Biology

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Contents
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology
	1.1 Principles of Biology and the Levels of Biological Organization
	1.2 Unity and Diversity of Life
		Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Study of Genomes and Proteomes Provides an Evolutionary Foundation for Our Understanding of Biology
	1.3 Biology as a Scientific Discipline
		Feature Investigation: Observation and Experimentation Form the Core of Biology
UNIT I: Chemistry
	Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
		2.1 Atoms
			Feature Investigation: Rutherford Determined the Modern Model of the Atom
		2.2 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
		2.3 Properties of Water
	Chapter 3 The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules
		3.1 The Carbon Atom
		3.2 Formation of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules
		3.3 Overview of the Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules Found in Living Cells
		3.4 Carbohydrates
		3.5 Lipids
		3.6 Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Anfinsen Showed That the Primary Structure of Ribo nuclease Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Proteins Contain Functional Domains
		3.7 Nucleic Acids
UNIT II: Cell
	Chapter 4 General Features of Cells
		4.1 Microscopy
		4.2 Overview of Cell Structure
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Characteristics of a Cell Are Largely Determined by the Proteins It Makes
		4.3 The Cytosol
		4.4 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System
			Feature Investigation: Palade Discovered That Proteins Destined for Secretion Move Sequentially Through Organelles of the Endomembrane System
		4.5 Semiautonomous Organelles
		4.6 Protein Sorting to Organelles
		4.7 Systems Biology of Cells: A Summary
	Chapter 5 Membrane Structure, Synthesis, and Transport
		5.1 Membrane Structure
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Approximately 20–30% of All Genes Encode Transmembrane Proteins
		5.2 Fluidity of Membranes
		5.3 Synthesis of Membrane Components in Eukaryotic Cells
		5.4 Overview of Membrane Transport
		5.5 Transport Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with a Channel That Allows the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
		5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
	Chapter 6 An Introduction to Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism
		6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Many Proteins Use ATP as a Source of Energy
		6.2 Enzymes and Ribozymes
			Feature Investigation: The Discovery of Ribozymes by Sidney Altman Revealed That RNA Molecules May Also Function as Catalysts
		6.3 Overview of Metabolism
		6.4 Recycling of Organic Molecules
	Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
		7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration
		7.2 Glycolysis
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Cancer Cells Usually Exhibit High Levels of Glycolysis
		7.3 Breakdown of Pyruvate
		7.4 Citric Acid Cycle
		7.5 Overview of Oxidative Phosphorylation
		7.6 A Closer Look at ATP Synthase
			Feature Investigation: Yoshida and Kinosita Demonstrated That the . Subunit of ATP Synthase Spins
		7.7 Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
		7.8 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
	Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
		8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		8.2 Reactions That Harness Light Energy
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Cytochrome Complexes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain Evolutionarily Related Proteins
		8.3 Molecular Features of Photosystems
		8.4 Synthesizing Carbohydrates via the Calvin Cycle
			Feature Investigation: The Calvin Cycle Was Determined by Isotope-Labeling Methods
		8.5 Variations in Photosynthesis
	Chapter 9 Cell Communication
		9.1 General Features of Cell Communication
		9.2 Cellular Receptors and Their Activation
		9.3 Signal Transduction and the Cellular Response
		9.4 Hormonal Signaling in Multicellular Organisms
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: A Cell's Response to Hormones and Other Signaling Molecules Depends on the Proteins It Makes
		9.5 Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death
			Feature Investigation: Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie Found That Hormones May Control Apoptosis
	Chapter 10 Multicellularity
		10.1 Extracellular Matrix and Cell Walls
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Collagens Are a Family of Proteins That Give the ECM of Animals a Variety of Properties
		10.2 Cell Junctions
			Feature Investigation: Loewenstein and Colleagues Followed the Transfer of Fluorescent Dyes to Determine the Size of Gap-Junction Channels
		10.3 Tissues
UNIT III: Genetics
	Chapter 11 Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure
		11.1 Biochemical Identification of the Genetic Material
			Feature Investigation: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Used Purification Methods to Reveal That DNA Is the Genetic Material
		11.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
		11.3 Overview of DNA Replication
		11.4 Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: DNA Polymerases Are a Family of Enzymes with Specialized Functions
		11.5 Molecular Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
	Chapter 12 Gene Expression at the Molecular Level
		12.1 Overview of Gene Expression
		12.2 Transcription
		12.3 RNA Modification in Eukaryotes
		12.4 Translation and the Genetic Code
			Feature Investigation: Nirenberg and Leder Found That RNA Triplets Can Promote the Binding of tRNA to Ribosomes
		12.5 The Machinery of Translation
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Comparisons of Small Subunit rRNAs Among Different Species Provide a Basis for Establishing Evolutionary Relationships
		12.6 The Stages of Translation
	Chapter 13 Gene Regulation
		13.1 Overview of Gene Regulation
		13.2 Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
			Feature Investigation: Jacob, Monod, and Pardee Studied a Constitutive Mutant to Determine the Function of the Lac Repressor
		13.3 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Roles of Transcription Factors and Mediator
		13.4 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Changes in Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation
		13.5 Epigenetic Gene Regulation
		13.6 Regulation of RNA Modification and Translation in Eukaryotes
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Alternative Splicing Tends to Be More Prevalent in Complex Eukaryotic Species
	Chapter 14 Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer
		14.1 Consequences of Mutations
		14.2 Causes of Mutations
			Feature Investigation: The Lederbergs Used Replica Plating to Show That Mutations Are Random Events
		14.3 DNA Repair
		14.4 Cancer
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Mutations in Approximately 300 Human Genes May Promote Cancer
	Chapter 15 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis
		15.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
			Feature Investigation: Masui and Markert's Study of Oocyte Maturation Led to the Identification of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
		15.2 Mitotic Cell Division
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Mitosis in Eukaryotes Evolved from the Binary Fission That Occurs in Prokaryotic Cells
		15.3 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
		15.4 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
	Chapter 16 Simple Patterns of Inheritance
		16.1 Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
		16.2 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
		16.3 Pedigree Analysis of Human Traits
		16.4 Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Inheritance Patterns
			Feature Investigation: Morgan's Experiments Showed a Correlation Between a Genetic Trait and the Inheritance of a Sex Chromosome in Drosophila
		16.5 Variations in Inheritance Patterns and Their Molecular Basis
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Recessive Alleles That Cause Diseases May Have Multiple Effects on Phenotype
		16.6 Genetics and Probability
	Chapter 17 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
		17.1 Gene Interaction
		17.2 Genes on the Same Chromosome: Linkage, Recombination, and Mapping
			Feature Investigation: Bateson and Punnett's Cross of Sweet Peas Showed That Genes Do Not Always Assort Independently
		17.3 Extranuclear Inheritance: Organelle Genomes
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Are Relatively Small, but Contain Genes That Encode Important Proteins
		17.4 Epigenetic Inheritance
	Chapter 18 Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
		18.1 Genetic Properties of Viruses
		18.2 Viral Reproductive Cycles
		18.3 Viroids and Prions
		18.4 Genetic Properties of Bacteria
		18.5 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria
			Feature Investigation: Lederberg and Tatum's Work with E. coli Demonstrated Gene Transfer Between Bacteria and Led to the Discovery of Conjugation
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Horizontal Gene Transfer Can Occur Within a Species or Between Different Species
	Chapter 19 Developmental Genetics
		19.1 General Themes in Development
		19.2 Development in Animals
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: A Homologous Group of Homeotic Genes Is Found in Nearly All Animals
			Feature Investigation: Davis, Weintraub, and Lassar Identified Genes That Promote Muscle Cell Differentiation
		19.3 Development in Plants
	Chapter 20 Genetic Technology
		20.1 Gene Cloning
		20.2 Genomics: Techniques for Studying Genomes
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: A Microarray Can Identify Which Genes Are Transcribed by a Cell
		20.3 Biotechnology
			Feature Investigation: Blaese and Colleagues Performed the First Gene Therapy to Treat ADA Deficiency
	Chapter 21 Genomes, Proteomes, and Bioinformatics
		21.1 Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes
			Feature Investigation: Venter, Smith, and Colleagues Sequenced the First Genome in 1995
		21.2 Eukaryotic Genomes
		21.3 Proteomes
		21.4 Bioinformatics
UNIT IV: Evolution
	Chapter 22 The Origin and History of Life on Earth
		22.1 Origin of Life on Earth
			Feature Investigation: Bartel and Szostak Demonstrated Chemical Evolution in the Laboratory
		22.2 The Fossil Record
		22.3 History of Life on Earth
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Involved a Union Between Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
	Chapter 23 An Introduction to Evolution
		23.1 Overview of Evolution
			Feature Investigation: The Grants Observed Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
		23.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
		23.3 The Molecular Processes That Underlie Evolution
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Gene Duplications Produce Gene Families
	Chapter 24 Population Genetics
		24.1 Genes in Populations
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Genes Are Usually Polymorphic
		24.2 Natural Selection
		24.3 Sexual Selection
			Feature Investigation: Seeha and van Alphen Found That Male Coloration in African Cichlids Is Subject to Female Choice
		24.4 Genetic Drift
		24.5 Migration and Nonrandom Mating
	Chapter 25 Origin of Species and Macroevolution
		25.1 Identification of Species
		25.2 Mechanisms of Speciation
			Feature Investigation: Podos Found That an Adaptation for Feeding May Have Promoted Reproductive Isolation in Finches
		25.3 The Pace of Speciation
		25.4 Evo-Devo: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Study of the Pax6 Gene Indicates That Different Types of Eyes Evolved from One Simple Form
	Chapter 26 Taxonomy and Systematics
		26.1 Taxonomy
		26.2 Phylogenetic Trees
		26.3 Cladistics
			Feature Investigation: Cooper and Colleagues Compared DNA from Extinct Flightless Birds and Existing Species to Propose a New Phylogenetic Tree
		26.4 Molecular Clocks
		26.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Due to Horizontal Gene Transfer, the "Tree of Life" Is Really a "Web of Life"
UNIT V: Diversity
	Chapter 27 Archaea and Bacteria
		27.1 Diversity and Evolution
		27.2 Structure and Movement
		27.3 Reproduction
		27.4 Nutrition and Metabolism
		27.5 Ecological Roles and Biotechnology Applications
			Feature Investigation: Dantas and Colleagues Found That Many Bacteria Can Break Down and Consume Antibiotics as a Sole Carbon Source
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens
	Chapter 28 Protists
		28.1 An Introduction to Protists
		28.2 Evolution and Relationships
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Genome Sequences Reveal the Different Evolutionary Pathways of Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis
		28.3 Nutritional and Defensive Adaptations
			Feature Investigation: Cook and Colleagues Demonstrated That Cellulose Helps Green Algae Avoid Chemical Degradation
		28.4 Reproductive Adaptations
	Chapter 29 Plants and the Conquest of Land
		29.1 Ancestry and Diversity of Modern Plants
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Comparison of Plant Genomes Reveals Genetic Changes That Occurred During Plant Evolution
		29.2 An Evolutionary History of Land Plants
		29.3 The Origin and Evolutionary Importance of the Plant Embryo
			Feature Investigation: Browning and Gunning Demonstrated That Placental Transfer Tissues Facilitate the Movement of Organic Molecules from Gametophytes to Sporophytes
		29.4 The Origin and Evolutionary Importance of Leaves and Seeds
	Chapter 30 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
		30.1 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms
		30.2 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Angiosperms
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Whole-Genome Duplications Influenced the Evolution of Flowering Plants
			Feature Investigation: Hillig and Mahlberg Analyzed Secondary Metabolites to Explore Species Diversification in the Genus Cannabis
		30.3 The Role of Coevolution in Angiosperm Diversification
		30.4 Human Influences on Angiosperm Diversification
	Chapter 31 Fungi
		31.1 Evolution and Distinctive Features of Fungi
		31.2 Fungal Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
		31.3 Diversity of Fungi
		31.4 Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology
			Feature Investigation: Márquez and Associates Discovered That a Three-Partner Symbiosis Allows Plants to Cope with Heat Stress
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Genomic Comparisons of Forest Fungi Reveal Coevolution with Plants
	Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity
		32.1 Characteristics of Animals
		32.2 Animal Classification
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Changes in Hox Gene Expression Control Body Segment Specialization
		32.3 Molecular Views of Animal Diversity
			Feature Investigation: Aguinaldo and Colleagues Analyzed SSU rRNA Sequences to Determine the Taxonomic Relationships of Arthropods to Other Taxa
	Chapter 33 The Invertebrates
		33.1 Parazoa: Sponges, the First Multicellular Animals
		33.2 Radiata: Jellyfish and Other Radially Symmetrical Animals
		33.3 Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Annelids
			Feature Investigation: Fiorito and Scotto's Experiments Showed That Invertebrates Can Exhibit Sophisticated Observational Learning Behavior
		33.4 Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes and Arthropods
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: DNA Barcoding: A New Tool for Classification
		33.5 Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms and Chordates
	Chaper 34 The Vertebrates
		34.1 Vertebrates: Chordates with a Backbone
		34.2 Gnathostomes: Jawed Vertebrates
		34.3 Tetrapods: Gnathostomes with Four Limbs
			Feature Investigation: Davis and Colleagues Provided a Genetic-Developmental Explanation for Limb Length in Tetrapods
		34.4 Amniotes: Tetrapods with a Desiccation-Resistant Egg
		34.5 Mammals: Milk-Producing Amniotes
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Comparing the Human and Chimpanzee Genetic Codes
UNIT VI: Flowering Plants
	Chapter 35 An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function
		35.1 From Seed to Seed—the Life of a Flowering Plant
		35.2 How Plants Grow and Develop
		35.3 The Shoot System: Stem and Leaf Adaptations
			Feature Investigation: Sack and Colleagues Showed That Palmate Venation Confers Tolerance of Leaf Vein Breakage
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Genetic Control of Guard-Cell Development
		35.4 Root System Adaptations
	Chapter 36 Flowering Plants: Behavior
		36.1 Overview of Plant Behavioral Responses
		36.2 Plant Hormones
			Feature Investigation: An Experiment Performed by Briggs Revealed the Role of Auxin in Phototropism
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Gibberell in Function Arose in a Series of Stages During Plant Evolution
		36.3 Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
	Chapter 37 Flowering Plants: Nutrition
		37.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
		37.2 The Role of Soil in Plant Nutrition
			Feature Investigation: Hammond and Colleagues Engineered Smart Plants That Can Communicate Their Phosphate Needs
		37.3 Biological Sources of Plant Nutrients
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Development of Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses
	Chapter 38 Flowering Plants: Transport
		38.1 Overview of Plant Transport
		38.2 Uptake and Movement of Materials at the Cellular Level
		38.3 Tissue-Level Transport
		38.4 Long-Distance Transport
			Feature Investigation: The Park Team Genetically Engineered an ABA Receptor Protein to Foster Crop Survival During Droughts
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Stomatal Responses to Abscisic Acid Arose Relatively Late in Plant Evolution
	Chapter 39 Flowering Plants: Reproduction
		39.1 An Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
		39.2 Flower Production, Structure, and Development
			Feature Investigation: Liang and Mahadevan Used Time-Lapse Video and Mathematical Modeling to Explain How Flowers Bloom
		39.3 Male and Female Gametophytes and Double Fertilization
		39.4 Embryo, Seed, Fruit, and Seedling Development
		39.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Evolution of Plantlet Production in Kalanchoë
UNIT VII: Animals
	Chapter 40 Animal Bodies and Homeostasis
		40.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by Hox Genes
		40.2 The Relationship Between Structure and Function
		40.3 Homeostasis
			Feature Investigation: Pavlov Demonstrated the Relationship Between Learning and Feedforward Processes
	Chapter 41 Neuroscience I: Cells of the Nervous System
		41.1 Cellular Components of Nervous Systems
		41.2 Electrical Properties of Neurons and the Resting Membrane Potential
		41.3 Generation and Transmission of Electrical Signals Along Neurons
		41.4 Neurons Communicate Electrically or Chemically at Synapses
			Feature Investigation: Otto Loewi Discovered Acetylcholine
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Varied Subunit Compositions of Neurotransmitter Receptors Allow Precise Control of Neuronal Regulation
		41.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 42 Neuroscience II: Evolution, Structure, and Function of the Nervous System
		42.1 The Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems
		42.2 Structure and Function of the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Vertebrates
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Many Genes Have Been Important in the Evolution and Development of the Cerebral Cortex
		42.3 Cellular Basis of Learning and Memory
			Feature Investigation: Gaser and Schlaug Showed That the Sizes of Certain Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
		42.4 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 43 Neuroscience III: Sensory Systems
		43.1 An Introduction to Sensation
		43.2 Mechanoreception
		43.3 Thermoreception and Nociception
		43.4 Electromagnetic Reception
		43.5 Photoreception
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Color Vision Is an Ancient Adaptation in Animals
		43.6 Chemoreception
			Feature Investigation: Buck and Axel Discovered a Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins That Bind Specific Odor Molecules
		43.7 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 44 Muscular-Skeletal Systems and Locomotion
		44.1 Types of Animal Skeletons
		44.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure and the Mechanism of Force Generation
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Did an Ancient Mutation in Myosin Play a Role in the Development of the Human Brain?
		44.3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Their Functions
			Feature Investigation: Evans and Colleagues Activated a Gene to Produce "Marathon Mice"
		44.4 Animal Locomotion
		44.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 45 Nutrition and Animal Digestive Systems
		45.1 Animal Nutrition
		45.2 General Principles of Digestion and Absorption of Food
		45.3 Overview of Vertebrate Digestive Systems
		45.4 Mechanisms of Digestion and Absorption in Vertebrates
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Evolution and Genetics Explains Lactose Intolerance
		45.5 Neural and Endocrine Control of Digestion
		45.6 Impact on Public Health
			Feature Investigation: Marshall and Warren and Coworkers Demonstrated a Link Between Bacterial Infection and Ulcers
	Chapter 46 Control of Energy Balance, Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature
		46.1 Use and Storage of Energy
		46.2 Regulation of the Absorptive and Post absorptive States
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: A Family of GLUT Proteins Transports Glucose in All Animal Cells
		46.3 Energy Balance and Metabolic Rate
			Feature Investigation: Coleman Revealed a Satiety Factor in Mammals
		46.4 Regulation of Body Temperature
		46.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 47 Circulatory Systems
		47.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: A Four-Chambered Heart Evolved from Simple Contractile Tubes
		47.2 The Composition of Blood
		47.3 The Vertebrate Heart and Its Function
		47.4 Blood Vessels
		47.5 Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Resistance
			Feature Investigation: Furchgott Discovered a Vasodilatory Factor Produced by Endothelial Cells
		47.6 Adaptive Functions of Closed Circulatory Systems
		47.7 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 48 Respiratory Systems
		48.1 Physical Properties of Gases
		48.2 Types of Respiratory Systems
		48.3 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Respiratory System
			Feature Investigation: Fujiwara and Colleagues Demonstrated the Effectiveness of Administering Surfactant to Newborns with RDS
		48.4 Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in Blood
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Hemoglobin First Evolved Over 500 mya
		48.5 Control of Ventilation
		48.6 Adaptations to Extreme Conditions
		48.7 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 49 Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids
		49.1 Principles of Homeostasis of Internal Fluids
			Feature Investigation: Cade and Colleagues Discovered Why Athletes' Performances Wane on Hot Days
		49.2 Excretory Systems in Different Animal Groups
		49.3 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Kidney
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Aquaporins Comprise a Large Family of Proteins That Are Found in All Animals
		49.4 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 50 Endocrine Systems
		50.1 Types of Hormones and Their Mechanisms of Action
		50.2 Links Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
		50.3 Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance
			Feature Investigation: Banting, Best, MacLeod, and Collip Were the First to Isolate Active Insulin
		50.4 Hormonal Control of Mineral Balance
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Hormones and Receptors Evolved as Tightly Integrated Molecular Systems
		50.5 Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
		50.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
		50.7 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 51 Animal Reproduction
		51.1 Overview of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
			Feature Investigation: Paland and Lynch Provided Evidence That Sexual Reproduction May Promote the Elimination of Harmful Mutations in Populations
		51.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization
		51.3 Mammalian Reproductive Structure and Function
		51.4 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Has Been Important for Internal Gestation in Mammals
		51.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 52 Animal Development
		52.1 Principles of Embryonic Development
		52.2 General Events of Embryonic Development
		52.3 Control of Cell Differentiation and Morphogenesis During Animal Development
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Groups of Embryonic Cells Can Produce Specific Body Structures Even When Transplanted into Different Animals
			Feature Investigation: Harland and Coworkers Identified Genes Expressed Specifically in the Organizer
		52.4 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 53 Immune Systems
		53.1 Types of Pathogens
		53.2 Innate Immunity
			Feature Investigation: Lemaitre and Colleagues Identify an Immune Function for Toll Protein in Drosophila
		53.3 Acquired Immunity
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Recombination and Hypermutation Produce an Enormous Number of Different Immunoglobulin Proteins
		53.4 Impact on Public Health
UNIT VIII: Ecology
	Chapter 54 An Introduction to Ecology and Biomes
		54.1 The Scale of Ecology
			Feature Investigation: Callaway and Aschehoug's Experiments Showed That the Secretion of Chemicals Gives Invasive Plants a Competitive Edge Over Native Species
		54.2 Ecological Methods
		54.3 The Environment's Effect on the Distribution of Organisms
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Temperature Tolerance May Be Manipulated by Genetic Engineering
		54.4 Climate and Its Relationship to Biological Communities
		54.5 Major Biomes
		54.6 Continental Drift and Biogeography
	Chapter 55 Behavioral Ecology
		55.1 The Influence of Genetics and Learning on Behavior
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Some Behavior Results from Simple Genetic Influences
		55.2 Local Movement and Long-Range Migration
			Feature Investigation: Tinbergen's Experiments Showed That Digger Wasps Use Landmarks to Find Their Nests
		55.3 Foraging Behavior
		55.4 Communication
		55.5 Living in Groups
		55.6 Altruism
		55.7 Mating Systems
	Chapter 56 Ecology
		56.1 Understanding Populations
		56.2 Demography
			Feature Investigation: Murie's Collections of Dall Mountain Sheep Skulls Permitted the Accurate Construction of Life Tables
		56.3 How Populations Grow
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Hexaploidy Increases the Growth of Coast Redwood Trees
		56.4 Human Population Growth
	Chapter 57 Species Interactions
		57.1 Competition
			Feature Investigation: Connell's Experiments with Barnacle Species Revealed Each Species' Fundamental and Realized Niches
		57.2 Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Transgenic Plants May Be Used in the Fight Against Plant Diseases
		57.3 Mutualism and Commensalism
		57.4 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control
	Chapter 58 Community Ecology
		58.1 Differing Views of Communities
		58.2 Patterns of Species Richness
		58.3 Calculating Species Diversity
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Metagenomics May Be Used to Measure Species Diversity
		58.4 Species Diversity and Community Stability
		58.5 Succession: Community Change
		58.6 Island Biogeography
			Feature Investigation: Simberl off and Wilson's Experiments Tested the Predictions of the Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
	Chapter 59 Ecosystem Ecology
		59.1 Food Webs and Energy Flow
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Using Genetically Engineered Plants to Remove Pollutants
		59.2 Biomass Production in Ecosystems
		59.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
			Feature Investigation: Stiling and Drake's Experiments with Elevated CO[sub(2)] Showed an Increase in Plant Growth but a Decrease in Herbivory
	Chapter 60 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
		60.1 What Is Biodiversity?
		60.2 Why Conserve Biodiversity?
			Feature Investigation: Ecotron Experiments Showed the Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
		60.3 The Causes of Extinction and Loss of Biodiversity
		60.4 Conservation Strategies
			Genomes & Proteomes Connection: Can Cloning Save Endangered Species?
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Answer Key
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		1
			An Introduction to Biology