Biological Transformation

Contents
1 From Contrast to Convergence
	1.1 Origins: Technology Helps in the Fight for Survival
	1.2 A New Approach: Nature and Technology to Cooperate and Converge
	1.3 Latest: Biological and Digital Transformation Cross-Fertilize and Enrich Each Other
	1.4 The Goal: Efficient and Sustainable Value Creation
	1.5 Biological Transformation at Fraunhofer and Outlook
2 Biological Transformation
	2.1 The Meaning of Biological Transformation
	2.2 Nature as Inspiration for Innovations “Made in Germany”
	2.3 The Contribution to Global Challenges and Solutions for Sustainability
	2.4 Concepts and Examples from Fraunhofer Research on Biological Transformation
	2.5 Processes
	Sources and Bibliography
3 Biomimetics Research for Medical Engineering
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Main Strands of Biomimetics
	3.3 The Role of Biomimetics in Biological Transformation
	3.4 Biomimetics in Medical Engineering
	Sources and Bibliography
4 Innovative Food Products
	4.1 Introduction and Background
	4.2 Plant-Based Proteins as Functional Food Ingredients
	4.3 Allergenicity of Plant-Based Proteins and Strategies for Its Reduction
	4.4 Texturizing Plant-Based Protein Ingredients by Extrusion Cooking
	4.5 Further Applications of Plant-Based Proteins
	Sources and Bibliography
5 Technical Homes for Human Cells
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Requirements from a Biological Aspect and Modeling of Biological Processes
	5.3 Microphysiological Organ-on-a-Chip Systems as an Interdisciplinary Platform
	5.4 Sensors and Actuators for Automation in Bioanalytics
	5.5 Laboratory Automation as the Basis for Process Transfer in Biological Transformation
	5.6 Conclusion and Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
6 Phenotyping and Genotyping of Plants
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Motivation
	6.3 General Approach and Examples of Implemented Solutions
	6.4 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
7 Cells as Sensors
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The Importance of Cell-Based Bioanalysis
	7.3 Cell Culture Models for Various Bioanalytical Applications
	7.4 Non-Invasive Physical Signal Transducers for Monitoring Living Cells
	7.5 Cells as Sensors—Example Applications of Integral Effect-Directed Analysis
	7.6 Conclusion
	Sources and Bibliography
8 Biopolymers – Function Carriers in Materials Research
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Introduction to Biological Building Blocks/Functions
	8.3 Integration of Biological Functions in Materials
	8.4 Biomaterials for Medicine
	Sources and Bibliography
9 Biogenic Plastic Additives
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Plasticizers Based On Renewable Raw Materials
	9.3 Antioxidants from Plant Extracts
	9.4 Light Stabilizers from Plant Extracts
	9.5 Flame Retardants from Renewable Raw Materials
	9.6 Other Plastic Additives from Renewable Raw Materials
	9.7 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
10 Organisms as Producers
	10.1 Production of Dietary Proteins in Microbial Cell Factories
	10.2 Plant Stem Cells for the Cosmetic Industry
	10.3 Value-Added Compounds from Microalgae—Increased Value Creation Through Cascading Use and Fractionation
	Sources and Bibliography
11 Biologized Robotics and Biomechatronics
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Human-Robot Collaboration: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges
	11.3 Potential Applications, Classification of Human-Robot Collaboration, Standards
	11.4 Risk Assessment when Collaborating with Robots
	11.5 Robotic Applications with HRC: Now and in the Future
	11.6 Exoprostheses and Exoskeletons
	11.7 Summary and Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
12 Future AM
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Deficits and Derived Fields of Action for Metal AM
	12.3 Objectives
	12.4 State of the Art
	12.5 Current Results
	12.6 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
13 Insect Biotechnology
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Antibiotics from Insects
	13.3 Virulence Blockers from Insects
	13.4 Insect Enzymes for Industrial Biotechnology
	13.5 Insects as an Alternative Protein Source
	13.6 Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection
	Sources and Bibliography
14 The Resource Principle
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Wood as a Material
	14.3 Hybrid Materials with Wood and Plant Fibers
	14.4 Hierarchical Wood Structure and Transformation into New Materials
	14.5 Wood as a Source of Chemical Compounds
	14.6 Technology Assessment
	14.7 An Overview of the Digestion Processes
	14.8 Pyrolysis to Oil (Non-Structure-Preserving Process)
	14.9 Pyrolysis with Subsequent Gasification (Non-Structure-Preserving Process)
	14.10 Fermentation (Non-Structure-Preserving Process)
	Sources and Bibliography
15 Cognitive Biological Sensors
	15.1 Introduction and Motivation
	15.2 Learning from Biology
	15.3 Learning for Biology
	15.4 The Cognitive Internet
	Sources and Bibliography
16 Prevention of Biofouling
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Formation and Control of Biofouling
	16.3 Market Development
	16.4 Example: Antifouling Through Electrically Conductive Marine Paints
	16.5 Example: Low-Fouling Membrane Modules for Reverse Osmosis
	16.6 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
17 Urban Agriculture
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 New Approaches to Knowledge-Based Urban Agriculture
	17.3 Local Production Sites
	17.4 Circular Farming
	17.5 Digital Horticulture
	17.6 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
18 Digital Villages
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Smart Ecosystems as the Basis of Digital Ecosystems
	18.3 The Smart Ecosystem of Digital Villages
	18.4 Success Factors for a Smart Rural Area
	18.5 Smart Rural Areas—More than a Theoretical Construct
	18.6 A Unified Platform with Flexibly Usable Services
	18.7 The “Rural Areas” Smart Ecosystem
	18.8 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography
19 Alternatives to Growth
	19.1 Introduction: Limits of Growth, Limits of Growth Economy?
	19.2 The Population Ecology Perspective: Growth Strategy Versus Capacity Strategy
	19.3 Transfer to the Economy: Climax Economy Characteristics Such as Niches, Networking, Material Cycles
	19.4 Agriculture and Forestry as Pioneers of the Climax Economy
	19.5 Value Networks for a Climax Economy
	19.6 Outlook
	Sources and Bibliography