Biology, 10th Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 4
PREFACE......Page 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 17
CONTENTS......Page 21
1:
A View of Life......Page 28
1.1 How to Define Life......Page 29
1.2 Evolution, the Unifiying Concept of Biology......Page 33
1.3 How the Biosphere
Is Organized......Page 36
1.4 The Process of Science......Page 38
part I : The Cell......Page 47
2
Basic Chemistry......Page 48
2.1 Chemical Elements......Page 49
2.2 Compounds and Molecules......Page 53
2.3 Chemistry of Water......Page 55
2.4 Acids and Bases......Page 59
3
The Chemistry of Organic Molecules......Page 64
3.1 Organic Molecules......Page 65
3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 68
3.3 Lipids......Page 71
3.4 Proteins......Page 75
3.5 Nucleic Acids......Page 79
4 Cell Structure
and Function......Page 86
4.1 Cellular Level
of Organization......Page 87
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 91
4.3 Introducing Eukaryotic Cells......Page 93
4.4 The Nucleus and Ribosomes......Page 97
4.5 The Endomembrane System......Page 99
4.6 Other Vesicles and Vacuoles......Page 102
4.7 The Energy-Related Organelles......Page 103
4.8 The Cytoskeleton......Page 105
5
Membrane Structure and Function......Page 112
5.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function......Page 113
5.2 Passive Transport Across
a Membrane......Page 118
5.3 Active Transport Across a Membrane......Page 121
5.4 Modification of Cell Surfaces......Page 125
6
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes......Page 130
6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy......Page 131
6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations......Page 133
6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes......Page 135
6.4 Organelles and the Flow
of Energy......Page 139
7
Photosynthesis......Page 144
7.1 Photosynthetic Organisms......Page 145
7.2 The Process of Photosynthesis......Page 147
7.3 Plants as Solar Energy Converters......Page 149
7.4 Calvin Cycle Reactions......Page 153
7.5 Other Types
of Photosynthesis......Page 155
8
Cellular Respiration......Page 160
8.1 Cellular Respiration......Page 161
8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis......Page 163
8.3 Fermentation......Page 165
8.4 Inside the Mitochondria......Page 167
8.5 Metabolic Pool......Page 172
part II: Genetic Basis of Life......Page 177
9
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction......Page 178
9.1 The Cell Cycle......Page 179
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis......Page 182
9.3 The Cell Cycle and Cancer......Page 188
9.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division......Page 191
10
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction......Page 196
10.1 Halving the Chromosome
Number......Page 197
10.2 Genetic Variation......Page 199
10.3 The Phases of Meiosis......Page 200
10.4 Meiosis Compared
to Mitosis......Page 204
10.5 The Human Life Cycle......Page 205
10.6 Changes in Chromosome
Number and Structure......Page 207
11
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance......Page 216
11.1 Gregor Mendel......Page 217
11.2 Mendel’s Laws......Page 219
11.3 Extending the Range of Mendelian Genetics......Page 229
12
Molecular Biology of the Gene......Page 238
12.1 The Genetic Material......Page 239
12.2 Replication of DNA......Page 244
12.3 The Genetic Code of Life......Page 247
12.4 First Step: Transcription......Page 249
12.5 Second Step: Translation......Page 251
12.6 Structure of the Eukaryotic
Chromosome......Page 255
13
Regulation of Gene Activity......Page 260
13.1 Prokaryotic Regulation......Page 261
13.2 Eukaryotic Regulation......Page 264
13.3 Regulation Through Gene
Mutations......Page 270
14
Biotechnology and Genomics......Page 276
14.1 DNA Cloning......Page 277
14.2 Biotechnology Products......Page 279
14.3 Gene Therapy......Page 281
14.4 Genomics......Page 282
part III: Evolution......Page 291
15
Darwin and Evolution......Page 292
15.1 History of Evolutionary
Thought......Page 293
15.2 Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution......Page 296
15.3 Evidence for Evolution......Page 303
16
How Populations Evolve......Page 310
16.1 Population Genetics......Page 311
16.2 Natural Selection......Page 316
16.3 Maintenance of Diversity......Page 321
17
Speciation and Macroevolution......Page 326
17.1 Separation of the Species......Page 327
17.2 Modes of Speciation......Page 331
17.3 Principles of
Macroevolution......Page 337
18
Origin and History of Life......Page 344
18.1 Origin of Life......Page 345
18.2 History of Life......Page 349
18.3 Factors That Influence Evolution......Page 359
19
Systematics and Phylogeny......Page 364
19.1 Systematics......Page 365
19.2 Phylogenetic Trees......Page 368
19.3 The Three-Domain System......Page 375
part IV:
Microbiology and Evolution......Page 381
20
Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea......Page 382
20.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 383
20.2 The Prokaryotes......Page 389
20.3 The Bacteria......Page 391
20.4 The Archaea......Page 395
21
Protist Evolution and Diversity......Page 400
21.1 General Biology of Protists......Page 401
21.2 Diversity of Protists......Page 404
22
Fungi Evolution and Diversity......Page 420
22.1 Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi......Page 421
22.2 Diversity of Fungi......Page 423
22.3 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi......Page 431
part V: Plant Evolution and Biology......Page 435
23
Plant Evolution and Diversity......Page 436
23.1 The Green Algal Ancestor of Plants......Page 437
23.2 Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land......Page 440
23.3 Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue......Page 443
23.4 Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls......Page 444
23.5 Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land......Page 447
24
Flowering Plants: Structure and Organization......Page 460
24.1 Organs of Flowering Plants......Page 461
24.2 Tissues of Flowering Plants......Page 464
24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots......Page 467
24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems......Page 471
24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves......Page 477
25
Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport......Page 482
25.1 Plant Nutrition and Soil......Page 483
25.2 Water and Mineral Uptake......Page 487
25.3 Transport Mechanisms in Plants......Page 489
26
Flowering Plants: Control of Growth Responses......Page 500
26.1 Plant Hormones......Page 501
26.2 Plant Responses......Page 509
27
Flowering Plants: Reproduction......Page 520
27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies......Page 521
27.2 Seed Development......Page 527
27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal......Page 530
27.4 Asexual Reproductive Strategies......Page 532
part VI: Animal Evolution and Diversity......Page 537
28
Invertebrate Evolution......Page 538
28.1 Evolution of Animals......Page 539
28.2 Introducing the Invertebrates......Page 544
28.3 Variety Among the Lophotrochozoans......Page 547
28.4 Quantity Among the Ecdysozoans......Page 555
28.5 Invertebrate Deuterostomes......Page 561
29
Vertebrate Evolution......Page 566
29.1 The Chordates......Page 567
29.2 The Vertebrates......Page 569
29.3 The Fishes......Page 570
29.4 The Amphibians......Page 573
29.5 The Reptiles......Page 575
29.6 The Mammals......Page 581
30
Human Evolution......Page 586
30.1 Evolution of Primates......Page 587
30.2 Evolution of Humanlike Hominins......Page 591
30.3 Evolution of Later
Humanlike Hominins......Page 593
30.4 Evolution of Early Homo......Page 595
30.5 Evolution of Later Homo......Page 597
part VII: Comparative Animal Biology......Page 603
31
Animal Organization and Homeostasis......Page 604
31.1 Types of Tissues......Page 605
31.2 Organs and Organ Systems......Page 612
31.3 Homeostasis......Page 615
32
Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems......Page 620
32.1 Transport in Invertebrates......Page 621
32.2 Transport in Vertebrates......Page 623
32.3 Transport in Humans......Page 625
32.4 Blood, a Transport Medium......Page 633
33
Lymph Transport and Immunity......Page 640
33.1 The Lymphatic System......Page 641
33.2 Nonspecific Defense Against Disease......Page 643
33.3 Specific Defense Against
Disease......Page 646
33.4 Immunity Side Effects......Page 655
34
Digestive Systems and Nutrition......Page 660
34.1 Digestive Tracts......Page 661
34.2 Human Digestive Tract......Page 663
34.3 Digestive Enzymes......Page 669
34.4 Nutrition......Page 670
35
Respiratory Systems......Page 676
35.1 Gas Exchange Surfaces......Page 677
35.2 Breathing and Transport of Gases......Page 683
35.3 Respiration and Health......Page 687
36
Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems......Page 692
36.1 Excretion and the Environment......Page 693
36.2 Urinary System in Humans......Page 697
37
Neurons and Nervous Systems......Page 706
37.1 Evolution of the Nervous System......Page 707
37.2 Nervous Tissue......Page 710
37.3 Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 715
37.4 Peripheral Nervous System......Page 719
38
Sense Organs......Page 728
38.1 Chemical Senses......Page 729
38.2 Sense of Vision......Page 731
38.3 Senses of Hearing and Balance......Page 736
39 Locomotion and
Support Systems......Page 744
39.1 Diversity of Skeletons......Page 745
39.2 The Human Skeletal System......Page 747
39.3 The Human Muscular System......Page 754
40
Hormones and Endocrine Systems......Page 762
40.1 Endocrine Glands......Page 763
40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 767
40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones......Page 770
41
Reproductive Systems......Page 782
41.1 How Animals Reproduce......Page 783
41.2 Male Reproductive System......Page 785
41.3 Female Reproductive System......Page 789
41.4 Control of Reproduction......Page 793
41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 797
42
Animal Development......Page 804
42.1 Early Developmental Stages......Page 805
42.2 Developmental Processes......Page 809
42.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 814
part VIII: Behavior and Ecology......Page 825
43
Behavioral Ecology......Page 826
43.1 Inheritance Influences Behavior......Page 827
43.2 The Environment Influences Behavior......Page 829
43.3 Animal Communication......Page 834
43.4 Behaviors That Increase Fitness......Page 837
44
Population Ecology......Page 846
44.1 Scope of Ecology......Page 847
44.2 Demographics of Populations......Page 848
44.3 Population Growth Models......Page 851
44.4 Regulation of Population Size......Page 854
44.5 Life History Patterns......Page 857
44.6 Human Population Growth......Page 860
45
Community and Ecosystem Ecology......Page 866
45.1 Ecology of Communities......Page 867
45.2 Community Development......Page 877
45.3 Dynamics of an
Ecosystem......Page 879
46
Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere......Page 892
46.1 Climate and the Biosphere......Page 893
46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 896
46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 906
47
Conservation of Biodiversity......Page 916
47.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity......Page 917
47.2 Value of Biodiversity......Page 919
47.3 Causes of Extinction......Page 923
47.4 Conservation Techniques......Page 928
APPENDIX A:
Answer Key......Page 935
APPENDIX B:
Tree of Life......Page 956
APPENDIX C:
Metric System......Page 959
APPENDIX D:
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 960
Glossary......Page 961
Credits......Page 986
Index......Page 993