Biology

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Part 1: The Organization of Life
	Chapter 1: A View of Life
		1.1 Major Themes of Biology
		1.2 Characteristics of Life
		1.3 Levels of Biological Organization
		1.4 Information Transfer
		1.5 The Energy of Life
		1.6 Evolution: The Basic Unifying Concept of Biology
		1.7 The Process of Science
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical Basis of Life
		2.1 Elements and Atoms
		2.2 Chemical Reactions
		2.3 Chemical Bonds
		2.4 Redox Reactions
		2.5 Water
		2.6 Acids, Bases, and Salts
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds
		3.1 Carbon Atoms and Organic Molecules
		3.2 Carbohydrates
		3.3 Lipids
		3.4 Proteins
		3.5 Nucleic Acids
		3.6 Identifying Biological Molecules
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 4: Organization of the Cell
		4.1 The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
		4.2 Methods for Studying Cells
		4.3 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
		4.4 The Cell Nucleus
		4.5 Membranous Organelles in the Cytoplasm
		4.6 The Cytoskeleton
		4.7 Cell Coverings
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 5: Biological Membranes
		5.1 The Structure of Biological Membranes
		5.2 Overview of Membrane Protein Functions
		5.3 Cell Membrane Structure and Permeability
		5.4 Passive Transport
		5.5 Active Transport
		5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
		5.7 Cell Junctions
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 6: Cell Communication
		6.1 Cell Communication: An Overview
		6.2 Sending Signals
		6.3 Reception
		6.4 Signal Transduction
		6.5 Responses to Signals
		6.6 Evolution of Cell Communication
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 2: Energy Transfer through Living Systems
	Chapter 7: Energy and Metabolism
		7.1 Biological Work
		7.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics
		7.3 Energy and Metabolism
		7.4 ATP, the Energy Currency of the Cell
		7.5 Energy Transfer in Redox Reactions
		7.6 Enzymes
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
		8.1 Redox Reactions
		8.2 The Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration
		8.3 Energy Yield of Nutrients Other Than Glucose
		8.4 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 9: Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy
		9.1 Light and Photosynthesis
		9.2 Chloroplasts
		9.3 Overview of Photosynthesis
		9.4 The Light-Dependent Reactions
		9.5 The Carbon Fixation Reactions
		9.6 Metabolic Diversity
		9.7 Photosynthesis in Plants and in the Environment
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 3: The Continuity of Life: Genetics
	Chapter 10: Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis
		10.1 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
		10.2 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
		10.3 Regulation of the Cell Cycle
		10.4 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
		10.5 Sexual Life Cycles
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 11: The Basic Principles of Heredity
		11.1 Mendel\'s Principles of Inheritance
		11.2 Using Probability to Predict Mendelian Inheritance
		11.3 Inheritance and Chromosomes
		11.4 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 12: DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information
		12.1 Evidence of DNA as the Hereditary Material
		12.2 The Structure of DNA
		12.3 DNA Replication
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 13: Gene Expression
		13.1 Discovery of the Gene-Protein Relationship
		13.2 Information Flow from DNA to Protein: An Overview
		13.3 Transcription
		13.4 Translation
		13.5 Mutations
		13.6 Variations in Gene Expression
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 14: Gene Regulation
		14.1 Gene Regulation in Bacteria and Eukaryotes: An Overview
		14.2 Gene Regulation in Bacteria
		14.3 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 15: DNA Technology and Genomics
		15.1 DNA Cloning
		15.2 CRISPR-Based Technologies
		15.3 Tools for Studying DNA
		15.4 Genomics
		15.5 Applications of DNA Technologies
		15.6 CRISPR-Based Gene Drives
		15.7 DNA Technology and Safety Concerns
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 16: Human Genetics and the Human Genome
		16.1 Studying Human Genetics
		16.2 Abnormalities in Chromosome Number and Structure
		16.3 Genetic Diseases Caused by Single-Gene Mutations
		16.4 Gene Therapy
		16.5 Genetic Testing and Counseling
		16.6 Human Genetics, Society, and Ethics
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 17: Developmental Genetics
		17.1 Cell Differentiation and Nuclear Equivalence
		17.2 The Genetic Control of Development
		17.3 Cancer and Cell Development
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 4: The Continuity of Life: Evolution
	Chapter 18: Introduction to Darwinian Evolution
		18.1 What Is Evolution?
		18.2 Pre-Darwinian Ideas about Evolution
		18.3 Darwin and Evolution
		18.4 Evidence for Evolution
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 19: Evolutionary Change in Populations
		19.1 Genotype, Phenotype, and Allele Frequencies
		19.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
		19.3 Microevolution
		19.4 Genetic Variation in Populations
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 20: Speciation and Macroevolution
		20.1 What Is a Species?
		20.2 Reproductive Isolation
		20.3 Speciation
		20.4 The Rate of Evolutionary Change
		20.5 Macroevolution
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 21: The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life
		21.1 Chemical Evolution on Early Earth
		21.2 The First Cells
		21.3 The History of Life
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 22: The Evolution of Primates
		22.1 Primate Adaptations
		22.2 Primate Classification
		22.3 Hominin Evolution
		22.4 Cultural Change
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 5: The Diversity of Life
	Chapter 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics
		23.1 Classifying Organisms
		23.2 Determining the Major Branches in the Tree of Life
		23.3 Reconstructing Evolutionary History
		23.4 Constructing Phylogenetic Trees
		23.5 Applying Phylogenetic Information
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 24: Viruses and Subviral Agents
		24.1 The Status and Structure of Viruses
		24.2 Classification of Viruses
		24.3 Viral Replication
		24.4 Viral Diseases
		24.5 Evolution of Viruses
		24.6 Subviral Agents
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 25: Bacteria and Archaea
		25.1 The Structure of Bacteria and Archaea
		25.2 Prokaryote Reproduction and Evolution
		25.3 Nutritional and Metabolic Adaptations
		25.4 The Phylogeny of the Two Prokaryote Domains
		25.5 Impact on Ecology, Technology, and Commerce
		25.6 Bacteria and Disease
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 26: Protists
		26.1 Diversity in the Protists
		26.2 How Did Eukaryotes Evolve?
		26.3 Excavates
		26.4 Chromalveolates
		26.5 Rhizarians
		26.6 Archaeplastids
		26.7 Unikonts
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 27: Seedless Plants
		27.1 Adaptations of Plants to Life on Land
		27.2 Bryophytes
		27.3 Seedless Vascular Plants
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 28: Seed Plants
		28.1 An Introduction to Seed Plants
		28.2 Gymnosperms
		28.3 Flowering Plants
		28.4 The Evolution of Seed Plants
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 29: The Fungi
		29.1 Characteristics of Fungi
		29.2 Fungal Reproduction
		29.3 Fungal Diversity
		29.4 Ecological Importance of Fungi
		29.5 Economic, Biological, and Medical Impact of Fungi
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 30: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
		30.1 Animal Characteristics
		30.2 Adaptations to Ocean, Freshwater, and Terrestrial Habitats
		30.3 Animal Evolution
		30.4 Reconstructing Animal Phylogeny
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 31: Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes
		31.1 Sponges, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores
		31.2 The Lophotrochozoa
		31.3 The Ecdysozoa
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 32: The Deuterostomes
		32.1 What Are Deuterostomes?
		32.2 Echinoderms
		32.3 The Chordates: Major Characteristics
		32.4 Invertebrate Chordates
		32.5 Introducing the Vertebrates
		32.6 Jawless Fishes
		32.7 Evolution of Jaws and Limbs: Jawed Fishes and Tetrapods
		32.8 Amniotes: Terrestrial Vertebrates
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 6: Structure and Life Processes in Plants
	Chapter 33: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
		33.1 The Plant Body
		33.2 Plant Meristems
		33.3 Development of Form
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 34: Leaf Structure and Function
		34.1 Leaf Form and Structure
		34.2 Stomatal Opening and Closing
		34.3 Transpiration and Guttation
		34.4 Leaf Abscission
		34.5 Modified Leaves
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 35: Stem Structure and Transport
		35.1 Stem Growth and Structure
		35.2 Water Transport
		35.3 Translocation of Sugar in Solution
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 36: Roots and Mineral Nutrition
		36.1 Root Structure and Function
		36.2 Root Associations and Interactions
		36.3 The Soil Environment
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 37: Reproduction in Flowering Plants
		37.1 The Flowering Plant Life Cycle
		37.2 Pollination
		37.3 Fertilization and Seed and Fruit Development
		37.4 Germination and Early Growth
		37.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
		37.6 A Comparison of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 38: Plant Developmental Responses to External and Internal Signals
		38.1 Tropisms
		38.2 Plant Hormones and Development
		38.3 Light Signals and Plant Development
		38.4 Responses to Herbivores and Pathogens
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 7: Structure and Life Processes in Animals
	Chapter 39: Animal Structure and Function: An Introduction
		39.1 Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
		39.2 Regulating the Internal Environment
		39.3 Regulating Body Temperature
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 40: Protection, Support, and Movement
		40.1 Epithelial Coverings
		40.2 Skeletal Systems
		40.3 Muscle Contraction
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 41: Neural Signaling
		41.1 Neural Signaling: An Overview
		41.2 Neurons and Glial Cells
		41.3 Transmitting Information along the Neuron
		41.4 Transmitting Information across Synapses
		41.5 Neural Integration
		41.6 Neural Circuits: Complex Information Signaling
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 42: Neural Regulation
		42.1 Invertebrate Nervous Systems: Trends in Evolution
		42.2 Overview of the Vertebrate Nervous System
		42.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain
		42.4 The Human Central Nervous System
		42.5 The Peripheral Nervous System
		42.6 Effects of Drugs on the Nervous System
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 43: Sensory Systems
		43.1 How Sensory Systems Work
		43.2 Thermoreceptors
		43.3 Electroreceptors and Magnetic Reception
		43.4 Nociceptors
		43.5 Mechanoreceptors
		43.6 Chemoreceptors
		43.7 Photoreceptors
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 44: Internal Transport
		44.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
		44.2 Vertebrate Blood
		44.3 Vertebrate Blood Vessels
		44.4 Evolution of the Vertebrate Circulatory System
		44.5 The Human Heart
		44.6 Blood Pressure
		44.7 The Pattern of Circulation
		44.8 The Lymphatic System
		44.9 Cardiovascular Disease
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 45: The Immune System: Internal Defense
		45.1 Evolution of Immune Responses
		45.2 Innate Immune Responses in Vertebrates
		45.3 Adaptive Immune Responses in Vertebrates
		45.4 Cell-Mediated Immunity
		45.5 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
		45.6 Response to Disease, Immune Failures, and Harmful Reactions
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 46: Gas Exchange
		46.1 Adaptations for Gas Exchange in Air or Water
		46.2 Types of Respiratory Surfaces
		46.3 The Mammalian Respiratory System
		46.4 Breathing Polluted Air
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 47: Processing Food and Nutrition
		47.1 Nutritional Styles and Adaptations
		47.2 The Vertebrate Digestive System
		47.3 Required Nutrients
		47.4 Energy Metabolism
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 48: Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes
		48.1 Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
		48.2 Metabolic Waste Products
		48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates
		48.4 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Vertebrates
		48.5 The Urinary System of Mammals
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 49: Endocrine Regulation
		49.1 An Overview of Endocrine Regulation
		49.2 Types of Endocrine Signaling
		49.3 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
		49.4 Neuroendocrine Regulation in Invertebrates
		49.5 Endocrine Regulation in Vertebrates
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 50: Reproduction
		50.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
		50.2 Human Reproduction: The Male
		50.3 Human Reproduction: The Female
		50.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
		50.5 Human Sexual Response
		50.6 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
		50.7 Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 51: Animal Development
		51.1 Development of Form
		51.2 Fertilization
		51.3 Cleavage
		51.4 Gastrulation
		51.5 Organogenesis
		51.6 Extraembryonic Membranes
		51.7 Human Development
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 52: Animal Behavior
		52.1 Behavior and Adaptation
		52.2 Learning: Changing Behavior as a Result of Experience
		52.3 Behavioral Responses to Environmental Stimuli
		52.4 Foraging Behavior
		52.5 Costs and Benefits of Social Behavior
		52.6 Sexual Selection
		52.7 Helping Behavior
		52.8 Culture in Vertebrate Societies
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Part 8: The Interactions of Life: Ecology
	Chapter 53: Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology
		53.1 Features of Populations
		53.2 Changes in Population Size
		53.3 Factors Influencing Population Size
		53.4 Life History Traits
		53.5 Metapopulations
		53.6 Human Populations
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 54: Community Ecology
		54.1 Community Structure and Functioning
		54.2 Strength and Direction of Community Interactions
		54.3 Community Biodiversity
		54.4 Community Development
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 55: Ecosystems and the Biosphere
		55.1 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
		55.2 Cycles of Matter in Ecosystems
		55.3 Abiotic Factors in Ecosystems
		55.4 Studying Ecosystem Processes
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 56: Ecology and the Geography of Life
		56.1 Biomes
		56.2 Aquatic Ecosystems
		56.3 Ecotones
		56.4 Biogeography
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
	Chapter 57: Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology
		57.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
		57.2 Conservation Biology
		57.3 Deforestation
		57.4 Climate Change
		The Future?
		Summary: Focus on Learning Objectives
		Test Your Understanding
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Classification of Organisms
Appendix C: Understanding Biological Terms
Appendix D: Abbreviations
Appendix E: Answer
Glossary
Index