Biology

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A Modern Vision for Learning: Emphasizing Core Concepts and Core Skills
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Contents
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology
	1.1 Levels of Biology
	1.2 Core Concepts of Biology
	1.3 Biological Evolution
		Core Concept: Evolution: The Study of Genomes and Proteomes Provides an Evolutionary Foundation for Our Understanding of Biology
	1.4 Classification of Living Things
	1.5 Biology as a Scientific Discipline
	1.6 Core Skills of Biology
		Feature Investigation: Observation and Experimentation Form the Core of Biology
UNIT I: Chemistry
	Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
		2.1 Atoms
			Feature Investigation: Rutherford Determined the Modern Model of the Atom
		2.2 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
		2.3 Properties of Water
		2.4 pH and Buffers
	Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules
		3.1 The Carbon Atom
		3.2 Formation of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules
		3.3 Overview of the Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules Found in Living Cells
		3.4 Carbohydrates
		3.5 Lipids
		3.6 Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Anfinsen Showed That the Primary Structure of Ribonuclease Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
			Core Concept: Evolution: Proteins Contain Functional Domains
		3.7 Nucleic Acids
UNIT II: Cell
	Chapter 4: Evolutionary Origin of Cells and Their General Features
		4.1 Origin of Living Cells on Earth
		4.2 Microscopy
		4.3 Overview of Cell Structure and Function
			Core Concepts: Information, Structure and Function: The Characteristics of a Cell Are Largely Determined by the Proteins It Makes
		4.4 The Cytosol
		4.5 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System
			Feature Investigation: Palade Discovered That Proteins Destined for Secretion Move Sequentially Through Organelles of the Endomembrane System
		4.6 Semiautonomous Organelles
		4.7 Protein Sorting to Organelles
		4.8 Systems Biology of Cells: A Summary
	Chapter 5: Membrane Structure, Synthesis, and Transport
		5.1 Membrane Structure
			Core Concept: Information: Approximately 20–30% of All Genes Encode Transmembrane Proteins
		5.2 Fluidity of Membranes
		5.3 Synthesis of Membrane Components in Eukaryotic Cells
		5.4 Overview of Membrane Transport
		5.5 Transport Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with a Channel That Allows the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
		5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
	Chapter 6: An Introduction to Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism
		6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions
			Core Concept: Information, Energy and Matter: Genomes Encode Many Proteins That Use ATP as a Source of Energy
		6.2 Enzymes and Ribozymes
			Feature Investigation: The Discovery of Ribozymes by Sidney Altman Revealed That RNA Molecules May Also Function as Catalysts
		6.3 Overview of Metabolism
		6.4 Recycling of Organic Molecules
	Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
		7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration
		7.2 Glycolysis
			Core Concept: Information: The Overexpression of Certain Genes Causes Cancer Cells to Exhibit High Levels of Glycolysis
		7.3 Breakdown of Pyruvate
		7.4 Citric Acid Cycle
		7.5 Overview of Oxidative Phosphorylation
		7.6 A Closer Look at ATP Synthase
			Feature Investigation: Yoshida and Kinosita Demonstrated That the γ Subunit of ATP Synthase Spins
		7.7 Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
		7.8 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
	Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
		8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		8.2 Reactions That Harness Light Energy
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Structure and Function: The Cytochrome Complexes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain Evolutionarily Related Proteins
		8.3 Molecular Features of Photosystems
		8.4 Synthesizing Carbohydrates via the Calvin Cycle
			Feature Investigation: The Calvin Cycle Was Determined by Isotope-Labeling Methods
		8.5 Variations in Photosynthesis
	Chapter 9: Cell Communication
		9.1 General Features of Cell Communication
		9.2 Cellular Receptors and Their Activation
		9.3 Signal Transduction and the Cellular Response
			9.4 Hormonal Signaling in Multicellular Organisms
				Core Concept: Information: A Cell's Response to Hormones and Other Signaling Molecules Depends on the Genes It Expresses
		9.5 Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death
			Feature Investigation: Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie Found That Hormones May Control Apoptosis
	Chapter 10: Multicellularity
		10.1 Extracellular Matrix and Cell Walls
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Structure and Function: Collagens Are a Family of Proteins That Give the ECM of Animals a Variety of Properties
		10.2 Cell Junctions
			Feature Investigation: Loewenstein and Colleagues Followed the Transfer of Fluorescent Dyes to Determine the Size of Gap- Junction Channels
		10.3 Tissues
UNIT III: Genetics
	Chapter 11: Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure
		11.1 Biochemical Identification of the Genetic Material
			Feature Investigation: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Used Purification Methods to Reveal That DNA Is the Genetic Material
		11.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
		11.3 Overview of DNA Replication
		11.4 Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Structure and Function: DNA Polymerases Are a Family of Enzymes with Specialized Functions
		11.5 Molecular Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
	Chapter 12: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level I: Production of mRNA and Proteins
		12.1 Overview of Gene Expression
		12.2 Transcription
		12.3 RNA Modification in Eukaryotes
		12.4 Translation and the Genetic Code
			Feature Investigation: Nirenberg and Leder Found That RNA Triplets Can Promote the Binding of tRNA to Ribosomes
		12.5 The Machinery of Translation
			Core Concept: Evolution: Comparisons of Small Subunit rRNAs Among Different Species Provide a Basis for Establishing Evolutionary Relationships
		12.6 The Stages of Translation
	Chapter 13: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level II: Non-coding RNAs
		13.1 Overview of Non-coding RNAs
		13.2 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Chromatin Structure and Transcription
		13.3 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Translation and mRNA Degradation
			Feature Investigation: Fire and Mello Showed That Double-Stranded RNA Is More Potent Than Antisense RNA in Silencing mRNA
		13.4 Non-coding RNAs and Protein Sorting
		13.5 Non-coding RNAs and Genome Defense
		13.6 Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Human Disease and Plant Health
	Chapter 14: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level III: Gene Regulation
		14.1 Overview of Gene Regulation
		14.2 Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
			Feature Investigation: Jacob, Monod, and Pardee Studied a Constitutive Mutant to Determine the Function of the Lac Repressor
		14.3 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes I: Roles of Transcription Factors and Mediator
		14.4 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes II: Changes in Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation
		14.5 Regulation of RNA Modification and Translation in Eukaryotes
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: Alternative Splicing Is More Prevalent in Complex Eukaryotic Species
	Chapter 15: Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer
		15.1 Consequences of Mutations
		15.2 Causes of Mutations
			Feature Investigation: The Lederbergs Used Replica Plating to Show That Mutations Are Random Events
		15.3 DNA Repair
		15.4 Cancer
			Core Concept: Evolution: Mutations in Approximately
			Human Genes May Promote Cancer
	Chapter 16: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis
		16.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
			Feature Investigation: Masui and Markert's Study of Oocyte Maturation Led to the Identification of Cyclins and Cyclin- Dependent Kinases
		16.2 Mitotic Cell Division
			Core Concept: Evolution: Mitosis in Eukaryotes Evolved from the Binary Fission That Occurs in Prokaryotic Cells
		16.3 Meiosis
		16.4 Sexual Reproduction
		16.5 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
	Chapter 17: Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
		17.1 Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
		17.2 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
		17.3 Pedigree Analysis of Human Traits
		17.4 Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Inheritance Patterns
			Feature Investigation: Morgan's Experiments Showed a Correlation Between a Genetic Trait and the Inheritance of a Sex Chromosome in  Drosophila
		17.5 Variations in Inheritance Patterns and Their Molecular Basis
			Core Concept: Systems: The Expression of a Single Gene Often Has Multiple Effects on Phenotype
		17.6 Gene Interaction
		17.7 Genetics and Probability
	Chapter 18: Epigenetics, Linkage, and Extranuclear Inheritance
		18.1 Overview of Epigenetics
		18.2 Epigenetics I: Genomic Imprinting
		18.3 Epigenetics II: X-Chromosome Inactivation
		18.4 Epigenetics III: Effects of Environmental Agents
		18.5 Extranuclear Inheritance: Organelle Genomes
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Are Relatively Small, but Contain Genes That Encode Important Proteins
		18.6 Genes on the Same Chromosome: Linkage and Recombination
			Feature Investigation: Bateson and Punnett's Cross of Sweet Peas Showed That Genes Do Not Always Assort Independently
	Chapter 19: Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
		19.1 General Properties of Viruses
		19.2 Viral Reproductive Cycles
			Core Concept: Evolution: Several Hypotheses Have Been Proposed to Explain the Origin of Viruses
		19.3 Viroids and Prions
		19.4 Genetic Properties of Bacteria
		19.5 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria
			Feature Investigation: Lederberg and Tatum's Work with E. coli Demonstrated Gene Transfer Between Bacteria and Led to the Discovery of Conjugation
			Core Concept: Evolution: Horizontal Gene Transfer Can Occur Within a Species or Between Different Species
	Chapter 20: Developmental Genetics
		20.1 General Themes in Development
		20.2 Development in Animals I: Pattern Formation
			Core Concept: Evolution: A Homologous Group of Homeotic Genes Is Found in Nearly All Animals
		20.3 Development in Animals II: Cell Differentiation
			Feature Investigation: Davis, Weintraub, and Lassar Identified Genes That Promote Muscle Cell Differentiation
		20.4 Development in Plants
	Chapter 21: Genetic Technologies and Genomics
		21.1 Gene Cloning
		21.2 Genomics: Techniques for Studying and Altering Genomes
		21.3 Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes
			Feature Investigation: Venter, Smith, and Colleagues Sequenced the First Genome in 1995
		21.4 Eukaryotic Genomes
			Core Concept: Evolution: Gene Duplications Provide Additional Material for Genome Evolution, Sometimes Leading to the Formation of Gene Families
		21.5 Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements
UNIT IV: Evolution
	Chapter 22: An Introduction to Evolution
		22.1 Overview of Evolution
			Feature Investigation: The Grants Observed Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
		22.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
		22.3 The Molecular Processes That Underlie Evolution
			Core Concept: Evolution: Gene Duplications Produce Gene Families
	Chapter 23: Population Genetics
		23.1 Genes in Populations
			Core Concept: Evolution: Genes Are Usually Polymorphic
		23.2 Natural Selection
		23.3 Sexual Selection
			Feature Investigation: Seehausen and van Alphen Found That Male Coloration in African Cichlids Is Subject to Female Choice
		23.4 Genetic Drift
		23.5 Migration and Nonrandom Mating
	Chapter 24: Origin of Species and Macroevolution
		24.1 Identification of Species
		24.2 Mechanisms of Speciation
			Feature Investigation: Podos Found That an Adaptation for Feeding May Have Promoted Reproductive Isolation in Finches
		24.3 The Pace of Speciation
		24.4 Evo-Devo: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
			Core Concept: Evolution: The Study of the Pax6 Gene Indicates That Different Types of Eyes Evolved from One Simple Form
	Chapter 25: Taxonomy and Systematics
		25.1 Taxonomy
		25.2 Phylogenetic Trees
		25.3 Cladistics
			Feature Investigation: Cooper and Colleagues Compared DNA Sequences from Extinct Flightless Birds and Existing Species to Propose a New Phylogenetic Tree
		25.4 Molecular Clocks
		25.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
			Core Concept: Evolution: Due to Horizontal Gene Transfer, the "Tree of Life" Is Really a "Web of Life"
	Chapter 26: History of Life on Earth and Human Evolution
		26.1 The Fossil Record
		26.2 History of Life on Earth
			Core Concept: Evolution: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Involved a Union Between Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
		26.3 Human Evolution
			Core Concept: Evolution: Comparing the Genomes of Humans and Chimpanzees
UNIT V: Diversity
	Chapter 27: Archaea and Bacteria
		27.1 Diversity and Evolution
		27.2 Structure and Movement
		27.3 Reproduction
		27.4 Nutrition and Metabolism
		27.5 Ecological Roles and Biotechnology Applications
			Feature Investigation: Dantas and Colleagues Found That Many Bacteria Can Break Down and Consume Antibiotics as a Sole Carbon Source
			Core Concept: Evolution: The Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens
	Chapter 28: Protists
		28.1 An Introduction to Protists
		28.2 Evolution and Relationships
			Core Concept: Evolution: Genome Sequences Reveal the Different Evolutionary Pathways of Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis
		28.3 Nutritional and Defensive Adaptations
			Feature Investigation: Cook and Colleagues Demonstrated That Cellulose Helps Green Algae Avoid Chemical Degradation
		28.4 Reproductive Adaptations
	Chapter 29: Fungi
		29.1 Evolution and Distinctive Features of Fungi
		29.2 Overview of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
		29.3 Diversity of Fungi
		29.4 Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology
			Feature Investigation: Márquez and Associates Discovered That a Three-Partner Symbiosis Allows Plants to Cope with Heat Stress
	Chapter 30: Microbiomes: Microbial Systems On and Around Us
		30.1 Microbiomes: Diversity of Microbes and Functions
		30.2 Microbiomes of Physical Systems
		30.3 Host-Associated Microbiomes
			Feature Investigation: Blanton, Gordon, and Associates Found That Gut Microbiomes Affect the Growth of Malnourished Children
		30.4 Engineering Animal and Plant Microbiomes
	Chapter 31: Plants and the Conquest of Land
		31.1 Ancestry and Diversity of Modern Plants
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: Comparison of Plant Genomes Reveals Genetic Changes That Occurred During Plant Evolution
		31.2 How Land Plants Have Changed the Earth
		31.3 Evolution of Reproductive Features in Land Plants
		31.4 Evolutionary Importance of the Plant Embryo
			Feature Investigation: Browning and Gunning Demonstrated That Placental Transfer Tissues Facilitate the Movement of Organic Molecules from Gametophytes to Sporophytes
		31.5 The Origin and Evolutionary Importance of Leaves and Seeds
		31.6 A Summary of Plant Features
	Chapter 32: The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
		32.1 Overview of Seed Plant Diversity
		32.2 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms
		32.3 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Angiosperms
			Core Concept: Evolution: Whole-Genome Duplications Influenced the Evolution of Flowering Plants
			Feature Investigation: Hillig and Mahlberg Analyzed Secondary Metabolites to Explore Species Diversification in the Genus Cannabis
		32.4 The Role of Coevolution in Angiosperm Diversification
		32.5 Human Influences on Angiosperm Diversification
	Chapter 33: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
		33.1 Characteristics of Animals
		33.2 Animal Classification
			Core Concept: Evolution: Changes in Hox Gene Expression Control Body Segment Specialization
		33.3 The Use of Molecular Data in Constructing Phylogenetic Trees for Animals
			Feature Investigation: Aguinaldo and Colleagues Analyzed SSU rRNA Sequences to Determine the Taxonomic Relationships of Arthropods to Other Phyla in Protostomia
	Chapter 34: The Invertebrates
		34.1 Ctenophores: The Earliest Animals
		34.2 Porifera: The Sponges
		34.3 Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Other Radially Symmetric Animals
		34.4 Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Annelids
			Feature Investigation: Fiorito and Scotto's Experiments Showed That Invertebrates Can Exhibit Sophisticated Observational Learning Behavior
		34.5 Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes and Arthropods
			Core Concept: Information: DNA Barcoding: A New Tool for Species Identification
		34.6 Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms and Chordates
		34.7 A Comparison of Animal Phyla
	Chapter 35: The Vertebrates
		35.1 Vertebrates: Chordates with a Backbone
		35.2 Cyclostomata: Jawless Fishes
		35.3 Gnathostomes: Jawed Vertebrates
		35.4 Tetrapods: Gnathostomes with Four Limbs
			Feature Investigation: Davis and Colleagues Provided a Genetic-Developmental Explanation for Limb Length in Tetrapods
		35.5 Amniotes: Tetrapods with a Desiccation-Resistant Egg
		35.6 Mammals: Milk-Producing Amniotes
UNIT VI: Flowering Plants
	Chapter 36: An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function
		36.1 From Seed to Seed—The Life of a Flowering Plant
		36.2 How Plants Grow and Develop
		36.3 The Shoot System: Stem and Leaf Adaptations
			Feature Investigation: Sack and Colleagues Showed That Palmate Venation Confers Tolerance of Leaf Vein Breakage
			Core Concept: Information: Genetic Control of Stomatal Guard- Cell Development
		36.4 Root System Adaptations
	Chapter 37: Flowering Plants: Behavior
		37.1 Overview of Plant Behavioral Responses
			37.2 Plant Hormones
				Feature Investigation: An Experiment Performed by Briggs Revealed the Role of Auxin in Phototropism
				Core Concept: Evolution: Gibberellin Function Arose in a Series of Stages During Plant Evolution
		37.3 Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
	Chapter 38: Flowering Plants: Nutrition
		38.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
		38.2 The Role of Soil in Plant Nutrition
			Feature Investigation: Hammond and Colleagues Engineered Smart Plants That Can Communicate Their Phosphate Needs
		38.3 Biological Sources of Plant Nutrients
			Core Concepts: Systems, Information: Development of Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses
	Chapter 39: Flowering Plants: Transport
		39.1 Overview of Plant Transport
		39.2 Uptake and Movement of Materials at the Cellular Level
		39.3 Tissue-Level Transport
		39.4 Long-Distance Transport
			Feature Investigation: Park, Cutler, and Colleagues Genetically Engineered an ABA Receptor Protein to Foster Crop Survival During Droughts
	Chapter 40: Flowering Plants: Reproduction
		40.1 An Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
		40.2 Flower Production, Structure, and Development
			Feature Investigation: Liang and Mahadevan Used Time-Lapse Video and Mathematical Modeling to Explain How Flowers Bloom
		40.3 Male and Female Gametophytes and Double Fertilization
		40.4 Embryo, Seed, Fruit, and Seedling Development
		40.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
			Core Concept: Evolution: The Evolution of Plantlet Production in Kalanchoë
Unit VII: Animals
	Chapter 41: Animal Bodies and Homeostasis
		41.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
			Core Concept: Information: Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by Hox Genes
		41.2 The Relationship Between Structure and Function
		41.3 General Principles of Homeostasis
		41.4 Homeostatic Control of Internal Fluids
			Feature Investigation: Cade and Colleagues Discovered Why Athletes' Performances Wane on Hot Days
	Chapter 42: Neuroscience I: Cells of the Nervous System
		42.1 Cellular Components of Nervous Systems
		42.2 Electrical Properties of Neurons and the Resting Membrane Potential
		42.3 Generation and Transmission of Electrical Signals Along Neurons
		42.4 Electrical and Chemical Communication at Synapses
			Feature Investigation: Otto Loewi Discovered Acetylcholine
			Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: The Evolution of Varied Subunit Compositions of Neurotransmitter Receptors Allowed for Precise Control of Neuronal Regulation
		42.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 43: Neuroscience II: Evolution, Structure, and Function of the Nervous System
		43.1 The Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems
		43.2 Structure and Function of the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Vertebrates
			Core Concepts: Information, Evolution: Many Genes Have Been Important in the Evolution and Development of the Cerebral Cortex
		43.3 Cellular Basis of Learning and Memory
			Feature Investigation: Gaser and Schlaug Discovered That the Sizes of Certain Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
		43.4 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 44: Neuroscience III: Sensory Systems
		44.1 An Introduction to Sensation
		44.2 Mechanoreception
		44.3 Thermoreception and Nociception
		44.4 Electromagnetic Reception
		44.5 Photoreception
			Core Concept: Evolution: Color Vision Is an Ancient Adaptation in Animals
		44.6 Chemoreception
			Feature Investigation: Buck and Axel Discovered a Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins That Bind Specific Odor Molecules
		44.7 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 45: Muscular- Skeletal Systems and Locomotion
		45.1 Types of Animal Skeletons
		45.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure and the Mechanism of Force Generation
			Core Concept: Evolution: Myosins Are an Ancient Family of Proteins
		45.3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Their Functions
			Feature Investigation: Evans and Colleagues Activated a Gene to Produce "Marathon Mice"
		45.4 Animal Locomotion
		45.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 46: Nutrition and Animal Digestive Systems
		46.1 Animal Nutrition
		46.2 General Principles of Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
		46.3 Overview of Vertebrate Digestive Systems
		46.4 Mechanisms of Digestion and Absorption in Vertebrates
			Core Concept: Evolution: Evolution and Genetics Explain Lactose Intolerance
		46.5 Neural and Endocrine Control of Digestion
		46.6 Impact on Public Health
			Feature Investigation: Marshall and Warren and Coworkers Demonstrated a Link Between Bacterial Infection and Ulcers
	Chapter 47: Control of Energy Balance, Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature
		47.1 Use and Storage of Energy
			47.2 Regulation of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
				Core Concept: Evolution: A Family of GLUT Proteins Transports Glucose in All Animal Cells
		47.3 Energy Balance and Metabolic Rate
			Feature Investigation: Coleman Revealed a Satiety Factor in Mammals
		47.4 Regulation of Body Temperature
		47.5 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 48: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
		48.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
			Core Concept: Evolution: A Four-Chambered Heart Evolved from Simple Contractile Tubes
		48.2 The Composition of Blood
		48.3 The Vertebrate Heart and Its Function
		48.4 Blood Vessels
		48.5 Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Resistance
		48.6 Physical Properties of Gases
		48.7 Types of Respiratory Systems
		48.8 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Respiratory System
			Feature Investigation: Fujiwara and Colleagues Demonstrated the Effectiveness of Administering Surfactant to Newborns with RDS
			48.9 Mechanisms of Gas Transport in Blood
		48.10 Control of Ventilation
		48.11 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 49: Excretory Systems
		49.1 Excretory Systems in Different Animal Groups
		49.2 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Kidney
			Core Concept: Evolution: Aquaporins in Animals Are Part of an Ancient Superfamily of Channel Proteins
		49.3 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 50: Endocrine Systems
		50.1 Types of Hormones and Their Mechanisms of Action
		50.2 Links Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
		50.3 Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance
			Feature Investigation: Banting, Best, MacLeod, and Collip Were the First to Isolate Active Insulin
		50.4 Hormonal Control of Mineral Balance
			Core Concept: Evolution: Hormones and Receptors Evolved as Tightly Integrated Molecular Systems
		50.5 Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
		50.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
		50.7 Impact on Public Health
	Chatper 51: Animal Reproduction and Development
		51.1 Overview of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
			Feature Investigation: Paland and Lynch Provided Evidence That Sexual Reproduction May Promote the Elimination of Harmful Mutations in Populations
		51.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization
		51.3 Human Reproductive Structure and Function
		51.4 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals
			Core Concept: Evolution: The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Has Been Important for Internal Gestation in Mammals
		51.5 General Events of Embryonic Development
		51.6 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 52: Immune Systems
		52.1 Types of Pathogens
		52.2 Innate Immunity
			Core Concept: Evolution: Innate Immune Responses Require Proteins That Recognize Features of Many Pathogens
			Feature Investigation: Lemaitre and Colleagues Identify an Immune Function for Toll Protein in  Drosophila
		52.3 Adaptive Immunity
		52.4 Impact on Public Health
	Chapter 53: Integrated Responses of Animal Organ Systems to a Challenge to Homeostasis
		53.1 Effects of Hemorrhage on Blood Pressure and Organ Function
		53.2 The Rapid Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
			Core Concept: Evolution: Baroreceptors May Have Evolved to Minimize Increases in Blood Pressure in Vertebrates
			Feature Investigation: Cowley and Colleagues Determined the Function of Baroreceptors in the Control of Blood Pressure in Mammals
		53.3 The Secondary Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
		53.4 Impact on Public Health
UNIT VIII: Ecology
	Chapter 54: An Introduction to Ecology and Biomes
		54.1 The Scale of Ecology
			Feature Investigation: Callaway and Aschehoug's Experiments Showed That the Secretion of Chemicals Gives Invasive Plants a Competitive Edge over Native Species
		54.2 Ecological Methods
		54.3 The Environment's Effect on the Distribution of Organisms
			Core Concept: Information: Temperature Tolerance May Be Manipulated by Genetic Engineering
		54.4 Climate and Its Relationship to Biological Communities
		54.5 Major Biomes
		54.6 Biogeography
	Chapter 55: Behavioral Ecology
		55.1 The Influence of Genetics and Learning on Behavior
			Core Concept: Evolution: Some Behavior Results from Simple Genetic Influences
		55.2 Local Movement and Long-Range Migration
			Feature Investigation: Tinbergen's Experiments Showed That Digger Wasps Use Landmarks to Find Their Nests
		55.3 Foraging Behavior and Defense of Territory
		55.4 Communication
		55.5 Living in Groups
		55.6 Altruism
		55.7 Mating Systems
	Chapter 56: Population Ecology
		56.1 Understanding Populations
		56.2 Demography
			Feature Investigation: Murie's Construction of a Survivorship Curve for Dall Mountain Sheep Suggested That the Youngest and Oldest Sheep Were Most Vulnerable to Predation by Wolves
		56.3 How Populations Grow
			Core Concept: Evolution: Hexaploidy Increases the Growth of Coast Redwood Trees
	Chapter 57: Species Interactions
		57.1 Competition
			Feature Investigation: Connell's Experiments with Barnacle Species Revealed Each Species' Fundamental and Realized Niches
		57.2 Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
		57.3 Mutualism and Commensalism
		57.4 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control
	Chapter 58: Communities and Ecosystems: Ecological Organization on Large Scales
		58.1 Patterns of Species Richness and Species Diversity
		58.2 Species Richness and Community Stability
		58.3 Succession: Community Change
		58.4 Island Biogeography
			Feature Investigation: Simberloff and Wilson's Experiments Tested the Predictions of the Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
		58.5 Food Webs and Energy Flow
		58.6 Biomass Production in Ecosystems
	Chapter 59: The Age of Humans
		59.1 Human Population Growth
		59.2 Global Warming and Climate Change
		59.3 Pollution and Human Influences on Biogeochemical Cycles
			Feature Investigation: Stiling and Drake's Experiments with Elevated CO[sub(2)] Showed an Increase in Plant Growth but a Decrease in Herbivore Survival
		59.4 Pollution and Biomagnification
		59.5 Habitat Destruction
		59.6 Overexploitation
		59.7 Invasive Species
	Chapter 60: Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
		60.1 Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity
		60.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
			Feature Investigation: Ecotron Experiments Analyzed the Relationship Between Ecosystem Function and Species Richness
		60.3 Value of Biodiversity to Human Welfare
		60.4 Conservation Strategies
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Answer Key
Glossary
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z