Biology and Breeding of Camels: Focus on Pakistan Camels

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
About This Book
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Old and New World Camels—Introduction
	Introduction
	Origin of Camels
		Taxonomy and History
	Biological Organization of Camels
	Genetics
	Camel Classification and Evolution
		Ancestry of Camels
			Protylopus—Holds the Ancestral Key
		Biological Trends in the Evolution of Camels
	Paleontological Procession of Camels
		Oligocene—The Influx of Camel-Like Animals
			Poebrotherium
			Protomeryx—The Upper Oligocene Form
		Miocene—The Period of Divergence
			Procamelus—Directed the Main Line of Evolution
		Sideline Evolution—Gazelle-Camels
			Giraffe-Camels
	Pliocene and Pleistocene—Periods for True Camels
	Camel Domestication
	Current Statistics and Evolution of Camels in Host Countries
	Camel Biodiversity
	Camel Anatomy and Appearance: Physiognomy and Description
	Adaptations
	Camel Distribution and Habitat
	Camel Behavior and Lifestyle
		Camel Reproduction and Life Cycle
		Mating
	Camel Diet and Prey
	Camel Predators and Threats
	Camels’ Relationship with Humans
	Camel Conservation, Status, and Life Today
	References
Chapter 2 Camel Breeds in the World and Their Distribution—Introduction
	Introduction
	Species/Breeds of Camels at the Global Level and Their Distribution
		Global Distribution of Camels and Gaps Therein
	Camel Breeds in Pakistan
	Camel Breeds of Punjab
		Bagri (Bota)
		Breela
		Campbelpuri
		Mareecha
		Kala-Chitta
	Camel Breeds of KPK
		Ghulmani
		Khader
		Maya
		Gaddi
	Camel Breeds of Baluchistan
		Brahvi
		Kachhi
		Kharani
		Lassi
		Makrani
		Pishin
		Rodbari
		Raigi
		Kohi
	Camel Breeds of Sindh
		Dhatti (Thari)
		Kharai
		Sakrai
		Larry
	Historical Dromedary–Bactrian Crossbreeding (Interspecific Breeding)
	References
Chapter 3 Effective Management of Camels—Introduction
	Introduction
	Common Practices in Camel Management
		Camel Nutrition
		Feeding Management
			Time of Feeding
		Food Quantities
	Nutrient Requirements
		Energy Value
		Protein
		Salt
		Water
	Reproduction
		Breeding in Camels
	Handling
	Transportation
	Recommended Environment for Living
	Facilities and Equipment
		Shelter
		Fencing
	Declining Camel Population and Factors Thereof
		Grazing Resources Are Being Squeezed
		Innovations in Agriculture Farming Practices
		Illegal Movement of Camels for Slaughter
		Grazing Policy for Livestock Is Poorly Organized
		Lack of Interest among the Young
	Sustaining the Ship of the Desert
		Strengthen the Silvo Pasture Program
		Emphasis on Roadside Plantation as Fodder for Livestock
		Utilization of Unconventional Feed
		Stress on Agroforestry Development
	Health Care: Diseases and Their Control
	Pharmaceutical Use
		Euthanasia
	References
Chapter 4 Camel Feed and Nutritional Requirements—Introduction
	Introduction
	Nutrients
		Six Basic Nutrients
		Water
		Proteins
		Carbohydrates
		Minerals
		Vitamins
	Feeding Behavior of Camels
		Browser or Grazer
		Feed Preference
	Browsing of Camels
		Preferred Feeding Time
		Effect of Season
		Nutritive Value
		Browsing/Grazing, Rumination, and Resting Duration
		Defecation and Urination
	Comparative Anatomy of the Digestive Tract of Camels and Other Ruminants
		Mouth and Upper Throat
		Pharynx and Esophagus
		Stomach
		Intestines
		Liver, Pancreas, and Spleen
		Nutritional Physiology
	Mechanism of Reserve Mobilization in Camels
		Nutritional Needs of Animals
		Specific Nutrient Requirements during Lactation and Milk Production
		The Food of Camels
		Water
	Nutrient Requirements of Dromedary Camels
		Protein Requirements of Camel
		Dry Matter
		Energy
		Protein
	Lactating Animals Have Different Nutrient Requirements
		Energy
		Protein
	Nutrient Requirements Differ for Growth
		Energy
		Protein
		Requirements of Mineral
		Requirements of Vitamins
	References
Chapter 5 Camel Products and By-Products
	Introduction
	Meat
	Milk
		Camel Milk Brightens and Tightens the Skin
	Milk Health Effects
		Healthy Hair and Nails
		Camel Milk Slows Down the Aging Process
		Moisturizing and Softening
		Camel Milk for Clear Skin
	Camel Hair
		Uses
	Skin
	Lamp Shades
		Making Camel Skin Lamps: Teamwork of a Triad
		Cholistan Desert as the Supplier of Camel Skin Lamps
		Processing the High-Value Camel Skin for Lamps
		Durable and Long-Lasting Camel Skin Lamps
		Camel Skin Lamps Caught in the War on Terror
		Exporting Local Souvenirs Overseas
		Shopping Online for Multan-Made Camel Skin Lamps
		Vintage Camel Skin Lamps
	Bone Ornaments
	Camel Leather
	References
Chapter 6 Camels’ Genomic Potentials
	Introduction
	Genes for Milk and Heat Tolerance
		Heat Tolerance
		Milk Genetics
		Immunity
	Phylogenetic and Genotyping
		Growth and Weight
		Use of mtDNA and the Like for the Study of Genetic Diversity
	Phenotypic and Genetic Variation
	Worldview on Camel Genetics
		Milk Genetics
		Heat Tolerance
	Phylogenetic and Genotyping
		Growth and Weight
	Phenotypic and Genetic Variation
	Future Perspectives of Camel Genetics
		Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Camel as the Best-Suited Animal under Global Climate Change
	Introduction
	Climate Change
		Climate Change and Global Warming
	Vulnerability of Camels to Global Warming
		Socioeconomic, Environmental, Cultural, and Health Dimension of Camels under Global Climate Change
		Effects of Climate Change on Animal Size
	Camel: An Animal of the Future
		Water Requirements, Feeds, and Feeding
		Adaptations in Camels
		Adaptive Capability of Camel Is Much Higher than Other Livestock Animals
		Superior Adaptabilities of Camel during Heat Stress Conditions
	Camel: “A Ship of Desert”
		Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Camels Are Vulnerable to Heat Stress
		Camels Use Heat Shock Proteins for Their Adaptive Capability
		Climate Change and Camel Diseases
	Camels Also Contribute to Climate Change
		GHG Emissions from Livestock
		Methane Emissions from Camels
	References
Chapter 8 Camel Diseases and Preventive Measures
	Introduction
	Bacterial Diseases
		Mastitis
		Pneumonia
		Clostridial Diseases
		Salmonellosis
		Camel Calf Diarrhea
		Brucellosis
		Dermatitis
	Fungal Infections
	Viral Diseases
	Nonpathogenic Viral Infections
	Pathological Viral Infections
		Camel Pox
		Contagious Ecthyma
		Rabies
	Parasitic Diseases of Camels
		Helminthic Diseases
		Arthropod Infestations
		Protozoan Infections
	Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Camels
		Energy and Protein Deficiency
		Signs of Energy and Protein Deficiency
			Energy Deficiency
			Protein Deficiency
		Prevention–Control–Treatment
	Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
		Vitamin A
		Vitamin D
		Vitamin E
		Vitamin B1
		Selenium
		Calcium and Phosphorus
		Copper
		Iodine
		Iron
	References
Chapter 9 Future Prospects and Opportunities for the Scientific Community
	Introduction
	Prospects/Challenges
	Camel Milk
	Marketing of Camel Meat
	Camel: An Animal with Diversified Applications
	From Convention to Modernism
	Establishment of a Society or Organization
		Other Purposes
	The Trends in Camel Sciences
	The Way Ahead: Opportunities
	Breeding Programs and Their Planning
	Organizational Aspects
	References
Index