Biology: A Self-Teaching Guide

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
How to Use This Book
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Origin of Life
	Spontaneous Generation
	Conditions for the Origin of Life
	Experimental Search for Life\'s Beginnings
	Probing Space for Clues of Life\'s Origins on Earth
	Panspermia
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
2 Cell Structure
	Microscopes
	Cells
	Cell Theory
	Cell Structure and Cell Size
	Cytoplasm and Nucleoplasm
	Cell Membrane
	Movement Through the Cell Membrane
		Diffusion
		Osmosis
		Facilitated Diffusion
		Active Transport
		Movement of Large Particles Across Membranes
	Plant Cell Wall
	Plasmodesmata and Gap Junctions
	Cells\' Internal Structures
		Nucleus
		Endoplasmic Reticulum
		Ribosomes
		Golgi Apparatus
		Lysosome
		Mitochondria
		Plastids
		Vacuoles
		Microfilaments
		Microtubules
		Cilia and Flagella
		Centrioles
		Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
3 Cell Division
	Cellular Reproduction
		Prokaryotic Cell Division: Binary Fission
		Eukaryotic Cell Division
		Interphase
	Mitosis
		Prophase
		Metaphase
		Anaphase
		Telophase
		Cytokinesis
		Syncytia and Coenocytes
	Sex and Sexuality
		Gametes
	Meiosis
	Meiosis I
		Prophase I
		Metaphase I
		Anaphase I
		Telophase I
		Interkinesis
	Meiosis II
		Prophase II
		Metaphase II
		Anaphase II
		Telophase II
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
4 Reproduction
	Asexual Reproduction
	Sexual Reproduction
	Alternation of Generation
	Human Reproduction
		Male Reproductive Organs
		Female Reproductive Organs
		Menstrual Cycle
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
5 Cellular Respiration
	Glycolysis
	Anaerobic Fermentation
	Aerobic Respiration
	Cytochrome System
	Respiration of Fats and Proteins
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
6 Photosynthesis
	History
	Photosynthetic Pigments
	Photosynthetic Autotrophs
	Nutrients
	Chloroplasts
	Chlorophyll and Other Photosynthetic Pigments
	Light Absorption
	Passing the Electrons
	Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
	Cyclic Photophosphorylation
	Carbon Fixation and Carbohydrate Synthesis
	Leaves
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
7 Homeostasis
	Fluid Environment of the Earliest Cells
	Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
	Invertebrate Excretion
		Contractile Vacuoles
		Flame Cells
		Nephridia
		Malpighian Tubules
		Kidneys
		Excretion, Salt, and Water Balance
	Other Osmoregulatory Problems
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
8 Hormones
	Plant Hormones
	Auxins
	Gibberellins
	Cytokinins and Inhibitors
	Ethylene
	Photoperiodism
	Animal Hormones
	Digestion (Gastrointestinal Tract)
	Histamine
	Pancreas
	Adrenals and Kidneys
	Thyroid
	Parathyroids
	Thymus
	Pituitary
	Hypothalamus
	Ovaries
	Testes
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
9 The Brain and the Nervous System
	The Brain
	Membranes Covering the Brain
	The Vertebrate Brain and Its Evolution
		Forebrain
		Midbrain
		Hindbrain
	The Nervous System
	Evolution of the Nervous System
		Nerve Net
		Directed Movement
	Neurons
	Nervous Impulse
	Synapse and Neurotransmitters
	Reflex Arcs
	Organization of the Nervous System
	Key Terms
	Self-Test
10 Bones and Muscles
	Bones
	Muscles
	Muscle Contraction
	Sliding‐Filament Theory
	Exoskeleton
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
11 Internal Transport: Plants and Invertebrates
	Organisms Without Internal Transport Systems
	Transport in Plants
	Stems
	Conducting Tissues in Plants
		Phloem
		Xylem
	Roots
		Root Pressure
		Cohesion Theory
	Movement of Inorganic Solutes
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
12 Circulatory System
	Insects: Open Circulatory Systems
	Insect Blood
	Circulation in Vertebrates
	Capillaries
	Lymphatic System
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
13 Blood
	Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
	Blood Types
	Rh
	White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
	Blood Test
	Platelets (Thrombocytes)
	Ions, Salts, and Proteins in the Blood
	Heartbeat
	Blood Pressure
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
14 Nutrition
	Proteins
	Carbon
	Functional Groups
	Monomers and Polymers
	Carbohydrates
	Simple Sugars
	Digestion
	Isomers
	Lipids
	Vitamins
	Minerals
	Fiber
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
15 Ecology
	Habitat and Niche
	Populations and Communities
	Population Growth
	Species Diversity
	Species Turnover, Recruitment, and Introduced Species
	Competition
	Density
	Carrying Capacity
	Succession
	Reproductive Strategy
	Ecosystems
	Biomes
		Tropical Rain Forest
		Tropical Seasonal Forest
		Tropical Savanna
		Tropical Thornwood
		Desert
		Temperate Forest
		Temperate Evergreen Forest
		Temperate Rain Forest
		Temperate Woodland
		Urban Ecosystems
		Temperate Shrubland
		Temperate Grassland
		Temperate Desert
		Boreal Forest
		Tundra
		Streams and Rivers
		Ponds and Lakes
		Freshwater Wetlands
	Marine Communities
		Estuaries
		Littoral Zone
		Coral Reefs
		Open Ocean
	Mineral Nutrient Cycles
		Carbon Cycle
		Nitrogen Cycle
		Phosphorus Cycle
		Water Cycle
	Behavioral Biology
	Camouflage
	Mimicry
	Water Treatment, Recycling, and Composting
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
16 Viruses and Subviruses
	Viruses
	Subviruses
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
17 Monera
	Prokaryotic DNA
	Reproduction
	Spores
	Heterotrophic Bacteria
	Chemosynthetic Bacteria
	Nitrogen Fixation
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
18 Protista
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
19 Fungi
	Oomycota: Water Molds
	Zygomycota
	Ascomycota: Sac Fungi
	Basidiomycota: Club Fungi
	Imperfect Fungi
	Mycorrhizae
	Lichens
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
20 Plant Kingdom: Plantae
	Move to Land
	Bryophyta: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
	Vascular Plants
	Psilophyta
	Lycophyta: Club Mosses
	Sphenophyta: Horsetails
	Pterophyta: Ferns
	Gymnosperms
	Cycadophyta
	Ginkgophyta
	Coniferophyta: Conifers
	Anthophyta/Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
	Typical Flower
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
21 Animal Kingdom: Animalia
	Lower Invertebrates
		Porifera
		Cnidaria (Coelenterates): Hydra, Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones
		Ctenophora: Comb Jellyfish
		Platyhelminthes: Flatworms, Flukes, and Tapeworms
		Aschelminthes: Nematodes (Roundworms), Rotifers
		Lophophorate Phyla
	Higher Invertebrates
		Mollusca: Snails, Clams, Octopuses, Chitons
		Annelids
		Onychophora
		Arthropoda: Crustaceans, Spiders, Mites, Ticks, and Insects
		Echinodermata
		Hemichordata: Acorn Worms
	Chordata
		Urochordata: Tunicates and Sea Squirts and Cephalochordata: Lancelets
		Vertebrata
		Pisces: Fish
		Amphibia: Amphibians
		Reptilia (Reptiles)
		Aves: Birds
		Mammalia: Mammals
	Key Terms
	Self‐Test
Glossary
Index
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