Biology 2e (Spring 2020 Edition)

Contents
Preface
	About OpenStax
	About OpenStax resources
		Customization
		Errata
		Format
	About Biology 2e
		Coverage and scope
		Changes to the Second Edition
		Pedagogical foundation
		Art and animations that engage
	Additional resources
		Student and instructor resources
		Community Hubs
		Technology partners
	About the authors
		Second edition authors and reviewers
		First edition authors and reviewers
Chapter 1 The Study of Life
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	1.1 The Science of Biology
		The Process of Science
			Natural Sciences
			Scientific Reasoning
		The Scientific Method
			Proposing a Hypothesis
			Testing a Hypothesis
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
		Two Types of Science: Basic Science and Applied Science
		Reporting Scientific Work
	1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
		Properties of Life
			Order
			Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli
		Link to Learning
			Reproduction
			Adaptation
			Growth and Development
			Regulation/Homeostasis
			Energy Processing
			Evolution
		Levels of Organization of Living Things
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
		The Diversity of Life
		Evolution Connection
			Carl Woese and the Phylogenetic Tree
		Branches of Biological Study
		Career Connection
			Forensic Scientist
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		1.1 The Science of Biology
		1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
		The Structure of the Atom
		Atomic Number and Mass
		Visual Connection
		Isotopes
		Evolution Connection
			Carbon Dating
		Link to Learning
		The Periodic Table
		Electron Shells and the Bohr Model
		Visual Connection
		Electron Orbitals
		Link to Learning
		Chemical Reactions and Molecules
		Ions and Ionic Bonds
		Covalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interactions
		Link to Learning
			Polar Covalent Bonds
			Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
			Hydrogen Bonds and Van Der Waals Interactions
		Career Connection
			Pharmaceutical Chemist
	2.2 Water
		Water’s Polarity
		Water’s States: Gas, Liquid, and Solid
		Link to Learning
		Water’s High Heat Capacity
		Water’s Heat of Vaporization
		Water’s Solvent Properties
		Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties
		pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
	2.3 Carbon
		Hydrocarbons
			Hydrocarbon Chains
			Hydrocarbon Rings
		Isomers
		Visual Connection
		Enantiomers
		Functional Groups
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
		2.2 Water
		2.3 Carbon
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 3 Biological Macromolecules
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
		Dehydration Synthesis
		Hydrolysis
		Link to Learning
	3.2 Carbohydrates
		Molecular Structures
			Monosaccharides
		Visual Connection
			Disaccharides
			Polysaccharides
		Career Connection
			Registered Dietitian
		Benefits of Carbohydrates
		Link to Learning
	3.3 Lipids
		Fats and Oils
			Trans Fats
			Omega Fatty Acids
		Waxes
		Phospholipids
		Steroids
		Link to Learning
	3.4 Proteins
		Types and Functions of Proteins
		Amino Acids
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			The Evolutionary Significance of Cytochrome c
		Protein Structure
			Primary Structure
			Secondary Structure
			Tertiary Structure
			Quaternary Structure
		Denaturation and Protein Folding
		Link to Learning
	3.5 Nucleic Acids
		DNA and RNA
		DNA Double-Helix Structure
		Visual Connection
		RNA
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
		3.2 Carbohydrates
		3.3 Lipids
		3.4 Proteins
		3.5 Nucleic Acids
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 4 Cell Structure
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	4.1 Studying Cells
		Microscopy
			Light Microscopes
			Electron Microscopes
		Link to Learning
		Cell Theory
		Career Connection
			Cytotechnologist
	4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
		Components of Prokaryotic Cells
		Career Connection
			Microbiologist
			Cell Size
		Visual Connection
	4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
		Visual Connection
		The Plasma Membrane
		The Cytoplasm
		The Nucleus
			The Nuclear Envelope
			Chromatin and Chromosomes
			The Nucleolus
		Ribosomes
		Mitochondria
		Peroxisomes
		Vesicles and Vacuoles
		Animal Cells versus Plant Cells
			The Centrosome
			Lysosomes
			The Cell Wall
			Chloroplasts
		Evolution Connection
			Endosymbiosis
			The Central Vacuole
	4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
		Visual Connection
		The Endoplasmic Reticulum
			Rough ER
			Smooth ER
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Cardiologist
		The Golgi Apparatus
		Career Connection
			Geneticist
		Lysosomes
	4.5 The Cytoskeleton
		Microfilaments
		Link to Learning
		Intermediate Filaments
		Microtubules
			Flagella and Cilia
	4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
		Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
		Intercellular Junctions
			Plasmodesmata
			Tight Junctions
			Desmosomes
			Gap Junctions
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		4.1 Studying Cells
		4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
		4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
		4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
		4.5 The Cytoskeleton
		4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	5.1 Components and Structure
		Fluid Mosaic Model
			Phospholipids
			Proteins
			Carbohydrates
		Evolution Connection
			How Viruses Infect Specific Organs
		Membrane Fluidity
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Immunologist
	5.2 Passive Transport
		Selective Permeability
		Diffusion
			Factors That Affect Diffusion
		Facilitated transport
			Channels
			Carrier Proteins
		Osmosis
			Mechanism
		Tonicity
			Hypotonic Solutions
			Hypertonic Solutions
			Isotonic Solutions
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Tonicity in Living Systems
	5.3 Active Transport
		Electrochemical Gradient
		Visual Connection
			Moving Against a Gradient
			Carrier Proteins for Active Transport
		Primary Active Transport
		Link to Learning
		Secondary Active Transport (Co-transport)
		Visual Connection
	5.4 Bulk Transport
		Endocytosis
			Phagocytosis
			Pinocytosis
			Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
		Link to Learning
		Exocytosis
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		5.1 Components and Structure
		5.2 Passive Transport
		5.3 Active Transport
		5.4 Bulk Transport
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 6 Metabolism
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	6.1 Energy and Metabolism
		Carbohydrate Metabolism
		Metabolic Pathways
		Evolution Connection
			Evolution of Metabolic Pathways
			Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways
	6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
		Energy Types
		Link to Learning
		Free Energy
			Endergonic Reactions and Exergonic Reactions
		Visual Connection
		Activation Energy
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
	6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
		The First Law of Thermodynamics
		The Second Law of Thermodynamics
		Scientific Method Connection
			Transfer of Energy and the Resulting Entropy
	6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	6.5 Enzymes
		Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity
			Induced Fit and Enzyme Function
		Link to Learning
		Metabolism Control Through Enzyme Regulation
			Molecular Regulation of Enzymes
		Everyday Connection
			Drug Discovery by Looking for Inhibitors of Key Enzymes in Specific Pathways
			Enzyme Compartmentalization
			Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		6.1 Energy and Metabolism
		6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
		6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
		6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
		6.5 Enzymes
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	7.1 Energy in Living Systems
		Electrons and Energy
			Electron Carriers
		ATP in Living Systems
			ATP Structure and Function
			Energy from ATP
			Phosphorylation
			Substrate Phosphorylation
			Oxidative Phosphorylation
		Career Connection
			Mitochondrial Disease Physician
	7.2 Glycolysis
		First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps)
		Second Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Releasing Steps)
		Link to Learning
		Outcomes of Glycolysis
	7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
		Breakdown of Pyruvate
		Acetyl CoA to CO2
		Citric Acid Cycle
			Steps in the Citric Acid Cycle
		Link to Learning
			Products of the Citric Acid Cycle
	7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
		Electron Transport Chain
			Complex I
			Q and Complex II
			Complex III
			Complex IV
		Chemiosmosis
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
		ATP Yield
	7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
		Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
		Link to Learning
			Lactic Acid Fermentation
		Visual Connection
			Alcohol Fermentation
			Other Types of Fermentation
	7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
		Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
		Connections of Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
		Connections of Lipid and Glucose Metabolisms
		Evolution Connection
			Pathways of Photosynthesis and Cellular Metabolism
	7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
		Regulatory Mechanisms
		Control of Catabolic Pathways
			Glycolysis
			Citric Acid Cycle
			Electron Transport Chain
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		7.1 Energy in Living Systems
		7.2 Glycolysis
		7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
		7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
		7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
		7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
		7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis
		Basic Photosynthetic Structures
		Visual Connection
		The Two Parts of Photosynthesis
		Link to Learning
		Everyday Connection
			Photosynthesis at the Grocery Store
	8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
		What Is Light Energy?
		Absorption of Light
			Understanding Pigments
		How Light-Dependent Reactions Work
		Visual Connection
			Generating an Energy Carrier: ATP
		Link to Learning
	8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
		The Calvin Cycle
			Stage 1: Fixation
		Visual Connection
			Stage 2: Reduction
			Stage 3: Regeneration
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Photosynthesis
		The Energy Cycle
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
		8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 9 Cell Communication
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
		Forms of Signaling
			Paracrine Signaling
			Endocrine Signaling
			Autocrine Signaling
			Direct Signaling Across Gap Junctions
		Types of Receptors
			Internal receptors
			Cell-Surface Receptors
		Evolution Connection
			How Viruses Recognize a Host
		Visual Connection
		Signaling Molecules
			Small Hydrophobic Ligands
			Water-Soluble Ligands
			Other Ligands
	9.2 Propagation of the Signal
		Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Methods of Intracellular Signaling
			Phosphorylation
			Second Messengers
	9.3 Response to the Signal
		Gene Expression
		Increase in Cellular Metabolism
		Cell Growth
		Career Connection
			Cancer Biologist
		Cell Death
		Termination of the Signal Cascade
	9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
		Signaling in Yeast
		Signaling in Bacteria
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Cellular Communication in Yeasts
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
		9.2 Propagation of the Signal
		9.3 Response to the Signal
		9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	10.1 Cell Division
		Genomic DNA
		Eukaryotic Chromosomal Structure and Compaction
		Link to Learning
	10.2 The Cell Cycle
		Interphase
			G1 Phase (First Gap)
			S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)
			G2 Phase (Second Gap)
		The Mitotic Phase
		Link to Learning
			Karyokinesis (Mitosis)
		Visual Connection
			Cytokinesis
		G0 Phase
		Scientific Method Connection
			Determine the Time Spent in Cell-Cycle Stages
	10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
		Regulation of the Cell Cycle by External Events
		Regulation at Internal Checkpoints
			The G1 Checkpoint
			The G2 Checkpoint
			The M Checkpoint
		Link to Learning
		Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle
			Positive Regulation of the Cell Cycle
			Negative Regulation of the Cell Cycle
		Visual Connection
	10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
		Proto-oncogenes
		Tumor Suppressor Genes
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
		Binary Fission
		Evolution Connection
			Mitotic Spindle Apparatus
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		10.1 Cell Division
		10.2 The Cell Cycle
		10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
		10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
		10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	11.1 The Process of Meiosis
		Meiosis I
			Prophase I
			Prometaphase I
			Metaphase I
			Anaphase I
			Telophase I and Cytokinesis
		Link to Learning
		Meiosis II
			Prophase II
			Prometaphase II
			Metaphase II
			Anaphase II
			Telophase II and Cytokinesis
		Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
		Evolution Connection
			The Mystery of the Evolution of Meiosis
		Link to Learning
	11.2 Sexual Reproduction
		Evolution Connection
			The Red Queen Hypothesis
		Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms
		Visual Connection
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		11.1 The Process of Meiosis
		11.2 Sexual Reproduction
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
		Mendel’s Model System
		Mendelian Crosses
		Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
		Probability Basics
			The Product Rule and Sum Rule
	12.2 Characteristics and Traits
		Phenotypes and Genotypes
			Dominant and Recessive Alleles
		The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross
			The Test Cross Distinguishes the Dominant Phenotype
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
		Alternatives to Dominance and Recessiveness
			Incomplete Dominance
			Codominance
			Multiple Alleles
		Evolution Connection
			Multiple Alleles Confer Drug Resistance in the Malaria Parasite
			X-Linked Traits
		Visual Connection
			Human Sex-linked Disorders
		Link to Learning
			Lethality
	12.3 Laws of Inheritance
		Pairs of Unit Factors, or Genes
		Alleles Can Be Dominant or Recessive
		Equal Segregation of Alleles
		Independent Assortment
		Visual Connection
			Forked-Line Method
			Probability Method
			Rules for Multihybrid Fertilization
		Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
		Scientific Method Connection
			Testing the Hypothesis of Independent Assortment
		Epistasis
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
		12.2 Characteristics and Traits
		12.3 Laws of Inheritance
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
		Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
		Genetic Linkage and Distances
			Homologous Recombination
		Visual Connection
			Genetic Maps
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
			Mendel’s Mapped Traits
	13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
		Chromosome Identification
		Career Connection
			Geneticists Use Karyograms to Identify Chromosomal Aberrations
		Chromosome Number Disorders
		Visual Connection
		Aneuploidy
		Link to Learning
		Polyploidy
		Sex Chromosome Nondisjunction in Humans
		Duplications and Deletions
		Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements
			Chromosome Inversions
		Evolution Connection
			The Chromosome 18 Inversion
			Translocations
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
		13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 14 DNA Structure and Function
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Forensic Scientist
	14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
		Visual Connection
		DNA Sequencing Techniques
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Neanderthal Genome: How Are We Related?
		Link to Learning
			DNA Packaging in Cells
		Visual Connection
	14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
		Link to Learning
	14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
		Telomere replication
			Telomerase and Aging
	14.6 DNA Repair
		Visual Connection
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
		14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
		14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
		14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
		14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
		14.6 DNA Repair
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 15 Genes and Proteins
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	15.1 The Genetic Code
		The Central Dogma: DNA Encodes RNA; RNA Encodes Protein
			The Genetic Code Is Degenerate and Universal
		Link to Learning
		Scientific Method Connection
			Which Has More DNA: A Kiwi or a Strawberry?
	15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
		Initiation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
			Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase
			Prokaryotic Promoters
		Link to Learning
		Elongation and Termination in Prokaryotes
		Prokaryotic Termination Signals
		Link to Learning
	15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
		Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
			The Three Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
			RNA Polymerase II Promoters and Transcription Factors
		Visual Connection
			Promoter Structures for RNA Polymerases I and III
		Evolution Connection
			The Evolution of Promoters
		Eukaryotic Elongation and Termination
	15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
		mRNA Processing
		Evolution Connection
			RNA Editing in Trypanosomes
			5' Capping
			3' Poly-A Tail
			Pre-mRNA Splicing
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Processing of tRNAs and rRNAs
	15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
		The Protein Synthesis Machinery
		Link to Learning
			Ribosomes
			tRNAs
			Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases
		The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
			Initiation of Translation
			Translation, Elongation, and Termination
		Visual Connection
		Protein Folding, Modification, and Targeting
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		15.1 The Genetic Code
		15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
		15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
		15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
		15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 16 Gene Expression
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
		Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
		Evolution Connection
			Evolution of Gene Regulation
	16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
		The trp Operon: A Repressible Operon
		Link to Learning
		Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP): A Transcriptional Activator
		The lac Operon: An Inducible Operon
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
		Epigenetic Control: Regulating Access to Genes within the Chromosome
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
		Link to Learning
		The Promoter and the Transcription Machinery
		Enhancers and Transcription
		Turning Genes Off: Transcriptional Repressors
	16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
		RNA Splicing, the First Stage of Post-transcriptional Control
		Evolution Connection
			Alternative RNA Splicing
		Link to Learning
		Control of RNA Stability
			RNA Stability and microRNAs
	16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
		The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate
		Visual Connection
		Chemical Modifications, Protein Activity, and Longevity
	16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
		Cancer: Disease of Altered Gene Expression
			Tumor Suppressor Genes, Oncogenes, and Cancer
		Link to Learning
		Cancer and Epigenetic Alterations
		Cancer and Transcriptional Control
		Cancer and Post-transcriptional Control
		Cancer and Translational/Post-translational Control
		New Drugs to Combat Cancer: Targeted Therapies
		Career Connection
			Clinical Trial Coordinator
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
		16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
		16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
		16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
		16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
		16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
		16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	17.1 Biotechnology
		Basic Techniques to Manipulate Genetic Material (DNA and RNA)
			DNA and RNA Extraction
			Gel Electrophoresis
			Nucleic Acid Fragment Amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction
		Link to Learning
			Hybridization, Southern Blotting, and Northern Blotting
		Molecular Cloning
			Recombinant DNA Molecules
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Cellular Cloning
		Reproductive Cloning
		Visual Connection
		Genetic Engineering
			Gene Targeting
		Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
			Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy
		Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones
		Transgenic Animals
		Transgenic Plants
			Transformation of Plants Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens
			The Organic Insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis
			Flavr Savr Tomato
	17.2 Mapping Genomes
		Genetic Maps
		Physical Maps
		Genetic and Physical Maps Integration
		Scientific Method Connection
			How to Use a Genome Map Viewer
		Link to Learning
	17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
		Strategies Used in Sequencing Projects
			Early Strategies: Shotgun Sequencing and Pair-Wise End Sequencing
			Next-generation Sequencing
		Evolution Connection
			Comparing Sequences
		Use of Whole-Genome Sequences of Model Organisms
		Link to Learning
		Genome Sequence Uses
	17.4 Applying Genomics
		Predicting Disease Risk at the Individual Level
		Visual Connection
		Pharmacogenomics and Toxicogenomics
		Microbial Genomics: Metagenomics
		Microbial Genomics: Creation of New Biofuels
		Mitochondrial Genomics
		Genomics in Agriculture
	17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
		Basic Techniques in Protein Analysis
		Cancer Proteomics
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		17.1 Biotechnology
		17.2 Mapping Genomes
		17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
		17.4 Applying Genomics
		17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 18 Evolution and the Origin of Species
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	18.1 Understanding Evolution
		Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
		Career Connection
			Field Biologist
		Processes and Patterns of Evolution
		Evidence of Evolution
			Fossils
			Anatomy and Embryology
		Link to Learning
			Biogeography
			Molecular Biology
		Misconceptions of Evolution
		Link to Learning
			Evolution Is Just a Theory
			Individuals Evolve
			Evolution Explains the Origin of Life
			Organisms Evolve on Purpose
	18.2 Formation of New Species
		Species and the Ability to Reproduce
		Speciation
		Allopatric Speciation
			Adaptive Radiation
		Link to Learning
		Sympatric Speciation
		Visual Connection
		Reproductive Isolation
			Habitat Influence on Speciation
	18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
		Reconnection
		Visual Connection
		Varying Rates of Speciation
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		18.1 Understanding Evolution
		18.2 Formation of New Species
		18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 19 The Evolution of Populations
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	19.1 Population Evolution
		Everyday Connection
			Evolution and Flu Vaccines
		Population Genetics
		Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	19.2 Population Genetics
		Genetic Variance
		Link to Learning
		Genetic Drift
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
		Scientific Method Connection
			Testing the Bottleneck Effect
		Gene Flow
		Mutation
		Nonrandom Mating
		Environmental Variance
	19.3 Adaptive Evolution
		Stabilizing Selection
		Directional Selection
		Link to Learning
		Diversifying Selection
		Visual Connection
		Frequency-Dependent Selection
		Sexual Selection
		Link to Learning
		No Perfect Organism
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		19.1 Population Evolution
		19.2 Population Genetics
		19.3 Adaptive Evolution
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
		Phylogenetic Trees
		Limitations of Phylogenetic Trees
		Link to Learning
		Classification Levels
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
		Two Options for Similarities
			Misleading Appearances
		Link to Learning
			Molecular Comparisons
		Evolution Connection
			Why Does Phylogeny Matter?
		Building Phylogenetic Trees
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
			Shared Characteristics
				Choosing the Right Relationships
		Link to Learning
	20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
		Limitations to the Classic Model
		Horizontal Gene Transfer
			HGT in Prokaryotes
			HGT in Eukaryotes
		Genome Fusion and Eukaryote Evolution
		Web and Network Models
		Ring of Life Models
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
		20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
		20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 21 Viruses
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
		Discovery and Detection
		Evolution of Viruses
		Viral Morphology
			Morphology
		Visual Connection
			Types of Nucleic Acid
		The Challenge of Virus Classification
			Past Systems of Classification
			Baltimore Classification
	21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
		Steps of Virus Infections
			Attachment
		Link to Learning
			Entry
			Replication and Assembly
			Egress
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Different Hosts and Their Viruses
		Bacteriophages
		Visual Connection
		Plant Viruses
		Animal Viruses
		Link to Learning
	21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
		Vaccines for Prevention
		Link to Learning
		Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs for Treatment
		Everyday Connection
			Applied Virology:
	21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
		Prions
		Viroids
		Career Connection
			Virologist
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
		21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
		21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
		21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
		Prokaryotes, the First Inhabitants of Earth
			Microbial Mats
			Stromatolites
			The Ancient Atmosphere
		Microbes Are Adaptable: Life in Moderate and Extreme Environments
			Prokaryotes in the Dead Sea
			Unculturable Prokaryotes and the Viable-but-Non-Culturable State
		The Ecology of Biofilms
		Visual Connection
	22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
		The Prokaryotic Cell
			The Plasma Membrane of Prokaryotes
			The Cell Wall of Prokaryotes
		Visual Connection
		Reproduction
		Evolution Connection
			The Evolution of Prokaryotes
	22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
		Needs of Prokaryotes
			Macronutrients
			Micronutrients
			The Ways in Which Prokaryotes Obtain Energy
			The Ways in Which Prokaryotes Obtain Carbon
		Role of Prokaryotes in Ecosystems
			Prokaryotes and the Carbon Cycle
			Prokaryotes and the Nitrogen Cycle
		Visual Connection
	22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
		Long History of Bacterial Disease
			The Plague of Athens
			Bubonic Plagues
		Link to Learning
			Migration of Diseases to New Populations
		Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
		Foodborne Diseases
		Biofilms and Disease
		Antibiotics: Are We Facing a Crisis?
		Link to Learning
			One of the Superbugs: MRSA
		Career Connection
			Epidemiologist
	22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
		Cooperation between Bacteria and Eukaryotes: Nitrogen Fixation
		Everyday Connection
			Microbes on the Human Body
		Early Biotechnology: Cheese, Bread, Wine, Beer, and Yogurt
		Using Prokaryotes to Clean up Our Planet: Bioremediation
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
		22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
		22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
		22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
		22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 23 Protists
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
		Characteristics of Eukaryotes
		Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of Eukaryotes
			Prokaryotic Metabolism
			Endosymbiotic Theory
			Mitochondria
			Plastids
		Visual Connection
		Evolution Connection
			Secondary Endosymbiosis in Chlorarachniophytes
	23.2 Characteristics of Protists
		Cell Structure
		Metabolism
		Motility
		Life Cycles
		Habitats
	23.3 Groups of Protists
		Archaeplastida
			Glaucophytes
			Red Algae
			Green Algae: Chlorophytes and Charophytes
		Link to Learning
		Amoebozoa
			Gymnomoebae
			Slime Molds
		Link to Learning
		Opisthokonta
		Rhizaria
			Foraminiferans
			Radiolarians
			Cercozoa
		Chromalveolata
			Alveolates: Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexians, and Ciliates
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
			Stramenopiles: Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae and Oomycetes
		Visual Connection
		Excavata
			Diplomonads
			Parabasalids
		Link to Learning
			Euglenozoans
		Link to Learning
	23.4 Ecology of Protists
		Primary Producers/Food Sources
		Human Pathogens
			Plasmodium Species
		Link to Learning
			Trypanosomes
		Link to Learning
		Plant Parasites
		Protist Decomposers
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
		23.2 Characteristics of Protists
		23.3 Groups of Protists
		23.4 Ecology of Protists
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 24 Fungi
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
		Career Connection
			Mycologist
		Cell Structure and Function
			Growth
			Nutrition
		Reproduction
			Asexual Reproduction
			Sexual Reproduction
		Link to Learning
	24.2 Classifications of Fungi
		Chytridiomycota: The Chytrids
		Zygomycota: The Conjugated Fungi
		Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi
		Visual Connection
		Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi
		Visual Connection
		Asexual Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
		Glomeromycota
	24.3 Ecology of Fungi
		Habitats
		Decomposers and Recyclers
		Mutualistic Relationships
			Fungus/Plant Mutualism
		Visual Connection
		Evolution Connection
			Coevolution of Land Plants and Mycorrhizae
			Lichens
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
			Fungus/Animal Mutualism
		Fungivores
	24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
		Plant Parasites and Pathogens
		Animal and Human Parasites and Pathogens
		Scientific Method Connection
			Dutch Elm Disease
	24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
		24.2 Classifications of Fungi
		24.3 Ecology of Fungi
		24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
		24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 25 Seedless Plants
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	25.1 Early Plant Life
		Evolution Connection
			Algae and Evolutionary Paths to Photosynthesis
		Link to Learning
		Plant Adaptations to Life on Land
			Alternation of Generations
			Sporangia in Seedless Plants
			Gametangia in Seedless Plants
			Apical Meristems
		Additional Land Plant Adaptations
		Evolution of Land Plants
		Career Connection
			Paleobotanist
		The Major Divisions of Land Plants
		Visual Connection
	25.2 Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
		Streptophytes
		Reproduction of Green Algae
		Charophytes
	25.3 Bryophytes
		Liverworts
		Hornworts
		Mosses
		Visual Connection
	25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
		Vascular Tissue: Xylem and Phloem
		Roots: Support for the Plant
		Leaves, Sporophylls, and Strobili
		Ferns and Other Seedless Vascular Plants
			Phylum Lycopodiophyta: Club Mosses
			Phylum Monilophyta: Class Equisetopsida (Horsetails)
			Phylum Monilophyta: Class Psilotopsida (Whisk Ferns)
			Phylum Monilophyta: Class Polypodiopsida (True Ferns)
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Landscape Designer
		The Importance of Seedless Plants
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		25.1 Early Plant Life
		25.2 Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
		25.3 Bryophytes
		25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 26 Seed Plants
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants
		Evolution of Gymnosperms
			Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land
		Evolution of Angiosperms
			Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation
		Evolution Connection
			Building Phylogenetic Trees with Analysis of DNA Sequence Alignments
	26.2 Gymnosperms
		Life Cycle of a Conifer
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Diversity of Gymnosperms
			Conifers (Coniferophyta)
			Cycads
			Ginkgophytes
			Gnetophytes
		Link to Learning
	26.3 Angiosperms
		Flowers
		The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
		Visual Connection
		Fruit
		Diversity of Angiosperms
			Basal Angiosperms
			Monocots
			Eudicots
	26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
		Animals and Plants: Herbivory
		Animals and Plants: Pollination
		Link to Learning
		Scientific Method Connection
			Testing Attraction of Flies by Rotting Flesh Smell
		The Importance of Seed Plants in Human Life
		Career Connection
			Ethnobotanist
		Biodiversity of Plants
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants
		26.2 Gymnosperms
		26.3 Angiosperms
		26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 27 Introduction to Animal Diversity
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
		Complex Tissue Structure
		Link to Learning
		Animal Reproduction and Development
			Processes of Animal Reproduction and Embryonic Development
		Link to Learning
			The Role of Homeobox (Hox) Genes in Animal Development
		Visual Connection
	27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
		Visual Connection
		Animal Characterization Based on Body Symmetry
		Link to Learning
		Animal Characterization Based on Features of Embryological Development
		Visual Connection
			Presence or Absence of a Coelom
			Embryonic Development of the Mouth
		Evolution Connection
			The Evolution of the Coelom
	27.3 Animal Phylogeny
		Constructing an Animal Phylogenetic Tree
		Link to Learning
		Modern Advances in Phylogenetic Understanding Come from Molecular Analyses
		Link to Learning
	27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
		Pre-Cambrian Animal Life
		The Cambrian Explosion of Animal Life
		Link to Learning
		Post-Cambrian Evolution and Mass Extinctions
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Paleontologist
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
		27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
		27.3 Animal Phylogeny
		27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 28 Invertebrates
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	28.1 Phylum Porifera
		Morphology of Sponges
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
		Physiological Processes in Sponges
			Digestion
			Reproduction
			Locomotion
		Link to Learning
	28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
		Class Anthozoa
		Class Scyphozoa
		Class Cubozoa
		Class Hydrozoa
	28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
		Phylum Platyhelminthes
			Physiological Processes of Flatworms
			Diversity of Flatworms
		Phylum Rotifera
		Link to Learning
		Phylum Nemertea
			Morphology
		Link to Learning
			Digestive System
			Nervous System
			Reproduction
	28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
		Phylum Mollusca
		Visual Connection
			Classification of Phylum Mollusca
		Link to Learning
		Everyday Connection
			Can Snail Venom Be Used as a Pharmacological Painkiller?
		Phylum Annelida
			Morphology
			Anatomy
		Link to Learning
			Classification of Phylum Annelida
	28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
		Superphylum Ecdysozoa
		Phylum Nematoda
			Morphology
			Excretory System
			Nervous system
			Reproduction
		Everyday Connection
			C. elegans: The Model System for Linking Developmental Studies with Genetics
			Parasitic Nematodes
		Phylum Tardigrada
			Morphology and Physiology
			Reproduction
	28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
		Phylum Arthropoda
			Morphology
			Subphylum Chelicerata
		Link to Learning
			Subphylum Myriapoda
			Subphylum Crustacea
			Subphylum Hexapoda
		Visual Connection
	28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
		Phylum Echinodermata
			Morphology and Anatomy
			Water Vascular and Hemal Systems
			Nervous System
			Digestive and Excretory Systems
			Reproduction
		Classes of Echinoderms
		Link to Learning
		Phylum Chordata
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		28.1 Phylum Porifera
		28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
		28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
		28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
		28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
		28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
		28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 29 Vertebrates
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	29.1 Chordates
		Characteristics of Chordata
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Chordates and the Evolution of Vertebrates
			Cephalochordata
			Urochordata
		Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
	29.2 Fishes
		Jawless Fishes: Superclass Agnatha
			Class Myxini: Hagfishes
			Class Petromyzontida: Lampreys
		Gnathostomes: Jawed Fishes
			Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes
			Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes
	29.3 Amphibians
		Link to Learning
		Characteristics of Amphibians
		Evolution of Amphibians
		Modern Amphibians
			Urodela: Salamanders
		Link to Learning
			Anura: Frogs
			Apoda: Caecilians
		Evolution Connection
			The Paleozoic Era and the Evolution of Vertebrates
		Link to Learning
	29.4 Reptiles
		Characteristics of Amniotes
		Visual Connection
		Evolution of Amniotes
		Visual Connection
		Characteristics of Reptiles
		Evolution of Reptiles
		Archosaurs: Dinosaurs
		Archosaurs: Pterosaurs
		Link to Learning
		Modern Reptiles
			Crocodilia
			Sphenodontia
			Squamata
			Testudines
	29.5 Birds
		Characteristics of Birds
		Evolution of Birds
		The Evolution of Flight in Birds
		Career Connection
			Veterinarian
	29.6 Mammals
		Characteristics of Mammals
		Evolution of Mammals
		Living Mammals
	29.7 The Evolution of Primates
		Characteristics of Primates
		Evolution of Primates
		Human Evolution
			Very Early Hominins
			Early Hominins: Genus Australopithecus
			A Dead End: Genus Paranthropus
			Early Hominins: Genus Homo
		Link to Learning
			Humans: Homo sapiens
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		29.1 Chordates
		29.2 Fishes
		29.3 Amphibians
		29.4 Reptiles
		29.5 Birds
		29.6 Mammals
		29.7 The Evolution of Primates
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 30 Plant Form and Physiology
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	30.1 The Plant Body
		Link to Learning
		Plant Organ Systems
		Plant Tissues
	30.2 Stems
		Stem Anatomy
		Visual Connection
			Dermal Tissue
			Vascular Tissue
			Ground Tissue
		Growth in Stems
			Primary Growth
		Link to Learning
			Secondary Growth
			Annual Rings
		Stem Modifications
		Link to Learning
	30.3 Roots
		Types of Root Systems
		Root Growth and Anatomy
		Root Modifications
	30.4 Leaves
		Structure of a Typical Leaf
		Leaf Arrangement
		Leaf Form
		Leaf Structure and Function
		Leaf Adaptations
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Plant Adaptations in Resource-Deficient Environments
		Link to Learning
	30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
		Water Potential
			Solute Potential
		Visual Connection
			Pressure Potential
			Gravity Potential
			Matric Potential
		Movement of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
		Visual Connection
			Control of Transpiration
		Transportation of Photosynthates in the Phloem
			Translocation: Transport from Source to Sink
	30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
		Plant Responses to Light
			The Phytochrome System and the Red/Far-Red Response
		Career Connection
			Horticulturalist
			The Blue Light Responses
		Link to Learning
		Plant Responses to Gravity
		Growth Responses
			Auxins
			Cytokinins
			Gibberellins
			Abscisic Acid
			Ethylene
			Nontraditional Hormones
		Plant Responses to Wind and Touch
		Link to Learning
		Defense Responses against Herbivores and Pathogens
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		30.1 The Plant Body
		30.2 Stems
		30.3 Roots
		30.4 Leaves
		30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
		30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 31 Soil and Plant Nutrition
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
		The Chemical Composition of Plants
		Essential Nutrients
			Macronutrients and Micronutrients
		Link to Learning
		Everyday Connection
			Hydroponics
	31.2 The Soil
		Soil Composition
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Soil Formation
			Parent Material
			Climate
			Topography
			Biological factors
			Time
		Physical Properties of the Soil
		Visual Connection
		Career Connection
			Soil Scientist
	31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
		Link to Learning
		Nitrogen Fixation: Root and Bacteria Interactions
		Visual Connection
		Mycorrhizae: The Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots
		Nutrients from Other Sources
			Plant Parasites
			Saprophytes
		Symbionts
			Epiphytes
		Insectivorous Plants
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
		31.2 The Soil
		31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 32 Plant Reproduction
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
		Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
			Flower Structure
		Visual Connection
			Male Gametophyte (The Pollen Grain)
			Female Gametophyte (The Embryo Sac)
		Visual Connection
		Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
			Male Gametophyte
		Link to Learning
			Female Gametophyte
			Reproductive Process
		Angiosperms versus Gymnosperms
		Link to Learning
	32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
		Link to Learning
		Everyday Connection
			Incompatibility Genes in Flowers
		Pollination by Insects
		Pollination by Bats
		Pollination by Birds
		Pollination by Wind
		Pollination by Water
		Evolution Connection
			Pollination by Deception
		Double Fertilization
			Development of the Seed
		Visual Connection
			Seed Germination
		Development of Fruit and Fruit Types
		Fruit and Seed Dispersal
	32.3 Asexual Reproduction
		Natural Methods of Asexual Reproduction
		Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction
			Grafting
			Cutting
			Layering
			Micropropagation
		Plant Life Spans
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
		32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
		32.3 Asexual Reproduction
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 33 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	33.1 Animal Form and Function
		Body Plans
		Limits on Animal Size and Shape
		Limiting Effects of Diffusion on Size and Development
		Link to Learning
		Animal Bioenergetics
			Energy Requirements Related to Body Size
			Energy Requirements Related to Levels of Activity
			Energy Requirements Related to Environment
		Animal Body Planes and Cavities
		Career Connection
			Physical Anthropologist
	33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
		Epithelial Tissues
			Squamous Epithelia
			Cuboidal Epithelia
			Columnar Epithelia
			Transitional Epithelia
		Visual Connection
		Connective Tissues
			Loose/Areolar Connective Tissue
			Fibrous Connective Tissue
			Cartilage
			Bone
			Adipose Tissue
			Blood
		Muscle Tissues
			Smooth Muscle
			Skeletal Muscle
			Cardiac Muscle
		Nervous Tissues
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Pathologist
	33.3 Homeostasis
		Homeostatic Process
		Control of Homeostasis
			Negative Feedback Mechanisms
			Positive Feedback Loop
		Visual Connection
			Set Point
		Link to Learning
		Homeostasis: Thermoregulation
		Link to Learning
		Endotherms and Ectotherms
		Heat Conservation and Dissipation
		Neural Control of Thermoregulation
		Visual Connection
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		33.1 Animal Form and Function
		33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
		33.3 Homeostasis
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 34 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	34.1 Digestive Systems
		Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores
		Invertebrate Digestive Systems
		Vertebrate Digestive Systems
			Monogastric: Single-chambered Stomach
			Avian
		Evolution Connection
			Avian Adaptations
			Ruminants
			Pseudo-ruminants
		Parts of the Digestive System
			Oral Cavity
			Esophagus
			Stomach
		Visual Connection
			Small Intestine
		Visual Connection
			Large Intestine
			Rectum and Anus
			Accessory Organs
	34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
		Food Requirements
		Link to Learning
		Everyday Connection
			Let’s Move! Campaign
			Organic Precursors
			Essential Nutrients
		Food Energy and ATP
		Everyday Connection
			Obesity
	34.3 Digestive System Processes
		Ingestion
		Digestion and Absorption
			Carbohydrates
			Protein
			Lipids
			Vitamins
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
		Elimination
			Common Problems with Elimination
			Emesis
	34.4 Digestive System Regulation
		Neural Responses to Food
			Digestive Phases
		Hormonal Responses to Food
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		34.1 Digestive Systems
		34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
		34.3 Digestive System Processes
		34.4 Digestive System Regulation
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 35 The Nervous System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
		Link to Learning
		Neurons
			Parts of a Neuron
		Visual Connection
			Types of Neurons
		Everyday Connection
			Neurogenesis
		Link to Learning
		Glia
			Types of Glia
	35.2 How Neurons Communicate
		Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron
			Neuronal Charged Membranes
		Link to Learning
			Resting Membrane Potential
			Action Potential
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
			Myelin and the Propagation of the Action Potential
		Synaptic Transmission
			Chemical Synapse
			Electrical Synapse
		Signal Summation
		Everyday Connection
			Brain-computer interface
		Link to Learning
		Synaptic Plasticity
			Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
			Long-term Depression (LTD)
	35.3 The Central Nervous System
		Brain
			Cerebral Cortex
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Cerebral Cortex
			Basal Ganglia
			Thalamus
			Hypothalamus
			Limbic System
			Cerebellum
			Brainstem
		Spinal Cord
	35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
		Autonomic Nervous System
		Visual Connection
			Sympathetic Nervous System
			Parasympathetic Nervous System
		Sensory-Somatic Nervous System
	35.5 Nervous System Disorders
		Neurodegenerative Disorders
			Alzheimer’s Disease
		Link to Learning
			Parkinson’s Disease
		Neurodevelopmental Disorders
			Autism
		Link to Learning
			Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
		Career Connection
			Neurologist
		Link to Learning
			Mental Illnesses
			Schizophrenia
			Depression
		Other Neurological Disorders
			Epilepsy
			Stroke
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
		35.2 How Neurons Communicate
		35.3 The Central Nervous System
		35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
		35.5 Nervous System Disorders
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 36 Sensory Systems
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	36.1 Sensory Processes
		Reception
		Transduction
			Encoding and Transmission of Sensory Information
		Perception
		Scientific Method Connection
			Just-Noticeable Difference
	36.2 Somatosensation
		Somatosensory Receptors
		Visual Connection
			Integration of Signals from Mechanoreceptors
			Density of Mechanoreceptors
		Thermoreception
		Pain
		Link to Learning
	36.3 Taste and Smell
		Tastes and Odors
		Reception and Transduction
		Evolution Connection
			Pheromones
			Taste
		Link to Learning
		Smell and Taste in the Brain
	36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
		Sound
		Reception of Sound
		Transduction of Sound
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
			Higher Processing
		Vestibular Information
			Higher Processing
		Link to Learning
	36.5 Vision
		Light
		Anatomy of the Eye
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Transduction of Light
			Trichromatic Coding
			Retinal Processing
		Higher Processing
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		36.1 Sensory Processes
		36.2 Somatosensation
		36.3 Taste and Smell
		36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
		36.5 Vision
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 37 The Endocrine System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	37.1 Types of Hormones
		Lipid-Derived Hormones (or Lipid-soluble Hormones)
		Amino Acid-Derived Hormones
		Peptide Hormones
		Career Connection
			Endocrinologist
	37.2 How Hormones Work
		Intracellular Hormone Receptors
		Visual Connection
		Plasma Membrane Hormone Receptors
	37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
		Hormonal Regulation of the Excretory System
		Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive System
			Regulation of the Male Reproductive System
		Everyday Connection
			The Dangers of Synthetic Hormones
			Regulation of the Female Reproductive System
		Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
			Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Insulin and Glucagon
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
			Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Thyroid Hormones
		Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium Levels
		Hormonal Regulation of Growth
		Hormonal Regulation of Stress
		Evolution Connection
			Fight-or-Flight Response
			Short-term Stress Response
		Link to Learning
			Long-term Stress Response
	37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
		Visual Connection
		Humoral Stimuli
		Hormonal Stimuli
		Neural Stimuli
	37.5 Endocrine Glands
		Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
			Anterior Pituitary
			Posterior Pituitary
		Thyroid Gland
		Parathyroid Glands
		Adrenal Glands
			Adrenal Cortex
			Adrenal Medulla
		Pancreas
		Pineal Gland
		Gonads
		Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		37.1 Types of Hormones
		37.2 How Hormones Work
		37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
		37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
		37.5 Endocrine Glands
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 38 The Musculoskeletal System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
		Hydrostatic Skeleton
		Exoskeleton
		Endoskeleton
		Link to Learning
		Human Axial Skeleton
			The Skull
			The Vertebral Column
			The Thoracic Cage
		Human Appendicular Skeleton
			The Pectoral Girdle
			The Upper Limb
			The Pelvic Girdle
			The Lower Limb
		Evolution Connection
			Evolution of Body Design for Locomotion on Land
	38.2 Bone
		Bone Tissue
			Compact Bone Tissue
		Visual Connection
			Spongy Bone Tissue
		Link to Learning
		Cell Types in Bones
		Development of Bone
		Intramembranous Ossification
			Endochondral Ossification
		Growth of Bone
			Lengthening of Long Bones
			Thickening of Long Bones
		Bone Remodeling and Repair
		Scientific Method Connection
			Decalcification of Bones
	38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
		Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure
			Fibrous Joints
			Cartilaginous Joints
			Synovial Joints
		Classification of Joints on the Basis of Function
		Movement at Synovial Joints
			Gliding Movement
			Angular Movement
			Rotational Movement
			Special Movements
		Types of Synovial Joints
			Planar Joints
			Hinge Joints
			Pivot Joints
			Condyloid Joints
			Saddle Joints
			Ball-and-Socket Joints
		Link to Learning
		Career Connection
			Rheumatologist
	38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
		Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure
		Link to Learning
		Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
		ATP and Muscle Contraction
		Link to Learning
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Regulatory Proteins
		Excitation–Contraction Coupling
		Visual Connection
		Control of Muscle Tension
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
		38.2 Bone
		38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
		38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 39 The Respiratory System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
		Direct Diffusion
		Skin and Gills
		Tracheal Systems
		Mammalian Systems
		Visual Connection
			Lungs: Bronchi and Alveoli
		Link to Learning
		Protective Mechanisms
	39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
		Basic Principles of Gas Exchange
		Lung Volumes and Capacities
		Career Connection
			Respiratory Therapist
		Gas Pressure and Respiration
		Gas Exchange across the Alveoli
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
	39.3 Breathing
		Types of Breathing
		Evolution Connection
			Avian Respiration
		The Mechanics of Human Breathing
		Link to Learning
		The Work of Breathing
			Surfactant
			Lung Resistance and Compliance
		Dead Space: V/Q Mismatch
		Link to Learning
	39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
		Transport of Oxygen in the Blood
			Hemoglobin
		Visual Connection
			Factors That Affect Oxygen Binding
		Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
			Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
		39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
		39.3 Breathing
		39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 40 The Circulatory System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
		Circulatory System Architecture
		Circulatory System Variation in Animals
	40.2 Components of the Blood
		The Role of Blood in the Body
		Red Blood Cells
		White Blood Cells
		Platelets and Coagulation Factors
		Plasma and Serum
		Evolution Connection
			Blood Types Related to Proteins on the Surface of the Red Blood Cells
		Link to Learning
	40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
		Visual Connection
		Structure of the Heart
		Visual Connection
		The Cardiac Cycle
		Link to Learning
		Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
	40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
		How Blood Flows Through the Body
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Vertebrate Diversity in Blood Circulation
		Blood Pressure
		Blood Pressure Regulation
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
		40.2 Components of the Blood
		40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
		40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 41 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
		Need for Osmoregulation
		Transport of Electrolytes across Cell Membranes
		Concept of Osmolality and Milliequivalent
		Osmoregulators and Osmoconformers
		Career Connection
			Dialysis Technician
	41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
		Kidneys: The Main Osmoregulatory Organ
		Kidney Structure
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
			Renal Corpuscle
			Renal Tubule
			Capillary Network within the Nephron
		Link to Learning
		Kidney Function and Physiology
			Glomerular Filtration
		Link to Learning
			Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
		Visual Connection
		Career Connection
			Nephrologist
	41.3 Excretion Systems
		Contractile Vacuoles in Microorganisms
		Flame Cells of Planaria and Nephridia of Worms
		Malpighian Tubules of Insects
		Link to Learning
	41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
		Nitrogenous Waste in Terrestrial Animals: The Urea Cycle
		Evolution Connection
			Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste
		Nitrogenous Waste in Birds and Reptiles: Uric Acid
		Everyday Connection
			Gout
	41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
		Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
		Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
		Mineralocorticoids
		Antidiuretic Hormone
		Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Hormone
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
		41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
		41.3 Excretion Systems
		41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
		41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 42 The Immune System
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	42.1 Innate Immune Response
		Physical and Chemical Barriers
		Pathogen Recognition
			Cytokine Release Effect
			Phagocytosis and Inflammation
		Link to Learning
		Natural Killer Cells
		Complement
	42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
		Antigen-presenting Cells
		Link to Learning
		T and B Lymphocytes
		Visual Connection
			Helper T Lymphocytes
			B Lymphocytes
			Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
		Visual Connection
			Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance
		Immunological Memory
		Visual Connection
			Mucosal Immune Memory
		Career Connection
			Vaccinologist
		Primary Centers of the Immune System
	42.3 Antibodies
		Antibody Structure
			Antibody Classes
		Antibody Functions
			Affinity, Avidity, and Cross Reactivity
		Antibodies of the Mucosal Immune System
	42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
		Immunodeficiency
		Hypersensitivities
			Allergies
			Autoimmunity
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		42.1 Innate Immune Response
		42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
		42.3 Antibodies
		42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 43 Animal Reproduction and Development
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	43.1 Reproduction Methods
		Asexual Reproduction
			Fission
			Budding
		Link to Learning
			Fragmentation
			Parthenogenesis
		Sexual Reproduction
			Hermaphroditism
		Sex Determination
	43.2 Fertilization
		External Fertilization
			Internal Fertilization
		The Evolution of Reproduction
	43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
		Human Reproductive Anatomy
			Male Reproductive Anatomy
		Visual Connection
			Female Reproductive Anatomy
			Sexual Response during Intercourse
		Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)
			Spermatogenesis
		Link to Learning
			Oogenesis
	43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
		Male Hormones
		Female Hormones
			The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle
		Visual Connection
		Visual Connection
			Menopause
		Career Connection
			Reproductive Endocrinologist
	43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
		Human Gestation
		Link to Learning
		Labor and Birth
		Contraception and Birth Control
		Infertility
	43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
		Fertilization
		Cleavage and Blastula Stage
		Link to Learning
		Gastrulation
		Everyday Connection
			Are Designer Babies in Our Future?
	43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
		Organogenesis
		Vertebrate Axis Formation
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		43.1 Reproduction Methods
		43.2 Fertilization
		43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
		43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
		43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
		43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
		43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 44 Ecology and the Biosphere
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	44.1 The Scope of Ecology
		Link to Learning
		Levels of Ecological Study
		Organismal Ecology
		Population Ecology
		Community Ecology
		Ecosystem Ecology
		Career Connection
			Ecologist
		Link to Learning
	44.2 Biogeography
		Biogeography
		Link to Learning
			Energy Sources
		Visual Connection
			Temperature
			Water
			Inorganic Nutrients and Soil
			Other Aquatic Factors
			Other Terrestrial Factors
		Abiotic Factors Influencing Plant Growth
	44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
		Visual Connection
		Tropical Wet Forest
		Savannas
		Subtropical Deserts
		Chaparral
		Temperate Grasslands
		Temperate Forests
		Boreal Forests
		Arctic Tundra
		Link to Learning
	44.4 Aquatic Biomes
		Abiotic Factors Influencing Aquatic Biomes
		Visual Connection
		Marine Biomes
			Ocean
			Coral Reefs
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Global Decline of Coral Reefs
		Estuaries: Where the Ocean Meets Fresh Water
		Freshwater Biomes
			Lakes and Ponds
			Rivers and Streams
			Wetlands
	44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
		Climate and Weather
		Global Climate Change
			Evidence for Global Climate Change
			Current and Past Drivers of Global Climate Change
		Documented Results of Climate Change: Past and Present
			Geological Climate Change
		Link to Learning
			Present Climate Change
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		44.1 The Scope of Ecology
		44.2 Biogeography
		44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
		44.4 Aquatic Biomes
		44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 45 Population and Community Ecology
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	45.1 Population Demography
		Population Size and Density
		Visual Connection
			Population Research Methods
		Species Distribution
		Demography
			Life Tables
			Survivorship Curves
	45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
		Life History Patterns and Energy Budgets
			Parental Care and Fecundity
			Early versus Late Reproduction
			Single versus Multiple Reproductive Events
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Energy Budgets, Reproductive Costs, and Sexual Selection in Drosophila
	45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
		Exponential Growth
		Logistic Growth
			Carrying Capacity and the Logistic Model
			Role of Intraspecific Competition
			Examples of Logistic Growth
		Visual Connection
	45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
		Density-Dependent Regulation
		Density-Independent Regulation and Interaction with Density-Dependent Factors
		Evolution Connection
			Why Did the Woolly Mammoth Go Extinct?
		Life Histories of K-selected and r-selected Species
		Modern Theories of Life History
	45.5 Human Population Growth
		Link to Learning
		Overcoming Density-Dependent Regulation
		Age Structure, Population Growth, and Economic Development
		Visual Connection
		Long-Term Consequences of Exponential Human Population Growth
		Link to Learning
	45.6 Community Ecology
		Predation and Herbivory
			Defense Mechanisms against Predation and Herbivory
		Link to Learning
		Competitive Exclusion Principle
		Symbiosis
			Commensalism
			Mutualism
			Parasitism
		Characteristics of Communities
			Foundation Species
			Biodiversity, Species Richness, and Relative Species Abundance
			Keystone Species
		Everyday Connection
			Invasive Species
		Community Dynamics
			Primary Succession and Pioneer Species
			Secondary succession
	45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
		Innate Behaviors: Movement and Migration
			Kinesis and Taxis
			Fixed Action Patterns
			Migration
			Foraging
		Innate Behaviors: Living in Groups
			Communication within a Species
		Link to Learning
			Altruistic Behaviors
			Finding Sex Partners
		Link to Learning
		Simple Learned Behaviors
			Habituation
			Imprinting
		Link to Learning
		Conditioned Behavior
			Classical Conditioning
			Operant Conditioning
		Cognitive Learning
		Sociobiology
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		45.1 Population Demography
		45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
		45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
		45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
		45.5 Human Population Growth
		45.6 Community Ecology
		45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 46 Ecosystems
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
		Food Chains and Food Webs
		Link to Learning
		Evolution Connection
			Three-spined Stickleback
		Research into Ecosystem Dynamics: Ecosystem Experimentation and Modeling
			Conceptual Models
		Visual Connection
			Analytical and Simulation Models
		Link to Learning
	46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
		How Organisms Acquire Energy in a Food Web
		Productivity within Trophic Levels
		Ecological Efficiency: The Transfer of Energy between Trophic Levels
		Modeling Ecosystems Energy Flow: Ecological Pyramids
		Visual Connection
		Consequences of Food Webs: Biological Magnification
	46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
		Link to Learning
		The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
		Link to Learning
		The Carbon Cycle
		Link to Learning
			The Biological Carbon Cycle
			The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle
		The Nitrogen Cycle
		Visual Connection
		The Phosphorus Cycle
		Everyday Connection
			Chesapeake Bay
		The Sulfur Cycle
		Link to Learning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
		46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
		46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 47 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
	Introduction
		Chapter Outline
	47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
		Types of Biodiversity
			Current Species Diversity
			Patterns of Biodiversity
		Career Connection
			Biogeographer
			Conservation of Biodiversity
		Biodiversity Change through Geological Time
			The Five Mass Extinctions
		Visual Connection
		Link to Learning
			The Pleistocene Extinction
			Recent Extinctions
			Estimates of Present-Time Extinction Rates
		Link to Learning
	47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
		Human Health
		Agricultural Diversity
		Visual Connection
		Wild Food Sources
		Link to Learning
		Psychological and Moral Value
	47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
		Habitat Loss
		Everyday Connection
			Preventing Habitat Destruction with Wise Wood Choices
		Overharvesting
		Link to Learning
		Link to Learning
		Exotic Species
		Link to Learning
		Climate Change
	47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
		Measuring Biodiversity
		Visual Connection
		Changing Human Behavior
		Conservation in Preserves
			How Much Area to Preserve?
			Preserve Design
			Limitations on Preserves
		Link to Learning
			Habitat Restoration
			The Role of Captive Breeding
	Key Terms
	Chapter Summary
		47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
		47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
		47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
		47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
	Visual Connection Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Appendix A The Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix B Geological Time
Appendix C Measurements and the Metric System
Index
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