Page 466
   Clean Water and Sewers......Page 468
   Scientist Spotlight: Anthony S. Fauci (1940–)......Page 469
   Vaccines......Page 470
  Chapter Summary......Page 471
   How Do We Know? The Immune Response Is Two-Fisted......Page 460
   Life Application: Organ and Tissue Transplantation......Page 463
   Technology Connection: Monoclonal Antibodies: Magic Bullets?......Page 467
  Review Questions......Page 472
 CHAPTER 15: Nutrition, Activity, and Wellness: How Can We Live a Healthy Lifestyle?......Page 475
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 474
  case study: Dying for the “Perfect Body”......Page 476
   Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats......Page 479
   Scientist Spotlight: Linus Pauling (1901–1994)......Page 481
   From the Mouth to the Stomach......Page 484
   The Stomach and Small Intestine......Page 485
   The Pancreas and Liver......Page 486
  15.3. How Do Cells Extract Energy from Food?......Page 487
   The Chemistry of Cellular Respiration......Page 488
   Basal Metabolic Rate......Page 489
   Average Dimensions......Page 490
   The Body/Mass Index......Page 491
   Eating Disorders......Page 492
   Steroid Abuse......Page 493
   Muscles and Bones......Page 495
   Moving Muscles......Page 496
   Exercise......Page 497
   Supplements......Page 498
   Physical Activity......Page 500
   How Do We Know? Stress Weakens the Immune Response......Page 501
  Biology in Perspective......Page 502
   Life Application: Drunkorexia......Page 494
   Technology Connection: “Guaranteed” Six-Pack Abs......Page 499
  Chapter Summary......Page 503
  Review Questions......Page 504
 CHAPTER 16: Ecology: How Do We Benefit from a Functional Ecosystem?......Page 507
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 506
  case study: The Near-Extinction of Kirtland’s Warbler......Page 508
   Adapting to Physical Conditions......Page 510
   Adapting to Limited Shelter......Page 511
   The Competitive Exclusion Principle......Page 512
   Instances When Competitors May Coexist......Page 514
   Scientist Spotlight: Robert Helmer MacArthur (1930–1972)......Page 515
   Population Cycles......Page 516
   An Evolutionary Arms Race......Page 517
  16.4. When Can Species Cooperate?......Page 518
  16.5. How Do Ecological Interactions Affect Us?......Page 519
   We Compete with Other Species......Page 520
   We Develop Useful Products and Ideas as a Result of Exploitation Interactions......Page 521
   Exploitation Interactions Distribute Energy and Nutrients......Page 523
   Ecosystems Recycle Material on a Global Scale......Page 524
  16.7. What Benefits Do We Get from a Functioning Ecosystem?......Page 527
   Disruptions to Ecosystem Services......Page 529
  Biology in Perspective......Page 530
   Technology Connection: Biological Control of Schistosomiasis......Page 522
   How Do We Know? Long-Term Ecological Research......Page 525
   Life Application: Ecology and Human Conflict......Page 528
  Chapter Summary......Page 531
  Review Questions......Page 532
 CHAPTER 17: Biodiversity and Human Affairs: How Is the Human Race Like a Meteorite?......Page 535
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 534
  case study: The Discovery of America......Page 536
  17.1. What Are the Components of Biodiversity?......Page 538
   The Latitudinal Gradient......Page 540
   Why the Gradient Exists......Page 541
  17.3. What Can Islands Tell Us About Biodiversity?......Page 543
   Biogeographic Realms......Page 546
   Wallace’s Line......Page 547
  17.5. How Does Biodiversity Change Through Time?......Page 548
   Why Biodiversity Increases Productivity......Page 549
   How Biodiversity Keeps the Food Web Intact......Page 550
  17.7. Why Should We Preserve Biodiversity?......Page 551
   Long-Term Benefits of an Old-Growth Forest......Page 552
   How Old-Growth Forests Provide Ecosystem Services......Page 553
   The Species Diversity Index......Page 554
   Indicator Species and Satellite Images......Page 555
   Technology Connection: Satellite Imagery......Page 556
   The Blitzkrieg Hypothesis......Page 557
   Human Activity Threatens Biodiversity......Page 558
  17.10. How Can We Preserve Biodiversity?......Page 561
  Chapter Summary......Page 562
   Life Application: The Importance of Genetic Diversity......Page 539
   How Do We Know? Experimental Island Zoogeography......Page 544
   Scientist Spotlight: E. O. Wilson (1929–)......Page 559
  Review Questions......Page 564
 CHAPTER 18: Human Population Growth: How Many People Can a Single Planet Hold?......Page 567
  CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES......Page 566
  case study: A Story About Bacteria......Page 568
  18.1. How Can Populations Grow So Fast?......Page 569
   Defining Growth Rate......Page 570
   How Do We Know? Modeling Population Growth......Page 572
   Equilibrium......Page 573
  18.2. Why Don’t Populations Grow Forever?......Page 574
   The Effects of Population Density......Page 575
   Scientist Spotlight: Donella Meadows (1941–2001)......Page 576
   Our Carrying Capacity......Page 578
   Age Pyramids......Page 579
   Total Fertility and Age at First Reproduction......Page 583
   Fertility and Mortality Differences......Page 584
   Family Planning Differences......Page 585
   Demographic Transition......Page 587
  18.5. How Do We Use Information About Population Growth?......Page 588
   Planning for Population Shifts......Page 589
   Resource Depletion......Page 590
   The Limits to Growth......Page 592
  Chapter Summary......Page 593
   Life Application: The Demographics of China......Page 582
   Technology Connection: Male Contraception......Page 586
  Review Questions......Page 594
Answers to Selected Questions......Page 596
Glossary......Page 597
Credits......Page 607
Index......Page 611