Biology

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Committed to Excellence
Preparing Students for the Future
Part I: The Molecular Basisof Life
	1 The Science of Biology
		1.1 The Science of Life
		1.2 The Nature of Science
		1.3 An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin and Evolution
		1.4 Core Concepts in Biology
	2 The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water
		2.1 The Nature of Atoms
		2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems
		2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds
		2.4 Water: A Vital Compound
		2.5 Properties of Water
		2.6 Acids and Bases
	3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
		3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules
		3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural Molecules
		3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules
		3.4 Proteins: Molecules with Diverse Structures and Functions
		3.5 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules
Part II: Biology of the Cell
	4 Cell Structure
		4.1 Cell Theory
		4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
		4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
		4.4 The Endomembrane System
		4.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Cellular Generators
		4.6 The Cytoskeleton
		4.7 Extracellular Structures and Cell Movement
		4.8 Cell-to-Cell Interactions
	5 Membranes
		5.1 The Structure of Membranes
		5.2 Phospholipids: The Membrane\'s Foundation
		5.3 Proteins: Multifunctional Components
		5.4 Passive Transport Across Membranes
		5.5 Active Transport Across Membranes
		5.6 Bulk Transport by Endocytosis and Exocytosis
	6 Energy and Metabolism
		6.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Systems
		6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics and Free Energy
		6.3 ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells
		6.4 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
		6.5 Metabolism: The Chemical Description of Cell Function
	7 How Cells Harvest Energy
		7.1 Overview of Respiration
		7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting Glucose
		7.3 The Oxidation of Pyruvate Produces Acetyl-CoA
		7.4 The Citric Acid Cycle
		7.5 The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
		7.6 Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration
		7.7 Regulation of Aerobic Respiration
		7.8 Oxidation Without O2
		7.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Fats
		7.10 Evolution of Metabolism
	8 Photosynthesis
		8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		8.2 The Discovery of Photosynthetic Processes
		8.3 Pigments
		8.4 Photosystem Organization
		8.5 The Light-Dependent Reactions
		8.6 Carbon Fixation: The Calvin Cycle
		8.7 Photorespiration
	9 Cell Communication
		9.1 Overview of Cell Communication
		9.2 Receptor Types
		9.3 Intracellular Receptors
		9.4 Signal Transduction Through Receptor Kinases
		9.5 Signal Transduction Through G Protein–Coupled Receptors
	10 How Cells Divide
		10.1 Bacterial Cell Division
		10.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
		10.3 Overview of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
		10.4 Interphase: Preparation for Mitosis
		10.5 M Phase: Chromosome Segregation and the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents
		10.6 Control of the Cell Cycle
		10.7 Genetics of Cancer
Part III: Genetic and Molecular Biology
	11 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
		11.1 Sexual Reproduction Requires Meiosis
		11.2 Features of Meiosis
		11.3 The Process of Meiosis
		11.4 Summing Up: Meiosis Versus Mitosis
	12 Patterns of Inheritance
		12.1 The Mystery of Heredity
		12.2 Monohybrid Crosses: The Principle of Segregation
		12.3 Dihybrid Crosses: The Principle of Independent Assortment
		12.4 Probability: Predicting the Results of Crosses
		12.5 The Testcross: Revealing Unknown Genotypes
		12.6 Extensions to Mendel
	13 Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis–Inheritance Connection
		13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
		13.2 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
		13.3 Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
		13.4 Genetic Mapping
		13.5 Human Genetic Disorders
	14 DNA: The Genetic Material
		14.1 The Nature of the Genetic Material
		14.2 DNA Structure
		14.3 Basic Characteristics of DNA Replication
		14.4 Prokaryotic Replication
		14.5 Eukaryotic Replication
		14.6 DNA Repair
	15 Genes and How They Work
		15.1 The Nature of Genes
		15.2 The Genetic Code
		15.3 Prokaryotic Transcription
		15.4 Eukaryotic Transcription
		15.5 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing
		15.6 The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes
		15.7 The Process of Translation
		15.8 Summarizing Gene Expression
		15.9 Mutation: Altered Genes
	16 Control of Gene Expression
		16.1 Control of Gene Expression
		16.2 Regulatory Proteins
		16.3 Prokaryotic Regulation
		16.4 Eukaryotic Regulation
		16.5 Chromatin Structure Affects Gene Expression
		16.6 Eukaryotic Posttranscriptional Regulation
		16.7 Protein Degradation
	17 Biotechnology
		17.1 Recombinant DNA
		17.2 Amplifying DNA Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
		17.3 Creating, Correcting, and Analyzing Genetic Variation
		17.4 Constructing and Using Transgenic Organisms
		17.5 Environmental Applications
		17.6 Medical Applications
		17.7 Agricultural Applications
	18 Genomics
		18.1 Mapping Genomes
		18.2 Sequencing Genomes
		18.3 Genome Projects
		18.4 Genome Annotation and Databases
		18.5 Comparative and Functional Genomics
		18.6 Applications of Genomics
	19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development
		19.1 The Process of Development
		19.2 Cell Division
		19.3 Cell Differentiation
		19.4 Nuclear Reprogramming
		19.5 Pattern Formation
		19.6 Evolution of Pattern Formation
		19.7 Morphogenesis
Part IV: Evolution
	20 Genes Within Populations
		20.1 Genetic Variation and Evolution
		20.2 Changes in Allele Frequency
		20.3 Five Agents of Evolutionary Change
		20.4 Quantifying Natural Selection
		20.5 Reproductive Strategies
		20.6 Natural Selection\'s Role in Maintaining Variation
		20.7 Selection Acting on Traits Affected by Multiple Genes
		20.8 Experimental Studies of Natural Selection
		20.9 Interactions Among Evolutionary Forces
		20.10 The Limits of Selection
	21 The Evidence for Evolution
		21.1 The Beaks of Darwin\'s Finches: Evidence of Natural Selection
		21.2 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism: More Evidence of Selection
		21.3 Artificial Selection: Human-Initiated Change
		21.4 Fossil Evidence of Evolution
		21.5 Anatomical Evidence for Evolution
		21.6 Convergent Evolution and the Biogeographical Record
		21.7 Darwin\'s Critics
	22 The Origin of Species
		22.1 The Nature of Species and the Biological Species Concept
		22.2 Natural Selection and Reproductive Isolation
		22.3 The Role of Genetic Drift and Natural Selection in Speciation
		22.4 The Geography of Speciation
		22.5 Adaptive Radiation and Biological Diversity
		22.6 The Pace of Evolution
		22.7 Speciation and Extinction Through Time
	23 Systematics, Phylogenies, and Comparative Biology
		23.1 Systematics
		23.2 Cladistics
		23.3 Systematics and Classification
		23.4 Phylogenetics and Comparative Biology
		23.5 Phylogenetics and Disease Evolution
	24 Genome Evolution
		24.1 Comparative Genomics
		24.2 Genome Size
		24.3 Evolution Within Genomes
		24.4 Gene Function and Expression Patterns
		24.5 Applying Comparative Genomics
Part V: Diversity of Life
	25 The Origin and Diversity of Life
		25.1 Deep Time
		25.2 Origins of Life
		25.3 Evidence for Early Life
		25.4 Earth\'s Changing System
		25.5 Ever-Changing Life on Earth
	26 Viruses
		26.1 The Nature of Viruses
		26.2 Viral Diversity
		26.3 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
		26.4 Viral Diseases of Humans
		26.5 Prions and Viroids: Infectious Subviral Particles
	27 Prokaryotes
		27.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
		27.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure
		27.3 Prokaryotic Genetics
		27.4 The Metabolic Diversity of Prokaryotes
		27.5 Microbial Ecology
		27.6 Bacterial Diseases of Humans
	28 Protists
		28.1 Eukaryotic Origins and Endosymbiosis
		28.2 Overview of Protists
		28.3 Characteristics of the Excavata
		28.4 Characteristics of the Chromalveolata
		28.5 Characteristics of the Rhizaria
		28.6 Characteristics of the Archaeplastida
		28.7 Characteristics of the Amoebozoa
		28.8 Characteristics of the Opisthokonta
	29 Seedless Plants
		29.1 Origin of Land Plants
		29.2 Bryophytes Have a Dominant Gametophyte Generation
		29.3 Tracheophytes Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation
		29.4 Lycophytes Diverged from the Main Lineage of Vascular Plants
		29.5 Pterophytes Are the Ferns and Their Relatives
	30 Seed Plants
		30.1 The Evolution of Seed Plants
		30.2 Gymnosperms: Plants with \"Naked Seeds\"
		30.3 Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants
		30.4 Seeds
		30.5 Fruits
	31 Fungi
		31.1 Classification of Fungi
		31.2 Fungal Forms, Nutrition, and Reproduction
		31.3 Fungal Ecology
		31.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
		31.5 Basidiomycota: The Club (Basidium) Fungi
		31.6 Ascomycota: The Sac (Ascus) Fungi
		31.7 Glomeromycota: Asexual Plant Symbionts
		31.8 Zygomycota: Zygote-Producing Fungi
		31.9 Chytridiomycota and Relatives: Fungi with Zoospores
		31.10 Microsporidia: Unicellular Parasites
	32 Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans
		32.1 Some General Features of Animals
		32.2 Evolution of the Animal Body Plan
		32.3 Animal Phylogeny
		32.4 Parazoa: Animals That Lack Specialized Tissues
		32.5 Eumetazoa: Animals with True Tissues
		32.6 The Bilateria
	33 Protostomes
		33.1 The Clades of Protostomes
		33.2 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
		33.3 Rotifers (Rotifera)
		33.4 Mollusks (Mollusca)
		33.5 Ribbon Worms (Nemertea)
		33.6 Annelids (Annelida)
		33.7 Bryozoans (Bryozoa) and Brachiopods (Brachiopoda)
		33.8 Roundworms (Nematoda)
		33.9 Arthropods (Arthropoda)
	34 Deuterostomes
		34.1 Echinoderms
		34.2 Chordates
		34.3 Nonvertebrate Chordates
		34.4 Vertebrate Chordates
		34.5 Fishes
		34.6 Amphibians
		34.7 Reptiles
		34.8 Birds
		34.9 Mammals
		34.10 Evolution of the Primates
Part VI: Plant Form and Function
	35 Plant Form
		35.1 Organization of the Plant Body: An Overview
		35.2 Plant Tissues
		35.3 Roots: Anchoring and Absorption Structures
		35.4 Stems: Support for Above-Ground Organs
		35.5 Leaves: Photosynthetic Organs
	36 Transport in Plants
		36.1 Transport Mechanisms
		36.2 Water and Mineral Absorption
		36.3 Xylem Transport
		36.4 Rate of Transpiration
		36.5 Water-Stress Responses
		36.6 Phloem Transport
	37 Plant Nutrition and Soils
		37.1 Soils: The Substrates on Which Plants Depend
		37.2 Plant Nutrients
		37.3 Special Nutritional Strategies
		37.4 Carbon–Nitrogen Balance and Global Change
		37.5 Phytoremediation
	38 Plant Defense Responses
		38.1 Physical Defenses
		38.2 Chemical Defenses
		38.3 Animals That Protect Plants
		38.4 Systemic Responses to Invaders
	39 Sensory Systems in Plants
		39.1 Responses to Light
		39.2 Responses to Gravity
		39.3 Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
		39.4 Responses to Water and Temperature
		39.5 Hormones and Sensory Systems
	40 Plant Reproduction
		40.1 Reproductive Development
		40.2 Making Flowers
		40.3 Structure and Evolution of Flowers
		40.4 Pollination and Fertilization
		40.5 Embryo Development
		40.6 Germination
		40.7 Asexual Reproduction
		40.8 Plant Life Spans
Part VII: Animal Form and Function
	41 The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation
		41.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
		41.2 Epithelial Tissue
		41.3 Connective Tissue
		41.4 Muscle Tissue
		41.5 Nerve Tissue
		41.6 Overview of Vertebrate Organ Systems
		41.7 Homeostasis
		41.8 Regulating Body Temperature
	42 The Nervous System
		42.1 Nervous System Organization
		42.2 The Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Transmission
		42.3 Synapses: Where Neurons Communicate with Other Cells
		42.4 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord
		42.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal and Cranial Nerves
	43 Sensory Systems
		43.1 Overview of Sensory Receptors
		43.2 Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, and Electromagnetic Receptors: Temperature, Pain, and Magnetic Fields
		43.3 Mechanoreceptors I: Touch, Pressure, and Body Position
		43.4 Mechanoreceptors II: Hearing, Vibration, and Balance
		43.5 Chemoreceptors: Taste, Smell, and pH
		43.6 Vision
		43.7 Evolution and Development of Eyes
	44 The Endocrine System
		44.1 Regulation of Body Processes by Chemical Messengers
		44.2 Overview of Hormone Action
		44.3 The Pituitary and Hypothalamus: The Body\'s Control Centers
		44.4 The Major Peripheral Endocrine Glands
		44.5 Other Hormones and Their Effects
	45 The Musculoskeletal System
		45.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
		45.2 A Closer Look at Bone
		45.3 Joints
		45.4 Muscle Contraction
		45.5 Vertebrate Skeleton Evolution and Modes of Locomotion
	46 The Digestive System
		46.1 Types of Digestive Systems
		46.2 The Mouth and Teeth: Food Capture and Bulk Processing
		46.3 The Esophagus and the Stomach: The Early Stages of Digestion
		46.4 The Intestines: Breakdown, Absorption, and Elimination
		46.5 Accessory Organ Function
		46.6 Neural and Hormonal Regulation of the Digestive Tract
		46.7 Food Energy, Energy Expenditure, and Essential Nutrients
		46.8 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems
		47 The Respiratory System
			47.1 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Surfaces
			47.2 Gills, Cutaneous Respiration, and Tracheal Systems
			47.3 Lungs
			47.4 Structures, Mechanisms, and Control of Ventilation in Mammals
			47.5 Transport of Gases in Body Fluids
	48 The Circulatory System
		48.1 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
		48.2 The Components of Vertebrate Blood
		48.3 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
		48.4 Cardiac Cycle, Electrical Conduction, ECG, and Cardiac Output
		48.5 Blood Pressure and Blood Vessels
	49 Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System
		49.1 Osmolarity and Osmotic Balance
		49.2 Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid
		49.3 Osmoregulatory Organs
		49.4 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney
		49.5 The Mammalian Kidney
		49.6 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
	50 The Immune System
		50.1 Innate Immunity
		50.2 Adaptive Immunity
		50.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity
		50.4 Humoral Immunity and Antibody Production
		50.5 Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity
		50.6 Antibodies in Medical Treatment and Diagnosis
		50.7 Pathogens That Evade the Immune System
	51 The Reproductive System
		51.1 Animal Reproductive Strategies
		51.2 Vertebrate Fertilization and Development
		51.3 Structure and Function of the Human Male Reproductive System
		51.4 Structure and Function of the Human Female Reproductive System
		51.5 Contraception and Infertility Treatments
	52 Animal Development
		52.1 Fertilization
		52.2 Cleavage and the Blastula Stage
		52.3 Gastrulation
		52.4 Organogenesis
		52.5 Vertebrate Axis and Pattern Formation
		52.6 Human Development
Part VIII: Ecology and Behavior
	53 Behavioral Biology
		53.1 The Natural History of Behavior
		53.2 Nerve Cells, Neurotransmitters, Hormones, and Behavior
		53.3 Behavioral Genetics
		53.4 Learning
		53.5 The Development of Behavior
		53.6 Animal Cognition
		53.7 Orientation and Migratory Behavior
		53.8 Animal Communication
		53.9 Behavior and Evolution
		53.10 Behavioral Ecology
		53.11 Reproductive Strategies
		53.12 Altruism
		53.13 The Evolution of Group Living and Animal Societies
	54 Ecology of Individuals and Populations
		54.1 The Environmental Challenges
		54.2 Populations: Groups of a Single Species in One Place
		54.3 Population Demography and Dynamics
		54.4 Life History and the Cost of Reproduction
		54.5 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
		54.6 Factors That Regulate Populations
		54.7 Human Population Growth
	55 Community Ecology
		55.1 Biological Communities: Species Living Together
		55.2 The Ecological Niche Concept
		55.3 Predator–Prey Relationships
		55.4 The Many Types of Species Interactions
		55.5 Ecological Succession, Disturbance, and Species Richness
	56 Dynamics of Ecosystems
		56.1 Biogeochemical Cycles
		56.2 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems
		56.3 Trophic-Level Interactions
		56.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability
		56.5 Island Biogeography
	57 The Biosphere and Human Impacts
		57.1 Ecosystem Effects of Sun, Wind, and Water
		57.2 Earth\'s Biomes
		57.3 Freshwater Habitats
		57.4 Marine Habitats
		57.5 Human Impacts on the Biosphere: Pollution and Resource Depletion
		57.6 Human Impacts on the Biosphere: Climate Change
	58 Conservation Biology
		58.1 Overview of the Biodiversity Crisis
		58.2 The Value of Biodiversity
		58.3 Factors Responsible for Extinction
		58.4 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Biodiversity Crisis
		58.5 Approaches for Preserving Endangered Species and Ecosystems
Appendix
Glossary
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Index
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